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Human Anatomy II - Exam 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Contents of the superficial posterior compartment of the leg

A

Gastrocnemius (medial and lateral)
Plantaris
Soleus
Tendo calcaneus

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2
Q

Contents of the deep posterior compartment of the leg

A

Popliteus
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior

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3
Q

Contents of the anterior compartment of the leg

A

Tibialis anterior
Deep fibular nerve and anterior tibial vessels
Extensor hallicus longus
extensor digitorum longus

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4
Q

Contents of the lateral compartment of the leg

A

Superficial fibular nerve
Fibularis brevis
Fibularis longus

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5
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

Crosses both knee and ankle joint

two heads form inferior boundaries of the popliteal fossa

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6
Q

Popliteus

A

lies in the floor of the popliteal fossa

flexes and rotates the knee

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7
Q

Flexor digitorum longus

A

tendon passes posterior to medial malleoulus and to tendon of tibialis posterior
plantarflexes foot at the ankle joint

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8
Q

Crural Fascia

A

Continuous with fascia latae: attachment to anterior and medial borders of tibia. Continuous with periosteum
Fascia forms retinacula in foot: superior retinaculum, inferior retinaculum, flexor retinaculum, superior/inferior peroneal retinaculum

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9
Q

Superior (extensor) retinaculum

A

proximal to malleoli
binds tendons in anterior crural compartment: tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, peroneus tertius
Covers: deep peroneal (fibular) nerve and anterior tibial artery

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10
Q

Inferior (extensor) retinaculum

A

“y” - shaped

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11
Q

Flexor retinaculum

A

binds tendons of the deep posterior compartment: flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, and tibialis posterior
Covers: tibial nerve and posterior tibial artery

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12
Q

Superior/inferior peroneal retinacula

A

binds tendons of lateral crural compartment: peroneus longus and brevis

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13
Q

Cutaneous nerves of the superficial posterior compartment of the leg

A

Lateral sural cutaneous nerve: from common peroneal (fibular) nerve
Medial sural cutaneous: from tibial nerve
Sural nerve runs with lesser saphenous vein

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14
Q

Flexor hallicus longus

A

Tendon occupies groove on posterior surface of talus
Continuous with groove on plantar surface of sustentaculum tali
Tendon passes posterior to medial malleolus
Tendon passes between 2 sesamoid bones
Push off muscle for walking, jumping, running

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15
Q

Tibialis posterior

A

functions in plantar flexion and foot inversion

helps maintain medial longitudinal arch

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16
Q

Nerve supply to the deep posterior compartment of the leg

A

tibialis nerve

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17
Q

Blood supply to the deep posterior compartment of the leg

A

posterior tibial artery

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18
Q

Tibialis anterior

A

Lateral to crest of tibia
Foot dorsiflexion and inversion
L4-L5
Paralysis results in foot drop

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19
Q

Extensor digitorum longus

A

four tendons of insertion
each tendon inserts on an extensor expansion similar to arrangement in the hand
toe extension at MTP and also dorsiflexion

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20
Q

Peroneus (fibularis) tertius

A

Part of extensor digitorum longus
foot dorsiflexion and eversion
sometimes missing

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21
Q

Function of the anterior compartment of the leg

A

toe extension

ankle dorsiflexion

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22
Q

Innervation of the anterior compartment of the leg

A 
Deep peroneal (fibular) nerve:
L4-5 to tibialis anterior
L5-S1 for remaining muscles
Runs deep to extensor digitorum longus
accompanies anterior tibial artery between extensor hallicus longus and tibialis anterior muscles.
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23
Q

Blood supply to the anterior compartment of the leg

A

Anterior tibial artery:
smaller terminal branch of the popliteal artery
begins at inferior border of popliteus muscle
becomes dorsalis pedis artery at ankle joint

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24
Q

Peroneus (fibularis) longus

A

more superficial muscle of the lateral compartment
easily palpated
its tendon uses lateral malleolus as a pully
tendon crosses sole of foot and inserts on first metatarsus and cuniform
helps maintain transverse and longitudinal arches of the foot

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25
Q

Peroneus (fibularis) brevis

A

Deep to peroneus longus
inserts on lateral tuberosity
functions in plantar flexion and foot eversion

