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Ruminant Ecology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the correct order (most to least important) of the hierarchy of the physiologoical and behavioral needs of large grazers that affect patterns of landscape use?

A

Thirst > heat/cold > hunger > nighttime > rest

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2
Q

Which of the following species or class of livestock will make better use of rougher terrain, thereby increasing utilization of pastures?

A) angus bulls > angus heifers

B) Goat wethers (castrated males) > mother beef cows

C) Domestic sheep > mother beef cows

D) Mother beef cows > yearling steers

E) A and D

F) B and C

A

B and C

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3
Q

Which of the following terms fits this definition- “those areas that provide resources and conditions necessary for occupancy, survival, and reproduction by wildlife species

A) habitat quality

B) Habitat selection

C) habitat availability

D) Habitat

A

Habitat

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4
Q

Describe the general seasonal habitat for each of the 4 seasons below, based on wild ungulate needs in temperate areas of the world.

1) Winter
2) Spring
3) Summer
4) Fall

A
  • Winter: vulnerable to disturbance, weight loss, increased predation, low elevation
  • Spring: selection of birthing areas, increased forage availability, medium elevation
  • Summer: selection of lactation sites, antler development, high elevation
  • Fall: critical for weight gain, avoidance of hunting, migration to winter ranges, medium elevation
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5
Q

According to the following chart, what traits characterize forage plant species classified as preferred forage species, avoided, or those used proportional to their residual herbage mass (i.e. availability) by grazing animals in the landscape?

A

A) preferred forage plants have high dietary electively, but not as much herbage mass as plants used proportional to their availability i the landscape

D) Avoided plants have equal availability as proportions plants, but have lower diet electively

E) Two characteristics about preferred plants compared to avoided plants is 1) they have lower herbage mass and 2) they have higher diet electivity

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6
Q

List four species of wild ungulates in North America that are memebers of the deer family.

A
  1. elk
  2. moose
  3. mule deer
  4. white tailed deer
  5. caribou
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7
Q

T/F: Nutrients in rangeland forages typically increase for a short window following a fire, but then return to pre-fire levels within a few years

A

True

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8
Q

T/F: Cattle weight gains are typically lower under patch-burn compared to traditional grazing systems regardless of whether they incorporate burning

A

False

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9
Q

What percentage of time did cattle and bison spend grazing recently burned grazing units at Tallgrass prairie preserve in eastern Oklahoma?

A

75%

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10
Q

Results of poor grazing distribution include which of the following?

A

A) low harvest efficiency because a portion of the pasture is underutilized

C) Development of erosion problems in heavily used areas

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11
Q

List the 4 general approaches to manipulating livestock distributions.

A
  1. enticements
    1. burning
    2. fertilization
    3. salting
    4. shade
    5. supplements
    6. water
  2. deterrents
    1. fencing
    2. grazing systems
    3. hazing
    4. herding
  3. change kind or class of animal
  4. pasture configuration
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12
Q

Which of the following statements is true concerning elk feedgrounds in western wyoming?

A

B) 7,000 elk are fed on the National Elk Refuge near Jackson on an average year

C) On average, between 73-84% of the elk in the WGFD Jackson region are fed each year

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13
Q

Primary findings from the research that Ganskopp et al. published in 2001 from their study that manipulated cattle distribution with salt and water in thre <825 ha arid-land pastures from May-Sep 1999 in southeastern Oregan included the following. Please recall treatments included water and salt together and water moved or salt moved.

A

A) Distance of cattle from water (mean 1.16 km) was not affected by treatments

C) Mean distance of cattle from salt increased 1.03 km, when salt and water were together, to 1.73 km when salt and water were separated. This implied that cattle made less effort to remain near salt

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14
Q

The following figure depicts results of selection for categorical cover types (aspen, conifer, mountain brush, sagebrush, meadlow) by adult female elk across for seasons in northcentral utah from 1993-1997.

1) Which cover type was preferred by elk in 3 of the 4 seasons?
2) Which cover type was consistently equal to its avalability across seasons?

A

1) Aspen 2) conifer

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15
Q

Which home range estimater is depicted below?

A

Kernel

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16
Q

What are some of the data that can be obtained from GPS transmitters attached to animals such as wild horses?

A

Movements home range size seasonal habitat selection survival or mortality data

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17
Q

Which ecological term describes release of population regulation on ungulate populations when predators are removed from a grazing system?

