Exam 2 Flashcards
(270 cards)
1
Q
Chronic Progressive Lymphedema
A
- Disease of lymphatic drainage of skin
- Breeds: Belgian, draught horses, Shire, Clydesdale, German breeds
- 50-90% develop clinical signs
- Initally: scratches-like, masked by feathering
- Genetic component
- Chronic and progressive
- Starts at ~2 years, euth at ~>6 years
- distal aspect limbs: lumpy skin/subcutis, back of pastern, recurrent secondary infections
- palliative care (control infections, compressive bandages, exercise
2
Q
Cannon Keratosis (Stud Crud)
A
- Not related to urine splashing, not just males, not infectious
- middle-aged or older
- Genetic?
- Esp. cranial aspect of rear cannon
- lifelong
- hairloss
- Seborrhea: too much scale is being produced on surface of skin
- Non-painful unless secondary infections
- non fatal
- Treat with anti-seborrhea shampoos
3
Q
Parasites (4)
A
- Lice: on skin
- Mites: in skin
- Onchocerciasis
- Summer sores
4
Q
Summer sores
A
- Open, non-healing wounds
- Esp.: around eyes, on lips, external genetalia, fetlocks, coronary band
- Parasite + reaction: individual horses
- esp. bad in summer
- debulking + ivermectin
- Incidence decreases with routine systemic dewormers
5
Q
Dermatophilus (Rain rot or Scald)
A
- Caused by Dermatophilus congolensis
- Painless swelling: hair loss
- Dorsum
- Trasmissible bacterium
- Characteristic appearance: thick crusts easily epilated, raw skin beneath
- Wet climates: rain sheets
- Anti-microbial shampoos
- Zoonotic
6
Q
Dermatophytosis (Ringworm)
A
- Fungal infection (multiple)
- Esp. young and/or malnourished horses
- Higher incidence in fall/winter in temp climates
- Decrease of UV light exposure when stabled
- Zoonotic
- Raised, circular swellings initially, then hair loss and crusting
- Dilute bleach
- Antifungal shampoos
- Tack as fomites
7
Q
Eosinophilic Grnauloma
A
- Collagenolytic granuloma or nodular necrobiosis
- Common!
- Painless blemish
- Fly bite sequel: hypersensitivity or allergic response
- Chest and back esp.
- Spring/summer
- May contain mineral (nodular necrobiosis)
- Remove surgically if nuisance
8
Q
Aural Plaques (Ear Fungus)
A
- Thick skin plaques
- Bilateral
- Concave aspect of pinna
- Viral, not fungal: Papilloma virus
- Fly-transmitted: black flies
- More active in summer
- Blemish
- Sensitive ears
- Older horses
- Do not resolve
- Various treatments: imiquimod, blood rot
9
Q
Equine Papilloma Viruses
A
- Esp. grass warts
- Common: 6 mo.-4 yr
- Papillomavirus
- Muzzle + lips
- Genital
- May be generalized
- Genital form, leads to SCC
- Spread: contact, insects
- Resolve in 3 months
- Persistent=immunosuppressed
10
Q
Fistulous Withers
A
- Swelling of withers: Supraspinous bursa
- Draining tracts, fever, and pain
- Cause: trauma, ill-fitting saddles, overwork, overloading/poorly balanced loads
- Infections: Actinomyces bovis, Onchocerca cervicalis, Brucella abortis!
- Treatment: surgery, antibiotics
11
Q
Anhidrosis
A
- Loss of ability to sweat: overstimulation of sweat glands by stress hormones in summer months
- Esp. warm humid areas
- Risk of heat stroke
- Sweating areas reduced to: jaw, neck, base of ears, between pelvic limbs, under saddle
- No age, sex, breed, color predisposition
- Esp. performance horses
- Diagnosis by series of dilutions of terbutaline
- Chronic: poor dry hair coat + lethargy during hot times of year
- Control: removal of severe climatic stress, limit exercise to cool parts of day, shade, movement of air, misters, cold-water hosing, recovery may occur after move to temperate climate
12
Q
Hirsutism
A
- Long, non-shedding hair coat
- Older horses
- Associated with PPID (Equine Cushing’s Disease)
- Treat the underlying disease
13
Q
Photosensitization
A
- Dermatitis of ALL unpigmented skin
- Secondary to hepatic injury: metabolit of chlorophyll enters skin due to impaired biliary excretion
- PA-containing plants (Pyrrolizidine alkaloids)
- Weight loss, jaundice, behavioral change if severe
14
Q
HERDA
A
Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia
- Asthenia=weak
- ‘Hyperelastosis cutes’
- Quarter horses: Some cutting horse bloodlines, normal at birth, develops at 2-4 years
- Hyperextensible skin + scars
- Esp back of affected horses
- Homozygous recessive trait: do not breed carriers
- Genetic test for cyclophilin B mutation
15
Q
Linear Keratosis
A
- Esp. QH, TB, Standardbreds
- Unknown cause, genetic?
- Birth-5 years
- Vertical bands: Alopecia + increased keratin, esp. neck, shoulder, thorax
- Asymptomatic blemish
- lifelong
- No treatment: may be mild progression
16
Q
Disease of Pigmentation
A
Albinism
-Overo lethal white (non-functioning coon)
-Lavender foal syndrome (weakness, neuro signs)
Leukotrichia
-white hairs
-Retriculated = tiger-striping (>1 year old)
-other forms of pigment loss
Vitiligo
-autoimmunity to melanin
17
Q
Sweet Itch
A
- form of hypersensitivity to midges
- active during summer
- horses kept in marshy areas
- esp in tail head, but can see it up to the mane
- Shave skin, inject allergens, where there is redness there is an inflammatory response
- seen in WY
- pretty common
- Treat with steroids
18
Q
What are the 3 main types of cancer in horses?
A
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- Melanoma
- Sarcoids
19
Q
What is cancer?
A
genes involved in promoting/inhibiting growth in in normal cells are being knocked out
20
Q
What is metastasis?
A
can travel to another place, if can do that, is cancer
21
Q
Characteristics of benign tumors
A
- slow growth
- usually encapsulated
- smooth surface
- local compression
- cells differentiated
- cells uniform and resemble each other
- blood vessels in tumor well formed
- minor or no necrosis
- NEVER metastisize
- DNA content usually normal
- karyotype usually normal
- normal mitotic figures
22
Q
Benign tumors are not fatal unless….
