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Psychopharm > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Acute Phase Response

A

Acute-phase proteins are a class of proteins whose plasma concentrations increase or decrease in response to inflammation. These proteins can regulate inflammation. Can cause fever.

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2
Q

Activated microglia:

A

Microglia are the immune mechanism in the brain. When activated they release destructive molecules and act as phagocytes. These phagocytes will destroy and consume a damaged or diseased neuron.

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3
Q

Adrenal cortex:

A

An endocrine organ that is responsible for secreting cortisol and aldosterone. Causes the stress response (fight or flight).

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4
Q

Adrenal medulla:

A

An endocrine organ responsible for secreting epinephrine and norepinephrine. These contribute to stress.

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5
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH):

A

Released from the anterior pituitary when CRH attaches to receptors. ACTH targets the adrenal cortex which then releases corticosteroids.

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6
Q

_______An extremely dynamic organ that effects growth (of bones especially), thyroid regulation, adrenal cortex regulation, mammary gland activation, and sex specific hormones.

A

Anterior pituitary:

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7
Q

________A cell that is releases its own activator. Opposed to endocrine which is activated by farway hormones.

A

Autocrine cell:

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8
Q

Nervous functions that occur without thought or effort. Controlled by brain stem. Both input and output.

A

Autonomic nervous system:

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9
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRF)=CRH:

A

The same thing as CRH. It stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH which targets the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids.

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10
Q

_____Part of the adaptive immune system. They are found in blood and tissue and act as messenger substances. Produced by a broad range of cells (like B, T, and most cells). Often they promote or inhibit inflammation.

A

Cytokines:

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11
Q

_______Includes salivary, sweat, and mammary glands secrete the products they create and carry them to adjacent target organs or the external environment. Endocrine is more long range.

A

Exocrine:

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12
Q

Coordinated physiologic processes which maintain steady states in organisms.

A

Homeostasis

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13
Q

_________ A response to injury that generally causes vasoconstriction to promote platelet clot formation.

A

Inflammatory response:

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14
Q

T Lymphocytes

A

B and T lymphocytes are part of the adaptive immune system. T lymphocytes recognize infected cells and destroy those cells. They have receptors for learned pathogens. If these receptors are activated by the pathogen, that T cell will multiply quickly. Mature in thymus.

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15
Q

B Lymphocytes:

A

Matures in bone marrow. They hold antibodies in their membrane. Helper t cells will bind to B cells to release those antibodies.

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16
Q

Macrophage:

A

Phagocytes found in tissue. Can also be attached in mobile form to white blood cells that carry the large phagocyte to pathogens.

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17
Q

______: Mediate inflammatory and allergic responses. Famous for anaphalaxys

A

Mast cells

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18
Q

_____Part of the innate immune system that identifies cells infected with a virus or cells that have become cancerous.

A

Natural Killer cells

19
Q

Negative feedback:

A

Later in a reaction chain when products are numerous, an auto receptor or similar mechanism will trigger something to reduce the product.

20
Q

Paracrine cell

A

Paracrine cells release agents that act on nearby cells.

21
Q

Opposes the sympathetic nervous system. In most cases it is calming as opposed to activating but can activate specific pathways.

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

22
Q

Molecules that an animal releases to communicate with other animals of that species.

A

Pheromones

23
Q

Molecules that communicate between species (flower and bee).

A

Allomones

24
Q

What endocrine organ releases Vasopressin and oxytossion?

A

Posterior pituitary

25
Q

Preganglionic nerouns (are/are not) cholergenic, have fibers that (are/are not) myelinated, (long/short), and are effected by the neurotransmitter ________

A

are cholergenic
are myelinated
long
Acetylcholine

26
Q

Postganglionic neurons have (long/short) fibers, (are/are not) myelinated, (more/less) numerous than preganglionic, and (are/are not) cholergenic?

A

short
are not myelinated
more numerous
are not cholergenic

27
Q

The sympathetic chain/trunk allows:

A

nerve fibers to travel to spinal nerves that are superior or inferior to one in which they originated, it is essentially a highway that peripheral extensions use to travel to other spinal regions or the CNS.

28
Q

Atropine is a

a. A muscarinic receptor antagonist.
b. Muscarinic receptor agonist.
c. Nicotinic receptor agonist.
d. Nicotinic receptor antagonist:

A

A.

29
Q

Hexamethonium is a

a. A muscarinic receptor antagonist.
b. Muscarinic receptor agonist.
c. Nicotinic receptor agonist.
d. Nicotinic receptor antagonist:

A

D.

30
Q

Nicotine is a

a. A muscarinic receptor antagonist.
b. Muscarinic receptor agonist.
c. Nicotinic receptor agonist.
d. Nicotinic receptor antagonist:

A

C,

31
Q

Muscarine is a

a. A muscarinic receptor antagonist.
b. Muscarinic receptor agonist.
c. Nicotinic receptor agonist.
d. Nicotinic receptor antagonist:

A

B.

32
Q

tyrosine->Dopa->Dopamine-> _______

A

norepinephrine

33
Q

_____->Dopa->Dopamine-> norepinephrine

A

tyrosine

34
Q

host molecules that can initiate and perpetuate a noninfectious inflammatory response.

A

DAMPs (Damage associated molecular pattern molecules)

35
Q

molecules associated with groups of pathogens, that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system.

A

PAMPs (Pathogen associated molecular patterns)

36
Q

The adrenal cortex is on top of the _____ and releases _____

A

kidneys

corticosteroids

37
Q

The thyroid is in the throat and releases _____

A

thyroid hormones

38
Q

Testes release

A

androgens

39
Q

Ovaries release

A

estrogens and prgestins

40
Q

CRH stimulates _____ to release ______ which targets the adrenal cortex

A

CRH

ACTH

41
Q

TRH stimulates ______ which stimulates the ______

A

TSH

Thyroid

42
Q

The anterior pituitary is controlled by the _____

A

brain

43
Q

What releases epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

Adrenal medulla

44
Q

Cortisol is secreted by the ____

A

adrenal cortex

Psychopharm (1 decks)

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