A

Tap-down

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18
Q

What is the most widely distributed large mammalian predator in the western hemisphere?

A

Mountain lion

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19
Q

T/F: Black bear population are declining across most areas of North America

A

False

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20
Q

Which year were wolves reintroduced in Yellowstone National Park

A

1995

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21
Q

What is true about the distribution of coyotes in North America?

A

C) Coyotes had colonized in the Great Lakes states by the early 1900s

D) coyotes were found in Canada as far north as the Arctic Ocean

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22
Q

Which of the following is not true concerning predation on livestock

A

Predation by livestock incurs a larger economic impact on western rangeland-based livestock operations than the economic impact incurred by poisonous plants

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23
Q

Which of the following non-lethal tools may be effective in reducing predation on livestock?

A
  • Use of livestock guard dogs
  • Tying fladry on pasture fences
  • Secure livestock in pens at night
  • Use noise makers such as cannons near livestock
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24
Q

You live in a yurt in the foothills west of Boulder CO; this area also includes abundant mule deer and wild carnivore populations. Your neighbor raises a small flock of dairy goats. Your neighbor knocks on you door one morning to tell you that 6 of her 8 goats where killed over night. You inspect the animals with her and find the following evidence to detect which carnivore may have killed her goats. 1. There are bite marks all over the bodies 2. none of the goats had been eaten 3. you find several large (>3” width) rounded tracks with toes spread apart and claw marks showing. Which carnivore is most likely the culprit?

A

Domestic dog

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25
Q

You live in a yurt in the foothills west of Boulder CO; this area also includes abundant mule deer and wild carnivore populations. Your neighbor raises a small flock of dairy goats. Your neighbor knocks on you door one morning to tell you that 6 of her 8 goats where killed over night. You inspect the animals with her and find the following evidence to detect which carnivore may have killed her goats. 1. There are bite marks all over the bodies 2. none of the goats had been eaten 3. you find several large (>3” width) rounded tracks with toes spread apart and claw marks showing. Which carnivore is most likely the culprit?

A

Domestic dog

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26
Q

There are approximately 100 cases of brucellosis transmitted to humans each year in the US. What are the pathways for transmission of brucellosis to humans?

A
  • Through skin abrasions while in contact with infected animals
  • Drinking milk or eating dairy products from unpasteurized milk from infected animals
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27
Q

Bang’s disease is another name for which disease that afflicts humans, livestock, and wildlife?

A

Brucellosis

28
Q

Which cohort of bighorn sheep populations are particularly vulnerable to death (20-10% mortality rate) by pneumonia following an outbreak of this particular respiratory disease?

A

Lambs

29
Q

What is one of the largest hurdles limiting recovery of big horn sheep in western North America?

A

Pneumonia

30
Q

T/F: The majority of CWD positive animals that are harvested appear normal and healthy.

A

True

31
Q

T/F: Mule deer and white-tailed deer populations declined in areas with the highest prevalence of CWD

A

True

32
Q

T/F: Elk typically have a higher prevalence of CWD than mule deer or white-tailed deer in Wyoming

A

False

33
Q

What are some some of the things parasites do to livestock and wildlife?

A
  • All of the above
  • Spread disease
  • Cause blood loss
  • Cause irritation
  • Cause death
34
Q

T/F: Some parasites can span elevation gradients.

A

Ture

35
Q

What is an ecto-parasite?

A

parasite living on/outside of its host

36
Q

The most economically damaging and widespread parasite for cattle can cause hundreds of millions of dollars of losses in the US annually, is an obligate blood feeder, and overwinter by living under or in fecal pats. What parasite species is this?

A

Horn Fly

37
Q

T/F: Horse flies are not native to the US

A

False

38
Q

What parasite has been documented to spread Blue Tongue Virus in cattle, sheep, deer and pronghorn?

A

Biting midge

39
Q

What parasite has infected this cow?

A

Lice

40
Q

Large iconic wildlife species are also affected by parasites. A study published in 1991 assessed external parasited on elk at the National Elk Refuge in Wyoming and determined the elk were highly infested with 2 types of external parasites. What were they?

A
  • Chewing lice
  • Mits
41
Q

Rocky Mountain wood ticks can infest livestock, wildlife and companion animals in the western US. What elevation range do they occur?

A

4-10,000’

42
Q

Sheep keds are an external parasite of sheep that spend their entire life on the animal. What 2 animal features explained infestations as presented in a 2016 study conducted in Laramie WY?