A
- bleed out
- compression of vital organ
- growth in confined space
- hormone production
23
Q
Characteristics of malignant tumors
A
- metastasis
- local invasion
- irregular surface
- little or no capsule
- may be large with rapid growth
- often death if untreated
- less well differentiated than benign neoplasm
- may not resemble tissue of origin
- loss of anchorage dependence
- loss of contact inhibition
- pleomorphism
- increased mitotic activity
- vessels numerous/poorly formed
- necrosis and hemorrhage
- DNA content increased
- additional chromosomes present
- karyotypic abnormalitites
- nuclei large hyeprchromatic
24
Q
Common tumors of horses
A
- sarcoid
- viral papillomas/aural plaques
- SCC
- melanoma/malignant melanoma
- thyroid adenoma
- pituitary adenoma in pars intermedia
- lipoma
- ovarian tumors (=granulosa cell tumor)
- mast cell tumor
- lymphoma (leukemia)
- teratoma of undescended testicles
25
Sarcoid
-occur typically anywhere flies tend to land or there's been a cut
26
Papilloma-Equine warts
- Mucocutaneous transitions
- EcPV-1 (muzzle and lips)
- EcPV-2 (genital areas, associated with genital SCC, like HPV-16, integrated into cell genome)
- young horses (<3y)
- hardy viruses
- immunity: disappearance 1-6mo after appearance
- chemical or freezing to remove
27
Aural Plaques
- in ears
- concave aspect, pinna
- esp. summer/fall
- papilloma virus on EM (not isolated)
- often bilateral
- non-painful
- bother owner more than horse
- no reported treatments
- do not regress
28
Common squamous cell carcinomas
```
Occular:
-3rd eyelid, conjunctiva, cornea, eyelid
-UV light/pale skin
Penile/Preputial
-Smegma (EcPV-2)
-often aggressive in young horses
Face
-UV light/pale skin
Perineal
-UV light/pale skin, vulva/clitoral
Stomach
-often aggressive
```
29
Treatment of SCC
```
Surgical:
-early small lesions
-least successful on large, long standing lesions
Other:
-more advanced lesions
-cryotherapy
-cytotoxic chemicals
-Immunomodulation (BCG)
-Radiation: considered best, expensive, specialty clinics
```
30
Melanoma
- virtually in all gray horses: >6-8y, some families worse than others
- black tarry discharge
- esp. tail perineum but can be anywhere
- some become malignant
- surgery vs. other approaches
31
Lymphoma
- incidence: 1.3-2.8% of all tumors
- no viral association
- typically 4-10y old
- most commom: multicentric: LNs and internal organs
- generally diagnosed late in clinical course
- common subtype: T-cell rich, B-cell lymphoma
- chemotherapy and radiation therapy
- palliative glucocorticoid use more common
- most commonly internal
- leukemia unusual
- no effective treatment
- when skin involved: often indolent, cutaneous nodules, T-cell rich, B cell lymphoma
- may be stallion-like behavior
32
Thyroid adenoma
- Common in older horses: 30% for horses >10y, 75% in horses >20y
- unilateral or bilateral
- biopsy or needle aspirate to confirm
- no need for treatment unless: compression of adjacent structures, growing, hyperthyroidism
- other thyroid masses: goiter, cystic hyperplasia, adenocarcinoma of thyroid follicles or C cells
33
Granulosa cell tumor
```
Common
-male/female hormones secreted
-aggressive/stallion-like behavior
-markedly prolonged estrus
-unilateral
-slow growing
-do not metastasize
Dx
-palpation
-ultrasound
-testosterone + inhibin
-anti-mullarian hormone
```
34
Pituitary adenoma, pars intermedia
- pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID)
- melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) production
- typically >18y
- long hair coat
- pressure on hypothalamus (body temp, appetite, cyclic shedding)
- Polyuria/polydipsia (PU/PD)
- poor muscle tone and weakness
- somnolence
- abnormal distribution of adipose tissue
- swelling of periorbital fossa, laminitis
- increased infections
35
Lipoma
- common in older horses
- intra-abdominal
- long stalk=strangulation of SI
- cause of colic
36
What is the urinary tract?
- collect and removes fluid wastes from body
- when animal dehydrated urine is more concentrated to preserve fluids
- when animal well hydrated urine is more dilute
37
Structures of urinary tract
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
38
Equine urine usually looks...
Normally cloudy: abundant calcium carbonate crystals, mucus
39
Pollakiuria
Peeing too often, but normal total volume
- estrus
- calculi
- cystitis
40
Polyuria
Peeing too much urine
- many primary diseases of kidney
- pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction
- diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus
- behavioral problems
41
Suspect urinary problems when...
weight loss + abnormal urination
42
Diagnosis of urinary tract problems
- rectal palpation
- urinalysis
- blood work: blood urine nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, anemia, lowered chloride and sodium
- Ultrasound: morphology, presence of stones
- endoscopy
- kidney biopsy
43
Acute renal failure
- Kidneys stop working due to toxicity or severe dehydration
- toxins:
- some antibiotics
- overuse of NSAIDs
- heavy metals
- plants
- products of muscle breakdown or erythrolysis
- Diagnosis: elevated BUN and creatinine
- Treatment: IV fluids, dopamine (dilates blood vessels), furosemid (diuretic)
44
Where does acute renal failure cause problems?
In large intestine
45
Chronic kidney failure
- loss of 20-30% nephrons
- after damage occurred: chronic renal infection, post-intoxication
- symptoms: loss of appetite, weight loss, decline in performance, dilute urine
- cannot be cured: avoid NSAIDs, low protein diet, sodium bicarbonate, anemia, avoid dehydration
46
Pyelonephritis
- ascending bacterial infection of kidneys from bladder (fever, high WBC count in circulation)
- relatively rare in horses
- treatment: antibiotics, control kidney failure
- complications: formation of stones in urinary tract
47
Urolithiasis
- most commonly in bladder
- sequel to cystitis
- also: kidney, ureter, urethra
- symptoms:
- straining during urination
- inability of horse to urinate full stream
- colic
- blood in urine
- esp. mares, particularly geldings
- treatment: removal of stones: surgery, lithotripsy (shock waves), antibiotics
48
Uroliths in other locations
- kidney or ureter or urethra
- secondary to: passage of kidney stone or bladder stone
- rarely performed surgery
49
Cystitis
- inflammation of bladder: due to trauma, secondary to lumbar spinal cord disease, opportunistic bacterial infection
- symptoms: frequent urination, straining, urine leakage
- treatment: depends on underlying problem
- complications: risk for pyelonephritis or kidney failure
50
Psychogenic polyuria/plydipsia (PU/PD)
- drinks too much water due to boredom: upsets electrolyte imbalance, dilute urine
- Diagnosis: no sign of kidney failure, inability to concentrate urine
- treatment: 40ml/kg/day water intake
- change environment
51
Ruptured bladder in foals
- at/shortly after birth
- depressed within week of birth: urinary toxins in blood
- both foals and fillies
- life threatening: urine in abdomen, toxemia
- requires surgery to close
52
Patent urachus in foals
- when urachus fails to close, or leaks after birth
- risk of: urine scald of skin, ascending infection of urinary tract
- most close on their own
- may need caustic chemical to seal urachus
53
Renal neoplasia
- generally rare: prevalence <2%
- most primary
- others secondary (esp. lymphoma)
54
Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID)
- true Cushing's disease
- common, in some part esthetic
- older animals
- predisposed to insulin resistance
- hypertrophy/hyperplasia in pituitary gland, with increased ACTH (increased cortisol released from adrenal glands)
- abnormal fat deposits
- long curly hair that wont shed (hirsutism)
- bulging supraorbital fat pads
55
Treatment of PPID
- body clip in summer months
- regular dental + hoof care
- Pergolide mesylate or cyproheptadine or combination
- increased risk of infections
56
What is hirsutism?