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26
Q

Nerve supply to the lateral compartment of the leg

A

Superfical peroneal (fibular) nerve:
deep to peroneus longus
inserts on lateral tuberosity
Spinal cord levels: L5, S1-S2

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27
Q

Blood supply to lateral compartment of the leg

A

No major arteries

Muscular branches arise from the peroneal artery

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28
Q

Hindfoot

A

talus and calcaneus

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29
Q

Midfoot

A

Navicular, cuboid and cuneiforms

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30
Q

Forefoot

A

Metatarsals and phalanges

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31
Q

Talotibial (talocrural) joint

aka ankle joint

A

synovial hinge joint

Movements: dorsiflexion, plantar flexion

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32
Q

Ankle ligaments

A 
Medial collateral (deltoid) - components: tibionavicular, tibiocalcaneal, anterior tibiotalar, posterior tibiotalar
Lateral collateral (weakest) - components: anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, and calcaeofibular
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33
Q

Talocalcaneal (subtalar) joint

A

very stable, uniaxial
three surfaces:
Posterior - concave facet on talus with convex facet on calcaneus
Anterior - convex facets on body and neck of talus, concave facets on calcaneus
Tarsal tunnel - nonsynovial, ligament = talocalcaneal ligament
Movements: inversion - adduction, supination, plantarflexion. Eversion.

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34
Q

Talocalcaneonavicular joint

A

Composite joint: talocalcaneal joint + talonavicular joint
Movements: inversion and eversion
Ligament: calcaneonavicular ligament. Helps maintain medial longitudinal arch

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35
Q

Transverse tarsal joint

A

Composite joint: talonavicular + calcaneocuboid
Function: links hindfoot and forefoot, adds to inversion/eversion range, keeps distal foot inverted with lateral surface in contact with ground while hind foot is everted

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36
Q

Primary support ligament for medial longitudinal arch

A

plantar calcaneonavicular

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37
Q

Primary support ligament for lateral longitudinal arch

A

long plantar

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38
Q

Support ligaments for plantar arches

A

plantar aponeurosis
plantar calcaneocuboid (short plantar)
marginal abductors

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39
Q

Blood supply to the dorsum of the foot

A

Anterior tibial artery via dorsalis pedis artery
Arcuate artery
Deep plantar artery

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40
Q

Muscles of the dorsum of the foot

A

Extensor digitorum brevis
Extensor hallucis brevis
Dorsal interossei: abductors (2nd toe is reference)

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41
Q

Nerve supply to dorsum of the foot

A

Superficial peroneal nerve - cutaneous
Deep peroneal nerve - lateral branch is motor to extensor hallucis brevis and extensor digitoum brevis. Medial branch is cutaneous
Sural nerve - gives off lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve

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42
Q

Tendons of the peroneus longus and brevis pass through which retinacula?

A

Superior and inferior peroneal

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43
Q

Blood supply to the sole of the foot

A

Posterior tibial artery

Perforating arteries

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44
Q

Nerve supply to the sole of the foot

A

Cutaneous: tibial nerve (medial calcaneal, medial plantar and lateral plantar), saphenous nerve and sural nerve
Motor: tibial nerve via lateral and medial plantar nerves

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45
Q

Muscle layers in sole of foot

A

Superficial: skin, plantar aponeurosis
1st muscle layer: abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi
Tendons in 1st layer: flexor digitorum longus tendon, flexor hallucis longus tendon
2nd muscle layer: quadratus plantae, lumbricals
3rd muscle layer: flexor hallucis longus tendon, adductor hallucis and flexor digiti minimi brevis
4th muscle layer: peroneus longus tendon, tibialis posterior tendon, interossei (3 PADs, 4 DABs)

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46
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

Only bone that is entirely preformed in cartilage

Components: cribiform plate, crista galli, perpendicular plate, lbyrinth, ethmoid air cells

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47
Q

Sphenoid bone

A

Formed from cartilage and dermal elements

Components: pterygoid plates, body

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48
Q

Greater wings of the sphenoid bone

A

Lower flaps: contribute to floor of middle cranial fossa. Foraminae - foramen rotundum (V2), foramen ovale (V3) and foramen spinosum (middle meningeal vessels)
Upper flaps: foraminae - optic canal, anterior clonoid porcess