A

Age Breed

43
Q

Cooperia and Ostertagia are common roundworms that negatively affect both sheep and cattle. In a Wyoming study, that assessed winter survival of larvae of both species at 7300 ft and 9880 ft, what answer best explains larvae development and survival relative to elevation?

A

Development greatest at high elevations; survival greatest at high elevations

44
Q

Lungworms are a parasitic nematode that are a problem in cattle, domestic sheep, elk, and bighorn sheep. In cattle, lungworm infestations may also increase pulmonaary hypoxia and pulmonary arterial hypertension, which could lead to greater risk for what disease?

A

Brisket disease

45
Q

Parasite infestation and host body condition interact how?

A
  • All of the above
  • Poor body condition = lower resiliency
  • Poor body condition = lower immunity
  • Poor body condition = greater susceptibility
46
Q

What are four ways to manipulate parasite habitat?

A
  1. Use insecticides on all animals
  2. Burning pastures
  3. Moving or rotating pastures
  4. Drag
  5. Use resistant animals
47
Q

How do you manage/avoid the development of parasite resistance to chemical active ingredients?

A
  • Rotate through different active ingredients every year
  • Monitor animals and only deploy chemicals when infestations reach economic thresholds
48
Q

Define economic threshold

A

the density of a pest at which control treatment will provide an economic return

49
Q

Name the two defense systems that grazing animals use to learn which plants to avoid

A
  • skin defense/touch
  • gut defense/digestion
50
Q

Each year poisonous range plants adversely affect which percent of cattle, sheep, goats and horses that graze in western US rangelands?

A

3-5%

51
Q

What caused Nancy Lincoln’s (Abraham Lincoln’s mother) death?

A

Milk sickness from drinking milk from a cow that ate white snakeroot

52
Q

Which class of plant toxins causes calcium to precipitate from the blood, resulting in symptoms including hypocalcemia (ie low level of calcium in the blood) and uremia (ie urea in the blood)?

A

oxalates

53
Q

What type of plant toxin is found in chokecherry?

A

Glycosides

54
Q

Which of the following are not management issues that lead to heavy losses of livestock from poisonous plants?

A

When livestock are watered regularly or never allowed to become hungry, making them more likely to eat lethal quantities of poisonous plants

55
Q

Which term describes the following definition; “Any factor that diminishes the degree to which a forage meets the nutritional requirements of a specific kind and class of animal”

A

Forage anti-quality factor

56
Q

Which term describes the following definition; “degree to which a forage meets the nutritional requ. of a specific kind and class of animal”

A

forage quality

57
Q

which term describes when consumption of a plant yields illness of digestibe malaise, the flavor becomes aversive and distasteful. This process leads to future avoidance of this plant.

A

Hedonic shift

58
Q

What are the general mechanisms used by ungulates that employ foregut and hindgut fermentation strategies to contend with increased fiver and reduced protein content in forages as the grazing season progresses and forage senesces?

A

A) hindgut ferementors: forage intake increases while gut passage rate may increase B) Foregut fermentors: forage intake and gut passage rate decrease

59
Q

What causes grass tetany (aka grass staggers)?

A

Low magnesium

60
Q

List the 2 general types of forage anti-quality factors

A

physical chemical

61
Q

When an animal eats a plant it recieves digestive feedback in the form of energy, nutrients, illness, or toxicosis. If the feedback is positive _________ are formed to the plant and if the feedback is negative ______- are formed

A

Preferences Aversion

62
Q

What are the effects of silica as a structural anti-quality characteristic?

A

Injury; promotes tooth wear; urinary calculi

63
Q

What parasite has infested this moose? And what are the negative effects (name 3)?

A

Ticks

  1. hair loss
  2. weight loss
  3. secondary bacterial infections
  4. death
64
Q

Explain host dependence for the following parasites: Lice Flies roundworms

A
  • Lice: entire cycle on the animal
  • Flies: overwinter and egg lay off the animal
  • Roundworms: lives inside host
65
Q

What three ways does a horn fly reduce cattle productivity?

A
  1. consumes blood meals
  2. reduces grazing time
  3. annoyance behaviors and energy costs
66
Q

List all of the wild ungulates that occur in North America as well as northerly parts of the world.

A
  1. bison
  2. elk
  3. moose
  4. wild horse
  5. antelope
  6. bighorn sheep

Ruminant Ecology (1 decks)

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