long curly hair that wont shed
57
Most common PPID infections
- sole abscesses
- dermatitis
- dental and gum disease
- enteric parasitism
- respiratory infections
58
Equine Metabolic Syndrome (what it looks like)
- aka: 'peripheral Cushing's, easy keeprs, insulin-resistant'
- humans: insulin-resistant (similar to pre-diabetics), obesity = increased risk for secondary diabetes mellitus +coronary artery disease
- Horses: esp. ponies (genetic component), cresty neck and thick sheath, insulin resistance, obesity = increased risk of laminitis
59
Equine Metabolic Syndrome
- typically 5-15 years
- common esp. in ponies
- insulin insensitivity: glucose intolerance, increase insulin, increased leptin, pro-inflammatory state, hyperinsulinemia affects ~22-29% of susceptible equine population
- overfeeding nonstructural carbohydrates
- obese horse with cresty neck + predisposition to laminitis
- weight reduction + exercise
60
Distinguishing EMS from PPID
```
EMS:
-onset earlier
-laminitis
-test: increased fasting insulin
-few progress to diabetes
-control: weight loss
PPID
-onset in middle/old age
-laminitis
-hisutism
-excessive sweating
-PU/PD
-skeletal muscle atrophy
-test: low dose dex suppression test, increased ACTH
-control: counteracting effect of ACTH
```
61
Sick euthyroid syndrome
- 'eu' because thyroids healthy: low circulating thyroid secondary to other illness
- 'hyperthyroidism': true hypothyroidism RARE in horses
62
Thyroid adenoma
- common in older horses
- generally asymptomatic
- diagnosed by palpation or biopsy
- may be bilateral
- thyroid carcinomas-rare
63
Goiter with musculoskeletal disease
- western USA + Canada
- musculoskeletal + goiter (mandibular prognathia, flexural deformation)
- avoid: adequate iodine
- affected foals: good odds if not severe and survive 1st week of life
64
Pheochromocytoma
- tumor of adrenal medulla
- increased epinephephrine and norephinephrine
- anxiety, sweating, increased heart/respiratory rates
- generally untreatable
65
Ovarian Diseases
- granulosa cell tumor
- relatively common
- benign
- hormone producing: persistent estrus, anestrus, masculinization
- confirmation by hormone tests
- can be bred after removal of affected ovary-usually 1 year later
66
Anhidrosis
- loss of ability to sweat
- factors: familial trait, semi-tropical/tropical climates, TBs and warmbloods, born west/midwest the moved to warm climates
- onset: sudden vs. gradual, esp. in summer
- prevalence: 10% at farm level, 2% at animal level
- risk of hyperthermia (heat stroke)
- confirmation: intradermal sweat test
- move to cooler climate
67
Big Head-Bran Disease
- secondary hyperparathyroidism
- associated with high phosphate diets with low calcium hay
- esp. foals and lactating mares
- PTH hormone productio + increased activity of vitamin D
- end result: poorly mineralized bone with fibroplasia = 'big head'
68
Management of big head
```
Avoid:
-care with high phosphate diets
Manage:
-calcium supplementation
-restricted exercise
-NSAID for pain
```
69
What is the immune system responsible for?
protecting the horses body against the constant influx of pathogens from its environment
70
What are external influences on the immune system?
weaken the function of the immune system
| -stress: transportation, performance, change of routine, pain, fear
71
What are the physical barriers of the immune system?
-skin and mucous membranes
72
What is the internal protection of the horse?
-when the physical barriers are breached, immune system is activated
73
Organs of the immune system
- spleen: active immune cells' information modulated form the vagus nerve
- bone marrow: in neonate, thymus is active in construction of immune system
- lymph nodes: multiply and produce antibodies
- autonomous nervous system: informs anatomical sites of the immune system
74
Cell Mediated Immunity in the Equine
- non specific
- leukocytes respond to a threat by degranulation (releasing substances to help destroy the threat) and phagocytosis
- body cells participating in this part die off and are pus
75
Humoral Branch of the Immune System
- must be previously exposed for this part to work
- previous exposure primes lymphocytes and complement system
- involve plasma cells and antibodies that are capable of colonal expansion (can multiply and produce more antibodies to fight threat)
- complement system functions to break down/remove damaged cells
76
What happens (steps) when immune system starts working?
- immune system reacts violently
| - inflammation that causes swelling
77
Some examples of when the immune system reacts
lameness, injuries, colic!
78
Drugs to use for inflammation and swelling
Bute, banamine, previcox
79
Shock organ in the horse is the...
lungs
80
What is involved in shock? specific aspects
- vagus nerve system
- inflammatory cells form the immune system
- humoral factors like TNFalpha
81
Pigeon Fever (Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis) from Dr. Weiss
- lives in dry hot dusty soil and manure (as in feed lots)
- infection through open wounds, biting flies, inhalation
- as bacteria stays in abscesses they create, they are difficult to reach with antibiotic therapy
82
Clinical presentation of Pigeon fever (Dr. Weiss)
- one or more abscesses on chest/face
- febrile/anorexic horses might have mutliple abscesses
- may get ulcerative lymphagitis along extremities
83
Important things to know about Pigeon Fever (Dr. Weiss)
- ruminants suffer same disease, can only infect eachother if have same strain
- infected individuals need to be isolated
- difficult to eradicate
- treatment is similar to strangles, anti-inflammatories, warm poultices on abscesses so they can drain, antibiotics only in select cases
- prevention includes fly control, remove manure, husbandry
84
Autoimmune diseases
- COPD
- Hives
- all kinds of allergies
- some conditions are genetically anchored, others caused by influence of environment on immune system
85
Laboratory support of autoimmune diseases (tests)
- allergen testing
- intradermal skin testing
- IgE measurements of blood in horses
- IgE measurements do not work for food allergies
86
Why do we vaccinate? (Dr. Weiss)
protect horses against catastrophic contagious diseases by preparing the immune system
87
What will the horse's immune system make from vaccination?
antibodies for protection
| -these immunoglobulins are circulating in blood stream or waiting in the tissue
88
Core vaccines
- tetanus
- WEE/EEE
- west nile
- rabies
89
What is immunology?
study of the immune system
90
What 3 areas of study (-ology) work together to help avoid situations where the immune system needs to be activated?
epidemiology, serology, immunology
91
What is the conformation of the brood mare reproductive tract?
