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biology120 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The organelle where photosynthesis takes place.

A

chloroplast

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2
Q

The space between the inner membrane of the chloroplast and the thylakoids

A

stroma

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3
Q

The membranous sacs within the chloroplast

A

thylakoid

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4
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

A

stroma

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5
Q

Any light-absorbing molecule

A

pigment

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6
Q

The main energy-absorbing pigment of chloroplasts

A

chlorophyll A

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7
Q

Includes visible light, ultraviolet light, infrared light, gamma rays, etc

A

electromagnetic radiation

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8
Q

Sunlight energy includes visible light and ______ light, which can damage the skin.

A

UV

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9
Q

Heat is another term for ____________ radiation.

A

infrared

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10
Q

Light energy has both a wave character and a particle character. The particles are called ___________.

A

photon

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11
Q

When pigments absorb energy from sunlight, an electron enters a(n)_____ state and when it gives up that energy, it returns to a(n)____ state.

A

excited

ground

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12
Q

Absorbing energy at one wavelength and emitting it at a longer wavelength

A

fluorensence

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13
Q

The two stages of photosynthesis include___ and ___

A

light reactions, Calvin cycle

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14
Q

The process of using light energy to make food

A

photosynthesis

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15
Q

The process by which some organisms can capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy.

A

photosynthesis

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16
Q

Using the energy of sunlight to fix CO2 from the atmosphere and incorporate the carbon into organic compounds

A

photosynthesis

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17
Q

The first stage of photosynthesis where energy of sunlight is captured as chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

A

light reactions

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18
Q

The electron carrier in photosynthesis, it provides reducing potential to reduce 3-phosphoglycerate (3PGA) to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P or GAP).

A

NADPH

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19
Q

A photosystem consists of a(n) [ ___ ] , which captures light energy and transfers it to a(n) [ ___] , where chlorophyll a is energized enough to transfer an electron to a(n) [ ___] .

A

light harvesting complex, reaction center, primary

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20
Q

_____ releases energy, which is used to establish a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane.

A

electronic transport

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21
Q

This enzyme uses the energy of a proton gradient to phosphorylate ADP to ATP.

A

ATP synthase

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22
Q

This stage of photosynthesis uses the energy captured during the light reactions to fix carbon from the atmosphere and make organic compounds.

A

Calvin cycle

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23
Q

The tendency of atmospheric gasses to trap heat near the earth’s surface.

A

greenhouse effect

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24
Q

4 steps in Calvin cycle

A

carbon fixation
reduction
release
regeneration

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25
The first step in the Calvin cycle combines atmospheric CO2 with___ , a five-carbon sugar. The resulting six-carbon sugar is then split into two three-carbon sugars called ____
RuBP, phosphoglycerate
26
The product of the Calvin cycle, it gets built into mono- and disaccharides.
G3P or GAP
27
An increase in atmospheric CO2 due to human activity (the burning of fossil fuels) causing the earth's surface to warm.
global warming
28
The main photosynthetic cell of plants in the __ , which has two forms,__ and ___
mesophyll, spongy, palisade
29
3 functions of a chloroplast
stroma, thylakoid, thylakoid membrane
30
This kind of reproduction involves just one parent and the offspring are genetically identical to one another and the parent.
asexual reproduction
31
This kind of reproduction involves two parents and the production of gametes. Genetic diversity is almost unlimited.
sexual reproduction
32
This is the method of reproduction in prokaryotes. It involves replication of DNA, followed by splitting of the cell into two daughter cells.
binary fission
33
In sexual reproduction parents produce haploid___ , __ from females and___ from males. Union of these is called ___ and results in a diploid cell called a ___
gametes and eggs, sperm, fertilization, zygote
34
This form of cell division is responsible for asexual reproduction in single-celled eukaryotes.
mitosis
35
This form of cell division results in four haploid daughter cells.
meiosis
36
A specialized form of cell division that is necessary in cells that contain a nucleus.
mitosis
37
A simpler form of cell division that is possible only in prokaryotes.
binary fission
38
What is the series of events that leads to cell division, including cell growth, DNA replication and mitosis?
cell cycle
39
The tendency of cells to stop dividing when they touch one another. This property is lost in cancer cells.
contact inhibition
40
Cells need to be attache to a surface to survive and grow. This is lost in cancer cells.
anchorage dependence
41
The second largest kill in the united states.
cancer
42
The uncontrolled growth and spread of cell
cancer
43
This checkpoint prevents cell division from proceeding if DNA replication or repair is not complete.
G2/M
44
This checkpoint prevents cell cycle from proceeding unless the cells receives a growth signal. This checkpoint prevents the cell cycle from proceeding is the chromosome pairs are not properly aligned.
M checkpoint
45
Chemical signal that tells the cell to divide.
growth factor
46
What is the mass of growing cells that results when cells lose contact inhibition and anchorage dependence?
tumor
47
The combination of DNA and protein that make up a chromosome.
chromatin
48
After a chromosome is replicated, it exists as a pair of __________.
sister chromatids
49
The part of the chromosome where sister chromatids are held together most tightly and where the mitotic spindle attaches
centromere
50
This checkpoint prevents cell cycle from proceeding unless the cells receives a growth signal.
G1 checkpoint
51
A tumor that is capable of spreading to other parts of the body.
malignant
52
what is a gene
a sequence of DNA that encodes a specific trait
53
___________ cells have only one copy of each chromosome.
haploid
54
____________ cells have two copies of each chromosome.
diploid
55
A molecule of DNA and its associated proteins that contains many genes. Humans have 46 of them.
chromosome
56
Cells that have one half the normal complement of DNA, with just one copy of each chromosome are _________.
haploid
57
The state in which each chromosome exists as a pair.
diploid
58
The 46 human chromosomes include 44 __ , which are the same in males and females, and two ___ , which are different between males and females.
autosomes, sex chromosomes
59
Two chromosome, one maternal and one paternal, that contain the same genes constitute a ___________.
homologous pairs
60
Homologous chromosomes contain the same genes, but those genes may be different _______ or versions of one another.
alleles
61
Recombination between homologous chromosomes.
crossover
62
_________ cell division leads to daughter cells with one half the genetic material of the parent cell.
reductive
63
Duplicated homologous chromosomes separate during ___ and, similar to mitosis, sister chromatids segregate during ___ .
meiosis 1, meiosis 11
64
The union of egg and sperm.
fertilization
65
Trisomy of chromosome 21 leads to this disease.
downs syndrome
66
Having three of a particular chromosome, instead of the normal two.
trisomy
67
The failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis I of meiosis II.
nondisjunction

biology120 (4 decks)

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