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49
Q

Temporal bones

A

Petrous part: surrounds ear apparatus, forms auditory tube, forms carotid canal
Mastoid process: mass of air-filed outpocketings (air cells) from petrous part
Styloud process: fuses to petrous portion in front of mastoid, attachment site for muscles and ligaments
Squamous part: thin dermal bone forming lateral wall of braincase above auditory meatus
Tympanic part: forms ring of dermal bone around eardrum, becomes external auditory meatus

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50
Q

Occipital bone

A

Squamous part: forms lower back of the head
Basilar part: formed from anterior vertebral elements, forms from 4 separate bones to fuse around the spinal cord to form the foramen magnum

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51
Q

Frontal bone

A

paired in fetus, fused in adult

has supraorbital foramina (notches)

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52
Q

Maxillary bones

A

alveolar process

infraorbital foramina

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53
Q

Membrane bones

A

frontal bone
maxillary bone
zygomatic bone
nasal bone

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54
Q

Mandible

A

Consists of:
Ramus - area for muscle attachment, lingula, condylar process, mandibular notch and coronoid process
Angle
Body - mental protuberance, mental foramen

55
Q

Anterior cranial fossae

A

Mostly formed by frontal bone
located superior to orbits
features: crista galli, cribiform plate and olfactory formina
contains: frontal lobes of cerebrum

56
Q

Middle cranial fossae

A

Formed mostly by body and greater wings of sphenoid

features: attachment for diaphragma sellae, dorsum sellae, posterior clinoid processes, chiasmatic sulcus, optic canal, superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum and foramen lacerum
contains: temporal lobes of cerebrum

57
Q

Posterior cranial fossa

A

Formed mostly by occipital bone
Features: clivus, foramen magnum, jugular foramen, hypoglossal canal, condylar canal, mastoid canal, roofed by tentoium cerebelli, tentorium incisure
Contains: cerebellum, pons, medulla

58
Q

Bony articulations of occipital bone

A

occipital condyles

59
Q

Bony articulations of atlas

A

posterior tubercle, posterior arch, anterior arch, transverse process with foramina, lateral masses (articulation with occipital condyles and axis)

60
Q

Bony articulations of axis

A

Dens (odontoid process), spinous process, transverse processes with foramina

61
Q

Ligaments of vertebral column

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum flavum, ligamentum nuchae (supraspinous + interspinous ligaments)

62
Q

Muscles of suboccipital muscles

A

Obliquus capitis superior: weak extensor of neck
Obliquus capitis inferior: strong rotator of atlas
Rectus capitis posterior major: extension of vertebral column
Rectus capitis posterior minor: extension of vertebral column

63
Q

Floor of suboccipital triangle

A

posterior atlanto-occipital membrane

64
Q

Roof of suboccipital triangle

A

semispinalis capitis muscle

65
Q

Contents of suboccipital triangle

A

suboccipital nerve: dorsal ramus of C1, no sensory funtion and no dorsal root, motor to muscles of suboccipital triangle
Greater occipital nerve: dorsal ramus of C2, sensory to back of skull
Third occipital nerve: dorsal ramus of C3
Vertebral artery

66
Q

Platysma

A

Origin: Sub Q of infraclavicular and supraclavicular regions
Insertion: Base of mandible, skin of cheek, lower lip, angle of mouth, orbicularis oris
Action: depresses mandible; tenses skin of inferior face and neck

67
Q

Occipitofrontalis

A

Origin: anteriorly from epicranial aponeurosis, posteriorly from superior nuchal line
Insertion: Epicranial aponuerosis posteriorly and skin and sub Q of eyebrows and forehead anteriorly
Action: elevates eyebrows, protracts scalp

68
Q

Orbicularis occuli

A

Origin: orbital margin, palpebral ligament, lacrimal bone
Insertion: sin around margin of orbit; tarsal plates
Action: closes eyelids

69
Q

Procerus

A

Origin: facial aponeurosis; lateral nasal cartilages
Insertion: skin between eyebrows
Action: depresses medial sides of eyebrows and wrinkles skin over dorsum of nose

70
Q

Nasalis

A

Origin: frontal proesses of maxillae
Insertion: alar cartilage
Action: depresses alae laterally and dilates anterior nasal aperture

71
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

Origin: medial maxilla and mandible; deep surface of skin around mouth
Insertion: mucosa of lips
Action: Closes of oral fissure; compresses and protrudes lips