- vulvar labia presents a barrier for contamination
- no retrograde urine contamination
- cervix is a barrier to keep infections out
- uterine body, pooling of fluid is not possible and bacteria can't cause infection
92
What is a healthy environment of the uterus?
low pH=acidic
93
Where does the placenta evolve from?
chorion-a thin membrane that lines the egg shell on the inside
94
What kind of placenta does a horse have?
diffuse-epitheliochorial placenta
95
What position is used to check that the entire placenta has been expelled?
lazy "F" position
96
When should you avoid vaccinating a pregnant mare?
in the first trimester to avoid any complications
97
If ____ is in good working order, an infection can be avoided?
the local immune system
98
Hematogenous infection
mare is systemically sick and the bacteria/virus infect the uterus, placenta, and fetus causing inflammation and infection
99
Ascending infection
Noxious agents enter mare's repro system through cervix, causes inflammation and disrupts oxygen and nutrient supply for foal by destroying the villi of the chorioallantois membrane (placental membrane)
100
Unidentified infection
cause for infection cannot be determined
101
What are the most common noxious agents in infections of brood mares?
EIS, EHV1, EVA, CEM
102
Is a retained placenta life threatening?
yes
103
In situations of infections causing stillbirth, what can be seen and why?
dystocia or premature placental separation from the retention of parts of the placenta
104
What is a red bag?
premature placental separation
105
If a retained placenta is addressed promptly after birth, what can you do?
- remaining membranes can be removed with copious lavage
- manually picking off placenta
- anti-infammatories and antibiotics
106
If retained placenta is not addressed, what happens?
- toxins released into mare's blood stream
- sepsis, laminitis, schock
- chronic infection/inflammation in mare's endometrium
107
What should the mare produce before birth and what is in this?
Colostrum
- nutrients
- calcium
- antibodies
108
What is agalactia?
when the mare does not produce any milk at all
| -treatment can include keeping mare away from foal, pain killers, and fluids
109
What is mastitis?
painful inflammatory process in the udder tissue
| -needs treatment immediately with anti-inflammatories, pain killers, antibiotics
110
What is glocoma?
too much fluid being produced in the eye or not enough fluid being drained
111
What is a carract?
clouded lens
112
What is tonometry?
measuring intraocular pressure
113
What do you do to examine the eyes?
- menace reflex
- obstacle course
- ability to constrict pupil
- direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy
- tonometry
- fluorescein (dye): corneal ulcers, blocked NL duct
114
About equine vision and ocular anatomy
- largest globe of any land mammal
- complete bony orbit
- visual field of 350 degrees
- strong eyelid muscles
- copora nigra on dorsal margin of iris
- recognizes color
115
Eyes in foals
- dimished coneal sensitivity
- low tear production
- reduced menace reflect until 7-1- days (increased reisk of corneal trauma)
- various congenital ocular abnormalities: most common cataract
- some inherited, some associated with multiple ocular anomalies
- most idiopathic in utero
116
Vulnerable complex structures of the eye
- esp. large cornea, slow to heal
- after trauma: uveitis, cataract=sequestered antigens unleashed
- retinal detachment
- intraocular hemorrhage
- scars distort eyelids
117
Trauma in eye
common due to:
- prominent eyes
- outdoor
- curious
- flies + sarcoid
- fungal complications (cornea), steroid risk
- corneal healing: no blood supply, ulcers with perforation
118
Blocked nasolacrimal (tear) duct
- weepy eye (nuisance)
- conjuctivitis sequel
- treatment: flush NL duct
- some permanent
119
Conjunctivitis +Keratitis
```
Inflamed conjunctival sac:
-bacterial or allergies
-trauma
-dust
Most uncomplicated:
-good response to abs
-protect from flies
Complications:
-keratitis (keratoconjunctivitis)
-blocked NL duct
```
120
Keratoconjunctivitis
- inflamed cornea
- normally avascular
- deep ulcers slow to heal
- superficial ulcers: most traumatic, risk of 2nd infection (bacterial, fungal), perforation risk, iris adhesions
- antibiotic ointments + atropine + NSAIDs
121
Melting ulcers (keratoconjunctivitis)
- loss of overlying epithelium
- collagenase production
- risk of perforation in <24h
- fungi esp.
- horses at high risk of anterior uveitis
- esp. with abuse of topical ointments with corticosteroids or long-time use of antibiotics
- veterinary emergency
122
Treatment of Keratoconjunctivitis
- topical or subconjuctival broad-spectrum antibiotics (melting ulcers-antifungal medications)
- atropine (pain)
- also: antibiotic-soaked collagen lenses or contact lenses
- anti-proteinases
- systemic antibiotics
- surgery:
- lamellar keratectomy
- conjuctival graft to promote healing
123
Treatment of Keratoconjunctivitis
- topical or subconjuctival broad-spectrum antibiotics (melting ulcers-antifungal medications)
- atropine (pain)
- also: antibiotic-soaked collagen lenses or contact lenses
- anti-proteinases
- systemic antibiotics
- surgery:
- lamellar keratectomy
- conjuctival graft to promote healing
124
Cataract
- opaque lens
- importance of severity and site
- some congenital: may be genetic
- sequel to: trauma, recurrent uveitis
- leave alone or surgery: phacoemulsification + lens implant
125
Recurrent (periodic) uveitis
- moon blindness
- common cause of blindness in horses in USA
- uveitis = inflammation of grape (blood vascular layer)
- probably related to exposure to bacterial antigens
126
Uveitis definition
```
uvea = vascular (middle) layer of eye
uveitis = inflammation of this layer
```
127
Recurrent Uveitis
- other causes: esp trauma
- Leptospira is one tirgger
- major autoimmune component
- genetics: appaloosa
- one or both eyes
- waxes and wanes
- hard to control
128
Recurrent Uveitis Complications and treatment
```
Blindness due to complications:
-persistent uveitis
-glaucoma
-mature cataracts
-retinal detachment
-hemorrhage
-atrophy
Anti-inflammatory + mydriatics
Experimental:
-antibiotics
-vaccination
-vitrectomy + gentamycin
-sustained-release cyclosporine
```
129
Common cancers in and around eye
- SCC
- Sarcoid
- Papilloma
- Lymphosarcome
- Melanoma
130
Cancer Eye (SCC)
- Esp. UV exposure
- common in WY
- eyelids
- haw
- slow to metastasize, locally destructive
- draught, appaloosa, paints
- 11 years
- surgical removal
131
Sarcoid
- Variable: 5 clinical types, not always obviously sarcoids
- BPV-1,2,5
- Surgery vs. other:
- immunotherapy
- chemotherapy
- freezing or heating
- irradiation in situ
- photodynamic therapy
132
What is CVID?
