Exam 2 Flashcards
Describe 3 areas of focus for developmental psychologist
How humans grow (Physical domain), develop (Cognitive domain), and change throughout life span (Psychosocial domain)
Sensorimotor
(birth-2 years old)
Information gained through senses and body movement. Child perceives and manipulates but does not reason.
Object permanence is acquired.
Pre-operations
(2-7 years old) Mental representations or words/images. Engages in imaginary play. Exhaibits egocentrism. Lack of concept of conservation.
Concrete operations
(7-12 years old) Think Logically in concrete situations: -Understand conservation -Cannot apply logic to hypothetical situations Can order and classify items.
Formal operations
(12& Beyond) Have hypothetical-deductive reasoning. Adolescent egocentrism (2 forms): -Imaginary audience -Personal fable: Exaggerated sense of personal uniqueness and indestrutibility (nothing bad happens to them)
Conservation
The concept that a given quantity of matter remains the same despite being rearranged or changed in appearance as long as nothing is added or taken away
Hypothetico-deductive thinking
The ability to base logical reasoning on a hypothetical premise
Personal fable
An exaggerated sense of personal uniqueness and indestructibility, which may be the basis for adolescent risk-taking
Prenatal development
development from conception to birth
Zygote: 1 to 2 weeks
Zygote attaches to the uterine lining. At 2 weeks, a zygote is the size of the period at the end of this sentence.
Embryo: 3 to 8 weeks
Major systems, organs, and structures of the body develop. Period ends when first bone cells appear. At 8 weeks, embryo is about 1 inch long and weighs 1/7 of an ounce
Fetus: 9 weeks to birth
Rapid growth and further development if the body structures, organs, and systems.
Parenting style: Authoritative Parents
High responsiveness/ High demands
- Sets high but realistic standards, enforce limits
- Encourage open communication and independence
- High value for explaining rules and reasons
- Warmth
Parenting style: Authoritarian Parents
Low responsiveness/ High demands
- Arbitrary rules, expect unquestioning obedience
- Value obedience to authority
- Less value for explaining rules or reasons
Parenting style: Permissive indulgent parents
High responsiveness/ Low demands
- Few rules or demands/emotionally warm
- Children make their own decisions and control their own behavior
- Parents rarely explain or offer advice
Parenting style: Permissive Neglectful parents
Low Responsiveness/ Low demands
- No demands/low warmth or acceptance
- Little awareness of child’s needs or rights
- No acceptance of child’s individuality
- Child’s is on her/his own
Baumrind’s 2 dimensions of parenting: Responsiveness
- Emotional warmth
- Meets child’s needs
- Unconditional acceptance of child’s individuality
- Offers explanation for decisions
- Includes child in decision making that affects her/him
Baumrind’s 2 dimensions of parenting: Demandingness
- Expects child to conform to social norms
- Expects child to reach achievement norms
- Expects child to follow through with family and personal obligations
- Willingness to confront children that do not measure up
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
The refinement if schemes
Schemes: PLans of action to be used in similar circumstances
Assimilation: Process for incorporation new objects, events, experiences, and information, into existing schemes.
Accommodation: Modifying existing schemes and creating new ones to incorporate new experiences and information.
3 Types of temperament: Easy
Pleasant mood, adaptable, approach new situations positively. 40% of group studied
3 Types of temperament: Difficult
Intense emotional reactions, react negatively to new situations. 10% of group studied
3 Types of temperament: Slow to warm up
Tend to withdraw, are slow to adapt, somewhat negative in mood. 15% of group sudied.
What is temperament?
Behavioral style; Characteristic way of responding to the environment.
Influenced by heredity; somewhat predictive of personality later in life
What is attachment?
Strong affectionate bond a child forms with the mother or primary caregiver. There is an expectation of a permanent reciprocal relationship.
