Exam 2 Flashcards
Acute Phase Response
Acute-phase proteins are a class of proteins whose plasma concentrations increase or decrease in response to inflammation. These proteins can regulate inflammation. Can cause fever.
Activated microglia:
Microglia are the immune mechanism in the brain. When activated they release destructive molecules and act as phagocytes. These phagocytes will destroy and consume a damaged or diseased neuron.
Adrenal cortex:
An endocrine organ that is responsible for secreting cortisol and aldosterone. Causes the stress response (fight or flight).
Adrenal medulla:
An endocrine organ responsible for secreting epinephrine and norepinephrine. These contribute to stress.
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH):
Released from the anterior pituitary when CRH attaches to receptors. ACTH targets the adrenal cortex which then releases corticosteroids.
_______An extremely dynamic organ that effects growth (of bones especially), thyroid regulation, adrenal cortex regulation, mammary gland activation, and sex specific hormones.
Anterior pituitary:
________A cell that is releases its own activator. Opposed to endocrine which is activated by farway hormones.
Autocrine cell:
Nervous functions that occur without thought or effort. Controlled by brain stem. Both input and output.
Autonomic nervous system:
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRF)=CRH:
The same thing as CRH. It stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH which targets the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids.
_____Part of the adaptive immune system. They are found in blood and tissue and act as messenger substances. Produced by a broad range of cells (like B, T, and most cells). Often they promote or inhibit inflammation.
Cytokines:
_______Includes salivary, sweat, and mammary glands secrete the products they create and carry them to adjacent target organs or the external environment. Endocrine is more long range.
Exocrine:
Coordinated physiologic processes which maintain steady states in organisms.
Homeostasis
_________ A response to injury that generally causes vasoconstriction to promote platelet clot formation.
Inflammatory response:
T Lymphocytes
B and T lymphocytes are part of the adaptive immune system. T lymphocytes recognize infected cells and destroy those cells. They have receptors for learned pathogens. If these receptors are activated by the pathogen, that T cell will multiply quickly. Mature in thymus.
B Lymphocytes:
Matures in bone marrow. They hold antibodies in their membrane. Helper t cells will bind to B cells to release those antibodies.
Macrophage:
Phagocytes found in tissue. Can also be attached in mobile form to white blood cells that carry the large phagocyte to pathogens.
______: Mediate inflammatory and allergic responses. Famous for anaphalaxys
Mast cells
_____Part of the innate immune system that identifies cells infected with a virus or cells that have become cancerous.
Natural Killer cells
Negative feedback:
Later in a reaction chain when products are numerous, an auto receptor or similar mechanism will trigger something to reduce the product.
Paracrine cell
Paracrine cells release agents that act on nearby cells.
Opposes the sympathetic nervous system. In most cases it is calming as opposed to activating but can activate specific pathways.
Parasympathetic nervous system
Molecules that an animal releases to communicate with other animals of that species.
Pheromones
Molecules that communicate between species (flower and bee).
Allomones
What endocrine organ releases Vasopressin and oxytossion?
Posterior pituitary
Preganglionic nerouns (are/are not) cholergenic, have fibers that (are/are not) myelinated, (long/short), and are effected by the neurotransmitter ________
are cholergenic
are myelinated
long
Acetylcholine
Postganglionic neurons have (long/short) fibers, (are/are not) myelinated, (more/less) numerous than preganglionic, and (are/are not) cholergenic?
short
are not myelinated
more numerous
are not cholergenic
The sympathetic chain/trunk allows:
nerve fibers to travel to spinal nerves that are superior or inferior to one in which they originated, it is essentially a highway that peripheral extensions use to travel to other spinal regions or the CNS.
Atropine is a
a. A muscarinic receptor antagonist.
b. Muscarinic receptor agonist.
c. Nicotinic receptor agonist.
d. Nicotinic receptor antagonist:
A.
Hexamethonium is a
a. A muscarinic receptor antagonist.
b. Muscarinic receptor agonist.
c. Nicotinic receptor agonist.
d. Nicotinic receptor antagonist:
D.
Nicotine is a
a. A muscarinic receptor antagonist.
b. Muscarinic receptor agonist.
c. Nicotinic receptor agonist.
d. Nicotinic receptor antagonist:
C,
Muscarine is a
a. A muscarinic receptor antagonist.
b. Muscarinic receptor agonist.
c. Nicotinic receptor agonist.
d. Nicotinic receptor antagonist:
B.
tyrosine->Dopa->Dopamine-> _______
norepinephrine
_____->Dopa->Dopamine-> norepinephrine
tyrosine
host molecules that can initiate and perpetuate a noninfectious inflammatory response.
DAMPs (Damage associated molecular pattern molecules)
molecules associated with groups of pathogens, that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system.
PAMPs (Pathogen associated molecular patterns)
The adrenal cortex is on top of the _____ and releases _____
kidneys
corticosteroids
The thyroid is in the throat and releases _____
thyroid hormones
Testes release
androgens
Ovaries release
estrogens and prgestins
CRH stimulates _____ to release ______ which targets the adrenal cortex
CRH
ACTH
TRH stimulates ______ which stimulates the ______
TSH
Thyroid
The anterior pituitary is controlled by the _____
brain
What releases epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Adrenal medulla
Cortisol is secreted by the ____
adrenal cortex