Common Variable Immunodeficiency
- dysfunction of the immune system
- specifically B-cell branch or the humoral response is inept at protecting horse from pathogens
- have deficient quantities or no bB cells
133
What gene is involved in CVID?
PAX5 gene
134
Clinical Signs of CVID
- prolonged/recurring bacterial infections
- bacterial meningitis
- peritonitis
- lyme disease
- depression/ill thrift
135
Treatment/Prevention Options for CVID
- treat infections as they come
| - reduce environmental risk
136
What is the generic cause of CVID?
epigenetic cause
137
Is there a cure for CVID?
no
138
When are most deaths of foals?
60-70% first month of life
139
How to predict a healthy foal
- pre-partum fetal examination
- ultrasound
- fetal heart rate, aortic diameter
- maximal fetal fluid depts
- uter-placental contact, thickness
- fetal activity
- score of 0-2 for each
- cumulative score
140
Foal Immunity at Birth
- ensure mom is clean
- stall disinfected and bedded with fresh straw
- no immunoglobulin transfer across placenta
- at birth: immunocompetent, low concentrations of immunoglobulins detectable
- regular traffic of bacteria into system circulation
- primary immune response to envt antigens not detectable til 2 wks
- dependence on maternal immunity
141
Checking a foal is not compromised
- sits up sternally shortly after birth
- responsive
- 60 breaths at birth
142
Protection from Mare's milk
- ~5 liters colostrum in first 18 hours
- antibodies: abosorbed <24 hours, confined to intestine lumen >24hr
- other components:
- energy
- protein
- hormones
- minerals
- trophic factors enhancing immune competency
143
1,2,3 rule for foals
- stand in 1 hours
- nurse in 2 hour
- placenta passed in 3 hours
- pull blood at 24h to check IgG
144
Well Mare check
- nutritional condition
- womb and mammary infections
- evidence of trauma and fistulas
- placenta
145
Well Foal check
- common congenital defects: hernia, cleft palate, cataract
| - IgG in blood
146
Vaccination of foals
- ensure mare vaccinated properly: protects foal in first 6m of life
- traditionally >6 months
- vaccinate for: tetanus, influenza, EHV-1 -4, strangles, rabies, WEE/EEE, WNV
147
Fractured ribs/contusions of foals
- common: ~10% of necropsied neonatal foals
- primary cause of death:
- hemothorax
- pneumothorax
- damaged heart
- death within wk of birth
- contributing to death: failure to nurse or rise
148
Trauma of foals
- most important single cause of death 0-12m
- musculoskeletal injury
- typically on grass
- ribs: especially foaling
- long bones
- skull
149
Septicemia
- sleepy foal: recumbant +_ diarrhea
- multiple agents, generally environmental or commensal bacteria
- survival rate ~50% with intensive care
- a special case: Actinobacillus
- high mortality
- often present within 1 day of birth
- in WY, not uncommon
150
Neonatal Maladjustment Syndrome (dummy foal)
- fetal asphyxia esp. at foaling
- most common CNS disorder of neonatal foals
- neurological damage
- mild to severe
- altered consciousness, inability to suckle, lack of affinity for mare, tongue protrusion, star-gazing, localized/generalized seizures
- difficulty breathing
- FPT compilcation
- nursing + patience vs. euth
151
The Pregnane Hypothesis
- normal birth
- increased prenanes in blood
- abnormally quiet sleepy neonatal foal
- madigan foal squeeze procedure
152
Meconium impaction
- most common cause of colic in neonate
- typically passed several hours after birth
- tarry feces
- if not passed or pain, enema
153
Patent Urachus
- passage of urine via umbilical stump
- cautery (mild)
- surgery (if persistent)
154
Navel Ill
- typically swelling/pain
- sometimes internal to foal (inner side belly wall)
- ultrasound
- antibiotic treatment, generally good response
- sx if non-responsive
155
Hernia
- suspected genetic component
| - present at birth: resolve naturally, wait til >3m for repair of small hernias
156
Ruptured Bladder
- typically at birth
- colts esp.
- straining to urinate, little/no urine
- colic
- swollen abdomen
- belly tap and/or contrast material
- surgery esp. when caught early
157
Diarrhea in foals
- meconium retention
- 70% of foals have diarrhea episode
- rotavirus: common in many areas
- not common in WY
- most common cause of outbreaks
- often ~3m
- death more likely in young foals, but rare
- dehydration + shock
- short duration, 3 days
- vaccinate mares!
158
Gastro-Duodenal Ulcer Disease (GDUD)
- important in older nursing and early weanlings
- ulcers in: glandular stomach, upper SI
- pain, salivation, teeth grinding, colic, reflux
- no recognized agent: presumed to be secondary to other stresses
159
Developmental Orthopedic Diseases
```
Osteochondrosis
-excessive cartilage
-arthritis risk
Angular limb deformities:
-valgus/varus deformation
-conservative vs. sx
Contracted tendons:
-physical therapy
Inflamed growth plates:
-physitis/epiphysitis
-role of diet
-NSAIDs
```
160
What is the major factor affecting physical performance of a perfomance horse? (Weiss)
oxygen consumption
161
What happens when the physiological parameters involved oxygen consumption of performance horses increases dramatically during exercise? (Weiss)
- emptying of splenic reserve causes doubling of amount of erythrocytes in blood
- seven fold increase in heart rate
- increase in respiratory frequency
- tidal volume doubles
162
What does training of performance horses cause? (Weiss)
- lowering of heart rate
- increase in hematocrit
- increase in oxygen affinity of hemoglobin
163
What else can alter oxygen consumption in performance horses? (Weiss)
-feeding regimes
164
Oxygen consumption in performance horses is influenced by which energy source that is used to obtain a sufficient energy density in the feed? (Weiss)
fat and sugar can be used to replace starch
165
What other important physiological function do we need to worry about during long trailer hauls? (Weiss)
- water intake
| - fresh air/breathing for horse
166
What other important physiological function do we need to worry about during long trailer hauls? (Weiss)
- water intake
| - fresh air/breathing for horse
167
What is the reason many professional horse owners bring their own food? (Weiss)
- used to that food
| - don't want to pick up diseases
168
How much does your horse drink on an average day?