72
Q

Levator labii superioris

A

O: infraorbital margin
I: skin of upper lip
A: part of dilators of mouth

73
Q

Zygomaticus minor

A

O: anterior part of zygomatic bone
I: skin of upper lip
A: part of dilators of mouth

74
Q

Zygomaticus major

A

O: lateral part of zygomatic bone
I: angle of mouth
A: elevates labial commissures (corner of mouth)

75
Q

Risorius

A

O: parotid fascia and buccal skin
I: angle of mouth
A: depresses labial commissures (corner of mouth)

76
Q

Depressor anguli oris

A

O: anterolateral base of mandible
I: angle of mouth
A: depresses labial commissures

77
Q

Depressos labii inferioris

A

O: platysma and anterolateral body of mandible
I: skin of lower lip
A: mouth dilator; depresses and everts lower lip

78
Q

Facial Artery

A

Branch of external carotid artery
Winds around lower border of mandible and becomes superficial
Passes lateral to angle of mouth
Branches: superior and inferior labial arteries, lateral nasal artery and angular artery

79
Q

Superficial temporal artery

A

Terminal ranch of external carotid artery
Emerges between TMJ and auricle
Enters temporal fossa
Divides into frontal and parietal branches

80
Q

Transverse facial artery

A

Arises from superficial temporal temporal artery
Crosses face superficial to masseter muscle
Anastomoses with facial artery
Branches supply: parotid gland, masseter muscle and skin of face

81
Q

Which cranial nerve provides sensory innervation to the face?

A

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

82
Q

What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

opthalmic, maxillary and mandibular

83
Q

Besides the trigeminal nerve, what other sensory nerves innervate the head?

A

Greater occipital, lesser occipital and great auricular

84
Q

Which foramina does the opthalmic branch exit?

A

superior orbital fissure

85
Q

Which foramina does the maxillary branch exit?

A

foramen rotundum

86
Q

Which foramina does the mandibular branch exit?

A

foramen ovale

87
Q

Which cranial nerve provides motor innervation to the face?

A

Cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)

88
Q

Which foramina does cranial nerve VII exit through?

A

stylomastoid foramen

89
Q

Layers of the Scalp

A 
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis - frontalis and occipitalis
Loose areolar tissue
Pericranium
90
Q

Vascular supply to the head

A

Branches of the external carotid: occipital, posterior auricular and superficial temporal
Branches of the internal carotid: supratrochlear and supraorbital

91
Q

Vascular supply to the brain

A

Two internal carotid arteries and two vertebral arteries.
The four arteries form the circle of willis on the inferior surface of the brain.
Components: posterior cerebral arteries, internal carotids/middle cerebral arteries, anterior cerebral arteries, anterior communicating artery, and posterior communicating arteries

92
Q

Meninges and spaces (superficial to deep)

A 
Epidural space (absent around brain)
Dura mater
Subdural space
Arachnoid membrane
Arachnoid villi
Pia mater
93
Q

Dural sinuses

A

endothelial-lined spaces between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura

94
Q

Falx cerebri

A

midline fold of the dura mater extending between the two cerebral hemispheres

95
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

Dural fold located between cerebellum and occipital lobes of cerebral hemispheres

96
Q

falx cerebelli

A

dural fold between two cerebellar hemispheres

97
Q

Diaphragma sellae

A

dural fold over hypophyseal fossa

98
Q

superior sagittal sinus

A

lies along superior margin of falx cerebri

begins at crista galli and ends at occipital prottuberance

99
Q

inferior sagittal sinus

A

lies along inferior margin of falx cerebri and ends in straight sinus

100
Q

Straight sinus

A

lies at intersection of falx cerebri and tentorium cerebrelli
fformed at intersection of inferior sagittal sinus and great cerebral vein
joins confluence of sinuses

101
Q

Confluence of sinuses

A

common confluence of superior sagittal, transverse and straight sinuses

102
Q

Transverse Sinus

A

begins at confluence, extends along edges of tentorium cerebelli
right receives blood from superior sagittal sinus
left (dominant) receives blood from straight sinus

103
Q

Sigmoid

A

continuations on wither side of straight sinus
s - shaped
end at jugular foramina
become internal jugular veins

104
Q

CSF flow

A

Choroid plexuses -> ventricles -> through apertures -> into subarachnoid space -> through arachnoid villi -> into dural venous sinuses -> into internal jugular veins