4 types of infant attachment: Secure Attachment
- About 65 percent of infants
- Use mother as a secure base for exploring
- Distressed by separation from caregivers, greet caregivers when they return
- Display better social skills as preschool children
4 types of infant attachment: Insecure-Avoidant Attachment
- About 20 percent of infants
- Not responsive to mother or troubled when she leaves
- May actively avoid contact with mother after separation
4 types of infant attachment: Insecure-Resistant Attachment
- 10-15 percent of infants
- Seek close contact with mother
- Tend not to branch out and explore
- After separation, may display anger toward mother; not easily comforted
4 types of infant attachment: Insecure-Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment
- 5-10 percent of infants
- Protest separation
- Exhibit contradictory and disoriented behavior when reunited
Altruism
Behavior that is aimed at helping another, requires some self-sacrifice and is not performed for personal gain.
Empathy
sensitivity to others feelings
Teratogens
Harmful agents in the prenatal environment, which can have a negative impact on prenatal development or even cause birth defects.
Self-serving bias
The tendency to attribute one’s successes to dispositional causes and one’s failures to situational causes.
Fundamental attribution error
The tendency to attribute one’s own behavior primarily to situational factors and the behavior of others primarily to dispositional factors
ex: People unthinkingly assuming that someone’s that is overweight is because they are a compulsive overeater
dispositional attributions
Attributing a behavior to some internal cause, such as a personal trait, motive, or attitude; an internal attribution
ex: attribution a poor grade to lack of ability
Halo Effect
The tendency to assume that a person has generally positive or negative traits as a result of observing one major positive or negative trait.
Matching Hypothesis
We choose partners who are similar to ourselves in physical attractiveness and other attributes, Mismatched couples are more likely to end a relationship.
Ignoring the attractiveness of other potential partners is equally important to relationship stability and longevity
Intelligence
An individual’s ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, and to overcome obstacles through mental effort.
Intelligence test
A test of individuals differences in general intellectual ability
Zone of proximal development
A range of cognitive tasks that a child cannot yet do but can learn to do through the guidance of an older child or adult
Scaffolding
A type of instruction in which an adult adjusts the amount of guidance provided to match a child’s present level
Vygotsky’s perspective
Vygotsky thought that Piaget’s theory of cognitive development placed too much emphasis on forces within the child. Vygotsky hypothesized that much of cognitive development results from the child’s internalization of information that is acquired socially, primarily through the medium of language.
Developmental Psychology
The study of how humans grow, develop, and change throughout the life span.
6 Basic emotions and facial expressions
- Happiness
- Sadness
- Fear
- Anger
- Surprise
- Disgust
4 stages of sexual response cycle
- Excitement: The beginning of the sexual response.
- Plateau: When excitement continues to mount
- Orgasm: The shortest of phases, the highest point of sexual pleasure, marked by a sudden discharge of accumulated sexual tension.
- Resolution: A tapering-off period, when the body returns to its unaroused state.
What are twin studies and what may they show about personality, sexual orientation?
Twin studies are studies done with twins that are separated at birth and raised by two different types of parents. Due to these differences we can see how nature and nurture play a role in the people we become.
What are twin studies and what may they show about personality, sexual orientation?
Twin studies are studies done with twins that are separated at birth and raised by two different types of parents. Due to these differences, we can see how nature and nurture play a role in the people we become.
Parental Investment
A term used by evolutionary psychologists to denote the amount of time and effort men or women must devote to parenthood. According to parental investment theory, women and men have adopted mating strategies that correspond to their respective investment in parenting.
Men are assumed to be interested in making only a short-term biological investment in parenting. They typically seek women who are young, healthy(physical attractiveness is taken as a sign of good health) and well suited for childbearing
Women tend to prefer men who are somewhat older, more stable and with sufficient resources, generous, emotionally
Parental Investment
A term used by evolutionary psychologists to denote the amount of time and effort men or women must devote to parenthood. According to parental investment theory, women and men have adopted mating strategies that correspond to their respective investment in parenting.
Men are assumed to be interested in making only a short-term biological investment in parenting. They typically seek women who are young, healthy(physical attractiveness is taken as a sign of good health) and well suited for childbearing
Women tend to prefer men who are somewhat older, more stable and with sufficient resources, generous, emotionally attached, and strong enough to provide protection for the family.
Matching Hypothesis
The notion that people tend to have lovers or spouses who are similar to themselves in physical attractiveness and other assets.
Maturation
Change that occur according to one’s genetically determined biological timetable of development.
Compare Maturation and development
Development occurs in phases while maturation genetically determined