10-15 gallons
169
What can happen from over-exercising performance horses? (Weiss)
- anaerobic muscle work due to improper conditioning regime and routine
- exhaustion of the pH buffer in the blood and tissue of lungs
- overheating internally
- severe stress and lowering of immune system
- dehydration due to electrolyte depletion
170
What structures are stressed when horses jump? (Weiss)
tendons, gut, hamstring, stifle, neck, spine
171
What is a soundness exam?
when you are purchasing a horse, exam to make sure they are sound (mainly externally)
172
What do you do in an outbreak of strangles?
- isolate horses with swollen nodes
- no antibiotics! poultice swollen nodes, drain
- monitor other horses
- multiple PCR tests to establish horses free of infection
- vaccination choices
173
When to use antibiotics during a strangles outbreak?
- catch early
| - swollen lymph nodes don't look like they will burst
174
What can happen when you vaccinate a horse during a strangles outbreak?
- purpura hemorrhagica
| - cause immune-mediated reactions
175
Managing infectious outbreaks:
First thing you do is __
Second thing you do is___
1. isolate horse
| 2. monitor other horses
176
If multiple cases during an outbreak, what do you do?
Create 3 groups:
red: infected/presumed infected
amber: at risk-direct/indirect contact with infected
green: no clinical signs, no direct/indirect contact with infected horses
177
How to manage an infected group of horses during an outbreak
- separate building or pasture
- ideally 25m from other horses
- safe disposal of bedding, uneaten feed, water
- appropriate disinfectant for boots and outer wear
178
What should you avoid on the road to prevent a disease?
- bring own buckets, water, feed
- avoid nose-to-nose contact of your horse with others
- wash hands after touching other horses
- disinfect boots; clean outerwear
179
What should you do at home to prevent a disease?
- 3 wks of isolation for new horses
| - record who comes in and who leaves
180
When do you know a disease outbreak is over (Strangles)?
Infected horses:
-3 neg nasopharangeal washes/swabs over 3 wk period
-endoscopic testing of guttural pouch
Uninfected horses:
-temps daily
-serological tests
-persistently infected guttural pouch infection: treat
181
Strangles treatment (take home)
- understand best practices
| - where to find information
182
Strangles control (take home)
- benefits of quarantine
- benefits of good isolation
- introduced by carriers or actively infected animals
- detecting PI animals
- organism hardy
183
Zn phosphide poisoning Treatment
- supportive, no antidote
| - generally ineffective
184
Zn phosphide poisoning control
- awareness of poisons, insecticides, herbicides
- don't make assumptions
- persistence in environment
- 'inaccessible' in burrows
185
Stomatitis
- inflammation of the tissue of the mouth
- plant fragments in feed, coarse feed
- foreign body
- vesicular stomatitis
- phenylbutazone
- blister beetle, in WY but still somewhat rare
186
Why is dental disease important?
- 3rd most common problem in adult horses involves teeth
- ~25% of horses have dental abnormalities
- 80% prevalence of dental lesions in horses at necropsy
187
What is diastema?
gap between teeth, food can get lodged
188
What can result from a fractured tooth?
root abscess
189
Brachydont
- short crowned
- most crown above gumline
- all fully erupted before maturity
- long enough to survive lifetime
- humans
190
Hypsodont
- long crowned
- most crown below gumline
- erupt slowly during animal's lifetime
191
What is the 3:1:4:3 dental formula?
3 incisors
1 canince
4 premolars
3 molars
192
What is the 3:1:4:3 dental formula?
3 incisors
1 canince
4 premolars
3 molars
193
Teeth Facts
- deciduous and permanent teeth:
- permanent teeth in by ~5y
- grass abrasive
- complex surface of teeth used for aging
- removal of permanent teeth a difficult procedure
194
Morphology of teeth (more teeth facts)
- 'wolf' teeth: 1st premolar, commonly perceived source of bit problems, usually maxillary
- each set of 6 cheek teeth operate a unit, importance of gaps between teeth
- no 'neck' as in human or canine teeth
- no true tooth 'root'
- multiple 'pulp horns' in cheek teeth with maturity
- dentin formed in teeth over entire lifetime
- apical foramina constrict at >5y
195
Maxillary cheek tooth (layers)
3 layers:
- enamel
- dentin
- cementum
196
What happens when a pulp cavity is exposed?
- nerves are exposed
- can cause infection
- can repair and plug it
197
What is the pulp canal and periodontal attachment?
pulp canal=vascular/connective tissue
| periodontal attachment=anchors tooth to tooth socket/jaw
198
Changes in teeth with time
Young horses: high enamel, low dentin
-hard, brittle teeth
-readily floated, may shatter when cut with shears
Older horses: increased proportion of dentin
-less brittle
-more difficult to float
Changes in pulp cavity:
-decreased blood supply
-decreased dentin-forming cells
'Smooth mouth' when occlusal surface formed largely by cementum
-spaces develop between equine permanent incisors but development is delayed by the medial pressure of outmost incisors
199
What is 'smooth mouth'?
teeth worn to 'roots' with occlusive covering of cementum
200
Assessing Teeth
- watch horse eat, food dropped
- palpate cheeks
- discomfort in TMJ
- head tossing/bit discomfort: possible problems with wolf teeth
- balance of incisors
- oral speculum to see/feel molars
- radiographs if problems detected
201
Assessing Teeth
- watch horse eat, food dropped
- palpate cheeks
- discomfort in TMJ
- head tossing/bit discomfort: possible problems with wolf teeth
- balance of incisors
- oral speculum to see/feel molars
- radiographs if problems detected
202
Suspect dental problems when...
- change in behavior (dropping food, head tilting, excessive salivation)
- quidding: rolling hay into balls, dropping them
- loss of weight/condition
- halitosis (bad breath)
- refusing foods
- eating slowly
- packing food into cheeks
- food/hay in feces
- swellings under jaw, side of face, above eyes
- chewing on bit
203
Gaps between cheek teeth
- diastema (singular), diastemata (plural)
- creation of food pockets
- devolpmental vs. senile diastemata
- food pockets lead to periodontitis leads to osteomyelitis in advanced cases
204
Periodontal disease
- occurs in ~60% of horses 15-20yo
- sequel to diastemata and displaced teeth
- organic dental plaque + bacteria leads to mineralized plaque leads to dental calculus
- development of deep periodontal pockets with gingivitis
- eventually, infection of pulp, apical infection, and death of tooth
205
Check teeth enamel overgrowth
- enamel 'points'
- can affect horses on predominantely roughage diet
- buccal (Cheek) side of upper cheek teeth
- lingual (tongue) side of lower cheek teeth
206
Pulpitis and other miseries
- inflammation in confined dental chamber
| - higher pressure leads to collapse of vascular supply leads to death of tooth
207
'apical' infections
=tooth root infection
- cheek teeth
- rare in incisors or canine teeth
- front maxillary teeth: maxillary bone swelling with sinus tracts
- back maxillary teeth: maxillary sinusitis
- getting in from 3 routes: blood-borne > fracture > periodontal
208
Overjet/Overbite
- maxillary teeth project rostral to mandibular teeth
- reduced wear of central incisors
- often concurrent poor alignment of cheek teeth
209
Removing teeth (when?)
