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biology120 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The organelle where photosynthesis takes place.

A

chloroplast

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2
Q

The space between the inner membrane of the chloroplast and the thylakoids

A

stroma

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3
Q

The membranous sacs within the chloroplast

A

thylakoid

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4
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

A

stroma

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5
Q

Any light-absorbing molecule

A

pigment

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6
Q

The main energy-absorbing pigment of chloroplasts

A

chlorophyll A

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7
Q

Includes visible light, ultraviolet light, infrared light, gamma rays, etc

A

electromagnetic radiation

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8
Q

Sunlight energy includes visible light and ______ light, which can damage the skin.

A

UV

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9
Q

Heat is another term for ____________ radiation.

A

infrared

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10
Q

Light energy has both a wave character and a particle character. The particles are called ___________.

A

photon

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11
Q

When pigments absorb energy from sunlight, an electron enters a(n)_____ state and when it gives up that energy, it returns to a(n)____ state.

A

excited

ground

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12
Q

Absorbing energy at one wavelength and emitting it at a longer wavelength

A

fluorensence

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13
Q

The two stages of photosynthesis include___ and ___

A

light reactions, Calvin cycle

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14
Q

The process of using light energy to make food

A

photosynthesis

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15
Q

The process by which some organisms can capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy.

A

photosynthesis

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16
Q

Using the energy of sunlight to fix CO2 from the atmosphere and incorporate the carbon into organic compounds

A

photosynthesis

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17
Q

The first stage of photosynthesis where energy of sunlight is captured as chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

A

light reactions

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18
Q

The electron carrier in photosynthesis, it provides reducing potential to reduce 3-phosphoglycerate (3PGA) to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P or GAP).

A

NADPH

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19
Q

A photosystem consists of a(n) [ ___ ] , which captures light energy and transfers it to a(n) [ ___] , where chlorophyll a is energized enough to transfer an electron to a(n) [ ___] .

A

light harvesting complex, reaction center, primary

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20
Q

_____ releases energy, which is used to establish a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane.

A

electronic transport

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21
Q

This enzyme uses the energy of a proton gradient to phosphorylate ADP to ATP.

A

ATP synthase

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22
Q

This stage of photosynthesis uses the energy captured during the light reactions to fix carbon from the atmosphere and make organic compounds.

A

Calvin cycle

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23
Q

The tendency of atmospheric gasses to trap heat near the earth’s surface.

A

greenhouse effect

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24
Q

4 steps in Calvin cycle

A

carbon fixation
reduction
release
regeneration

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25
Q

The first step in the Calvin cycle combines atmospheric CO2 with___ , a five-carbon sugar. The resulting six-carbon sugar is then split into two three-carbon sugars called ____

A

RuBP, phosphoglycerate

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26
Q

The product of the Calvin cycle, it gets built into mono- and disaccharides.

A

G3P or GAP

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27
Q

An increase in atmospheric CO2 due to human activity (the burning of fossil fuels) causing the earth’s surface to warm.

A

global warming

28
Q

The main photosynthetic cell of plants in the __ , which has two forms,__ and ___

A

mesophyll, spongy, palisade

29
Q

3 functions of a chloroplast

A

stroma, thylakoid, thylakoid membrane

30
Q

This kind of reproduction involves just one parent and the offspring are genetically identical to one another and the parent.

A

asexual reproduction

31
Q

This kind of reproduction involves two parents and the production of gametes. Genetic diversity is almost unlimited.

A

sexual reproduction

32
Q

This is the method of reproduction in prokaryotes. It involves replication of DNA, followed by splitting of the cell into two daughter cells.

A

binary fission

33
Q

In sexual reproduction parents produce haploid___ , __ from females and___ from males. Union of these is called ___ and results in a diploid cell called a ___

A

gametes and eggs, sperm, fertilization, zygote

34
Q

This form of cell division is responsible for asexual reproduction in single-celled eukaryotes.

A

mitosis

35
Q

This form of cell division results in four haploid daughter cells.

A

meiosis

36
Q

A specialized form of cell division that is necessary in cells that contain a nucleus.

A

mitosis

37
Q

A simpler form of cell division that is possible only in prokaryotes.

A

binary fission

38
Q

What is the series of events that leads to cell division, including cell growth, DNA replication and mitosis?

A

cell cycle

39
Q

The tendency of cells to stop dividing when they touch one another. This property is lost in cancer cells.

A

contact inhibition

40
Q

Cells need to be attache to a surface to survive and grow. This is lost in cancer cells.

A

anchorage dependence

41
Q

The second largest kill in the united states.

A

cancer

42
Q

The uncontrolled growth and spread of cell

A

cancer

43
Q

This checkpoint prevents cell division from proceeding if DNA replication or repair is not complete.

A

G2/M

44
Q

This checkpoint prevents cell cycle from proceeding unless the cells receives a growth signal.
This checkpoint prevents the cell cycle from proceeding is the chromosome pairs are not properly aligned.

A

M checkpoint

45
Q

Chemical signal that tells the cell to divide.

A

growth factor

46
Q

What is the mass of growing cells that results when cells lose contact inhibition and anchorage dependence?

A

tumor

47
Q

The combination of DNA and protein that make up a chromosome.

A

chromatin

48
Q

After a chromosome is replicated, it exists as a pair of __________.

A

sister chromatids

49
Q

The part of the chromosome where sister chromatids are held together most tightly and where the mitotic spindle attaches

A

centromere

50
Q

This checkpoint prevents cell cycle from proceeding unless the cells receives a growth signal.

A

G1 checkpoint

51
Q

A tumor that is capable of spreading to other parts of the body.

A

malignant

52
Q

what is a gene

A

a sequence of DNA that encodes a specific trait

53
Q

___________ cells have only one copy of each chromosome.

A

haploid

54
Q

____________ cells have two copies of each chromosome.

A

diploid

55
Q

A molecule of DNA and its associated proteins that contains many genes. Humans have 46 of them.

A

chromosome

56
Q

Cells that have one half the normal complement of DNA, with just one copy of each chromosome are _________.

A

haploid

57
Q

The state in which each chromosome exists as a pair.

A

diploid

58
Q

The 46 human chromosomes include 44 __ , which are the same in males and females, and two ___ , which are different between males and females.

A

autosomes, sex chromosomes

59
Q

Two chromosome, one maternal and one paternal, that contain the same genes constitute a ___________.

A

homologous pairs

60
Q

Homologous chromosomes contain the same genes, but those genes may be different _______ or versions of one another.

A

alleles

61
Q

Recombination between homologous chromosomes.

A

crossover

62
Q

_________ cell division leads to daughter cells with one half the genetic material of the parent cell.

A

reductive

63
Q

Duplicated homologous chromosomes separate during ___ and, similar to mitosis, sister chromatids segregate during ___ .

A

meiosis 1, meiosis 11

64
Q

The union of egg and sperm.

A

fertilization

65
Q

Trisomy of chromosome 21 leads to this disease.

A

downs syndrome

66
Q

Having three of a particular chromosome, instead of the normal two.

A

trisomy

67
Q

The failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis I of meiosis II.

A

nondisjunction

biology120 (4 decks)

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