105
Q

Arterial supply to the upper part of the spinal cord

A

anterior spinal artery from union of vertebral arteries
sulcal branches from anterior spinal artery into anterior median fissure
posterior spinal arteries branch from vertebral arteries or from posteroinferior cerebellar arteries

106
Q

Sensory innervation to outer ear

A

great auricular nerve, auroculotemporal nerve, lesser occipital nerve

107
Q

Auditory ossicles

A

Malleus - attached to TM
Incus
Stapes - attached to oval window

108
Q

Stapedius muscle

A

inserts onto neck of stapes
contracts reflexively in response to loud sounds
innervated by CN VII

109
Q

Tensor tympani muscle

A

inserts on malleus
contracts reflexively in response to loud sounds
innervated by CN V-3

110
Q

Contents of inner ear

A

bony labyrinth

membranous labyrinth, cochlea, vestibule

111
Q

Semicircular canals

A

sense rotational acceleration

112
Q

Utricle and saccule

A

senses linear acceleration and pull of gravity

113
Q

Roof of orbit

A

orbital plate of frontal bone
lesser wings of sphenoid
Features: fossa for lacrimal gland

114
Q

Floor of orbit

A

orbital plate of maxilla
zygomatic
orbital process of palatine
Features: infraorbital groove and canal, infraorbital artery

115
Q

Medial wall of orbit

A

lacrimal
frontal
ethmoid
features: fossa for lacrimal sac, opening for nasolacrimal canal

116
Q

lateral wall of orbit

A

zygomatic
greater wing of sphenoid
frontal

117
Q

Sympathetic supply of lacrimal apparatus

A

from T1
to superior cervical ganglion
to lacrimal gland

118
Q

Parasympathetic supply of lacrimal apparatus

A

from lacrimal nucleus via CN VII
to sphenopalatine ganglion
to lacrimal gland curtesy of CN V

119
Q

Superior orbital fissure

A

Cranial nerves: III, IV, V-1, VI

superior ophthalmic vein

120
Q

Optic canal

A

Cranial nerve II

ophthalmic artery

121
Q

Anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina

A

exit for anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves

122
Q

Inferior orbital fissure

A

Cranial nerve V-2

123
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the eye

A 
Inferior oblique (CN III): abducts, elevates, laterally rotates eye ball
Superior rectus (CN III): elevates, adducts and medially rotates
Medial rectus (CN III): adducts
Inferior rectus (CN III): depresses, adducts, laterally rotates
Superior oblique (CN IV): abducts, depresses, medially rotates
Lateral rectus (CN VI): abducts
Levator palpebrae superioris (CN III): raises upper eye lid
124
Q

Sensory innervation to orbit

A 
Optic nerve
Ophthalmic nerve (V-1)
125
Q

Parotid duct

A

opposite upper second molar

126
Q

Oropharynx

A

from soft palate above to upper border of epiglottis below
Lies at level of second and third cervical vertebrae
Contains: palatine tonsils, tonsilar branch of facial artery, glossopharyngeal nerve

127
Q

Muscles of oropharynx

A

Palatopharngeus muscle: elevates pharynx during swallowing, vagus nerve
Palatoglossus muscle: depresses palate, vagus nerve
Tensor veli palatini: tenses soft palate
Levator veli palatini: elevates soft palate

128
Q

Sensory innervation to mucous membranes

A

anterior ethmoidal nerves

nasopalantine nerves

129
Q

Motor innervation to mucous membranes (parasympathetic)

A

To pterygopalatine ganglion via CN VII

To mucous glands via maxillary nerve

130
Q

Motor innervation to mucous membranes (sympathetic)

A

to blood vessels from superior cervical ganglion via maxillary nerve

131
Q

Maxillary sinus

A

Largest
Opens to: middle meatus via semilunar hiatus
Nerve supply: superior alvealar nerve and infraorbital nerves

132
Q

Frontal sinuses

A

Paired
Opens to: middle meatus via frontonasal duct
Nerve supply: supratrochlear nerves and supraorbital nerves

133
Q

Ethmoidal sinus

A

group of ethmoidal air cells

open to middle of superior meatus

134
Q

Sphenoidal sinus

A

paired
opens to nasal cavity via sphenoethmoidal recess
Nerve supply: maxillary nerves and ethmoidal nerves

Human Anatomy II - Exam 2 (2 decks)

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