-limited effectiveness of salvaging diseased teeth in horses
Esp:
-periodontal disease
-infundibular caries of maxillary cheek teeth
-bacterial infection of pulp
Also:
-retained deciduous incisor/premolar
-loose tooth
-fractured crown
-supernumerary, displaced, misaligned tooth
-impacted tooth
-non-vital tooth because jaw fractured
-overgrowth tooth causing severe, soft-tissue drama
-dental tumors
210
Easier teeth to remove (incisors and wolf teeth)
- more likely to be done intra-orally
- if straightforward, removal under sedation possible
- failure to shed deciduous incisor: malalignment of permanent incisor
- supernumerary incisors: mostly cosmetic, harder to remove
- fractured mandible with loose teeth
211
Harder teeth to remove (canines and wolf teeth)
```
Canines:
-uncommon
-bit injuries; pulpitis
-harder to remove, anesthesia
Wolf teeth:
-first premolar
-historically, overdone procedure
```
212
Most challenging to remove: cheek teeth
```
Intra-oral:
-current recommendation
-sedated horse
-analgesia
-local nerve block
-rigid halter or head stand
-restrained in stocks
Extra-oral:
-retropulsion into oral cavity
-buccotomy with removal of alveolar bone (higher rates of complications)
```
213
Specialist tools and patience
- up to ~1hr with 100s of gentle oscillations
| - molar separators + molar extractor + elevator with fulcrum
214
Complications for cheek teeth extracted per os
```
In all cases:
-avoiding step mouth
-float 2x annually
~7%:
-fracture with apical portion persisting
-damage to adjacent teeth
-fracture of jaw
-sequestrum of adjacent bone
-impaction of feed in alveolus
-fistulas/sinusitis
```
215
Retropulsion removal of teeth
-common but professionally discouraged
-strongly recommended: weaken periodontal ligament first
-high rate of complications: ~40% require second surgery, further back the tooth, more likely a problem
Problems:
-sequestra of bone/teeth fragments
-damage to adjacent teeth
- nerve damage
-major bone damage
-damage to nasolacrimal duct, parotid salivary duct, or palatine artery
216
What are stem cells?
Pluripotenet Cells
-bone, cartilage, soft tissue
Cell Homing
Two sources: bone marrow, adipose tissue
217
Application of stem cells
- musculoskeletal injuries: tendonitis/desmitis, degenerative joint disease
- wound treatment
218
Does stem cell therapy work?
- not a cure
- accelerates healing
- just a tool
- reduced chances of reoccurence
219
What is microchipping in horses?
highly reliable and biocompatible form of horse identification
220
Is microchipping of horses safe?
yes, no risk of chip migration
221
With who is microchipping of horses mandatory?
- not mandatory by US govt
| - mandatory for: USEF and USHJA, Jockey Club
222
What is the ISO standard number for microchipping? USA country code for a microchip?
ISO standard: 11784/11785
| USA code: 840
223
Brucellosis in Horses
```
Brucella abortus:
-B. suis occasionally involved
-endemic in GYA elk and bison
-transmission to cattle
-zoonotic
'Fistulous withers' and 'poll evil':
-bursitis between shoulder blades or atlantal bursa
```
224
Diseases outside GYA
- non-endemic areas: almost always other bacteria
- endemic area:
- state vet
- serological testing
- attempted culture
- curettage + lavage + antibiotics + vaccination
225
Equine Viral Arteritis
```
-arterivirus
Present but rare in USA:
-seroprevalence of 1-2%
-at least 6 outbreaks
-carrier stallions (STD)
-esp. v young and v old debilitated and immunosuppressed
-most infections inapparent
-multiple strains: most low pathogenicity
Three presentations:
-flu-like illness
-abortion
-pneumonia
-USDA uniform methods and rules for EVA
-MLV vaccine, USDA controlled
```
226
Pigeon Fever ('dryland distemper', 'wyoming strangles')
- Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
- esp. SW USA, recurrently in WY and CO during summers
- fly transmitted
- esp. young adult horese
- abscesses in pectoral area and ventral midline
- generally recovery within 2wks of rupture and discharge
- complications: internal abscesses, laminitis
- lesions resemble TB
- don't use antibiotics
227
Big-Head
- Aka: nutritonal secondary hyperparathyroidism, bran disease, miller disease, osteitis fibrosa, swollen face disease, and equine osteoporosis
- low in calcium and/or high in phosphorus
228
Hendra Virus
```
-related to measles and CD
Originates in fruit bat:
-Melbourne-Papua New Guinea
-Asymptomatic infectins
-Bat to horse transmission?
-ARDS in horses
-zoonotic
```
229
Hendra virus in horses
- incubation: 6-18 days, shed virus during asymptomatic period
- depression, pyrexia, dyspnea, tachycardia
- nasal discharge
- sudden death 1-3 days after onset
230
Hendra virus in people
- incubation period 4-18 days, may be up to 1 yr
- flu-like disease: fever, myalgia, headaches, vertigo
- pneumonitis, rapid progression to respiratory failure
- meningoencephalitis
231
Equine Piroplasmosis
- protozoan
- tropical/subtropical, formerly USA, recent periodic incursions into US (associated with illegal horse importation, needle-sharing, pre-race blood-doping)
- multiple tick species incl. US endemic ticks
- long-lived infection in horse (years), reservoirs: asymptomatic horses and competent tick vectors
- mechanical transmission possible
- no vaccine, no 100% treatment
232
Anemia in horses
-blood parasite
-acute vs. chronic
Most typically, acute disease:
-fever
-weakness
-labored/rapid respiration
-anemia
-thrombocytopenia
-jaundice
-systemic inflammatory response
233
Dourine-Equine Trypanosomiasis
- equine version of human 'sleeping sickness'
- STD
- horses only
- in S. America and elsewhere (USA/Canada, europe)
- chronic blood-borne parasite: Trypanosoma equiperdum
234
Clinical Signs of Dourine
Acute STD:
-Mares: vaginal discharge
-Stallions: edema of external genetalia
Chronic Disease: CNS
-treatement not recommended, induces carrier state
-risk from imported semen from endemic areas
235
What is the average life span of a horse?
27 years
236
1st, 2nd, 3rd reasons why horses die
1. digestive
2. endocrine
3. musculoskeletal
237
Digestive problems in older horses
```
Various forms of colic
-GI impaction or rupture
-gastric ulcers and neoplasia
-colonic impaction
-intestinal displacement/volvulus, other strangulating lesions
Intestinal inflammation:
-enteritis, typhlitis, colitis
Intestinal neoplasia
Liver failure
Worn teeth and periodontitis
```
238
Dental problems in old horses
- Senile diastemata: food impaction, periodontal disease
- pulpal exposure
- decreased occlusal surface + reduced enamel ridges, less grinding efficiency, 'smooth mouth'
- loss of cheek teeth
- loss of enamel folds
239
Common causes of less efficient teeth of old horses
- decreased surface area + decreased enamel ridges
- decreased GIT ability to digest protein and fiber
- decreased excessive incisor wear
- periodontitis in ~80% of horses >20y
- loss of reserve crown leads to poorly anchored tooth leads to displacement/tooth loss
240
Dealing with less efficient teeth of old horses
- pelleted/extruded dies ~14%
- reducing fiber length of hay
- 'smooth mouth': moistened pellets or cubes in liquid consistency
- antibiotic oral gels for chronic periodontitis
- regular dental examination
241
Musculoskeletal disease of older horses
Lameness
- laminitis, esp. chronic
- osteoarthritis/DJD
- esp. lower limbs, metacarpus/metatarsus, fetlock, tarsus/carpus
242
Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (Equine cushings) (older horses)
focal/multifocal hyperplasia of fars intermidia (PI) leads to diffuse hyperplasia of PI leads to adenomatous hyperplasia of PI leads to microadenomas leads to adenoma
243
Respiratory system of older horses
- equine asthma
- pneumona, esp. as sequel to choke, infectious
- guttural pouch empyema
- sinusitis
244
Central Nervous System/Eyes of older horses
```
Age-related neurodegenration:
-white matter and neuronal vacuolation
-vascular degeneration +/- iron deposition
-'wear and tear' pigment
-abnormal axons ('spheroids')
-'neuraxonal dystrophy'
-no true alzheimer's disease
Degenerative myelopathy
-EPM
-Uveitis
```
245
Urogenital disease of older horses
- interstitial nephritis
- bladder tumors
- Penile SCC
- ovarian carcinoma
246
Cardiovascular system of older horses
- cardiac valvular disease
- myocardial necrosis
- verminous arteritis
- tumors of cardiovascular system
- aortic-iliac thrombosis
- Hemoabdomen (vascular tears)
247
Biggest type of neoplasia in older horses
pituitary adenoma
248
What is the most common malignant neoplasm of old horses?
squamous cell carcinoma
249
Euthanasia in older horses
```
Safety issues: falling and thrashing
1. Barbiturates (ace)
-safe disposal of carcass (wildlife hazard)
2. Gunshot or penetrating captive bolt
-experience + care regarding ricochet
3. Adjunctive only: potassium chloride
Unacceptable:
-choral hydrate
-neuromuscular blocking agents
```
250
What does a soundness exam mean to a veterinarian?
to examine something closely
-horse-racing term, referring to requirement that horses be checked for health and soundess by veterinarian before being allowed to race
251
Which diseases are typically missed on a soundness exam?
- strangles
- gastric cancer
- parasites
- internal cancer
252
What is typically found on a soundness exam?
Lameness
| -designed to find out will horse meet requirements of what buyer wants it to be used for
253
Overview of Soundness Exam
- buyer initiates prepurchase exam (one vet should not represent both parties)
- purpose: to discover pre-existing/potential problems (not gurantee of soundness, helpful to know intended use of horse)
- roles of parties should be defined
- major source of litigation, due to: lack of understanding of prepurchase exam process, buyer's excessive expectation of secure investment
254
Veterinarian's responsibilities of a soundness exam
- experience with breed
- understanding of intended use
- away of breed or use requirements
- thorough, orderly examination
- generates report for buyer
- accurately assesses buyer's expectations
- define limitations of prepurchase exam
255
What does a veterinarian need to know/do prior to a soundess exam?
- no contact with horse or seller in previous medical or personal role
- be aware of state and international disease testing (review with buyer, EIA test)
- offer drug testing
256
Buyer's responsibilities during a soundness exam
- buyer owns the information but should maintain confidentiality
- buyer can request previous medical records
- may request trial period
- help verify specific rule requirements
257
Prepurchase exam: history
- questionnaire to seller: info is legally buying
- questionnaire to buyer: expectations, potential use, previous experience
- note modifying conditions:
- intended to compete at higher level
- coming off lay-off period
- some infirmities may be acceptable to experienced rider
- financial investment
- pleasure horse
258
Prepurchase exam: environment
- habits/vices matter
- environtment: bedding, stall appearance
- animal's demeanor
259
Prepurchase exam
```
At rest:
-heart rate
-respiratory rate
-body temp
-what is normal?
Re-evaluate after exercise (did murmur appear/disappear)
```
260
Prepurchase exam: microchip
- verify placement (nuchal ligament)
| - verify ID #
261
Prepurchase exam: head
```
Teeth:
-hypsodont
-speculum, thorough exam
-dentistry required?
-verify teeth mirror age
Eyes:
-darkened room
-ophthalmoscope
-ulcers, cataracts, others
-periodic ophthalmia
Ears:
-sarcoid, melanoma, papilloma
```
262
Prepurchase Exam: musculoskeletal
- musculatrue: face, neck, back, symmetry, atrophy, pain, spasm
- palpate spine and pelvis for misalignment
- evidence of scar tissue for previous surgeries
- EPM, rare in WY-raised horses, but not impossible
- palpate all 4 legs: tendons, muscles, heat or swelling
- observe: uneven wear on toes
- test hooves
- observe horse in motion
263
Prepurchase exam: musculoskeletal, exam in motion
- level footfall
- gait abnormalities
- range of motion
- mobility of neck, back and pelvis
- head movement
- flexibility and fluidity
- muscle use
- tail carriage
264
Prepurchase exam: reproductive
```
Mares:
-perineal conformation
-udder symmetry
Stallions:
-both testicles descended
Geldings:
-castration remnants
Generally not:
-pregnancy examination
-uterine swab and biopsy
```
265
Generally not done during prepurchase exam:
- Echocardiography
- rectal palpation
- x-rays
266
Is glanders present in the US?
no, eradicated in the US
267
Is glanders a reportable disease?
glanders
268
Is glanders zoonotic?
yes
269
Is there treatment/vaccine for glanders?
high fatality in horses/humans
- treatment is experimental
- no vaccine
270
Where can you go to find information about drugs for horses?
- Compendium of Veterinary Products
- FDA website
- USDA
