Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych Exam 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Sensation

A

Ability to detect and encode information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Perception

A

Ability to organize and interpret information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bottom- Up Processing

A

Analysis of a stimuli begins at the sense receptors and works up to the brain. Uses basic sensations, no past experience. (doing a puzzle without looking at the picture)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Top- Down Processing

A

Information processing guided by higher mental processes like experience and expectations. Sensation and perception work together to help us make sense of complex things (doing a puzzle while looking at the picture)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

Minimum amount of stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Subliminal Stimulation

A

Information presented to you below the absolute threshold. Can prime us to respond in certain ways. Some information occurs automatically and unconsciously.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Difference Threshold

A

Just Noticeable Difference (JND) minimum amount of stimulation needed to detect a difference 50% of the time. (Change in volume)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

Diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. All senses adapt except for vision. Allows us to focus informative changes in environment, reduces sensitivity. (Perception is different than reality)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Taste

A

Gestation, chemical sense, taste buds. Receptors regenerate after 2 weeks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Supertasters

A

Bitter taste is dominant, 25% of population, don’t get enough nutrients, at risk for diseases, require vitamin supplements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Undertasters

A

Sweet taste is dominant, 25% of population, more likely to eat sweets, takes more taste to satisfy need, at risk for diabetes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sensory Interaction

A

One sense influences another, McGurk Effect (can you see with your tongue?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Smell

A 
Olfaction-Chemical Sense
Detect 1,000 different smells
Regenerate every 5-8 weeks
Receptors send info to Olfactory Bulb
Can trigger memory, emotion, motivation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Touch

A

Essential to development
Pressure,Cold, Warm, Pain
(other sensations are a combination of the four)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Kinesthesis (Perception)

A

Your sense of moving and positioning your body (feeling without knowing your body is moving)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pain

A

Something is wrong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Visceral Pain

A

Stomach ache, chest
Warming pain: after being hurt, warm to stop
Reminder pain: remind to not hurt it anymore
Acute v. Chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Somatic Pain

A

Muscle, body, cutting skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Phantom Limb Phenomenon

A

pain, movement in missing limb, we feel with our brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Psychological influences on pain

A

Distraction, overlook duration and focus on pains peak amount of pain felt at the end of a situation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Socio- Cultural Influences of pain

A

Perceive pain when others are experiencing it, mirror neurons allow us empathy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Synthesia

A

Joined Perception, senses blur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Learning

A

Relatively permanent change in behavior due to an EXPERIENCE.
Allows adaptability and flexibility.
Learn new behaviors to deal with circumstances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Associative Learning

A

Link/associate two events that occur closely together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Observational Learning

A

Learn by watching others (both positive and negative behaviors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Ivan Pavlov

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

A

Believed psychology should be objective and focus only on behavior.
We learn to associate two stimuli together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Stimulus

A

Anything that is presented to you

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Response

A

How you behave in response to anything that is presented to you.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Unconditioned Response UR

A

Unlearned

Something we must learn how to do

30
Q

UCS -> UCR

A

FOOD -> SALIVATION

31
Q

Neutral Stimulus

A

Does not create a response

sound of tuning fork

32
Q

Conditioned Stimulus CS

A

A behavior that is learned.
CS -> CR
Sound of fork -> Salivation

33
Q

Acquisition

A

Initial learning period when association is made influenced by:
Order of Stimuli, Frequency, Timing, Extinction.

34
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

Re-learn Conditioned Response

35
Q

Extinction

A

Conditioned Response decreases, occurs due to an increase in association between CS & UCS
Stop pairing tone with food and dog will stop salivating.

36
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

Re-learn the Conditioned Response at a faster rate than learned initially.

37
Q

Generalization

A

Respond similarly to stimuli that are similar to CS

38
Q

Discrimination

A

Distinguish between Conditioned Stimulus and other stimuli.

OPERANT CONDITIONING

39
Q

BF Skinner

A

We learn associations between behaviors or resulting events

Rewards or punishments

40
Q

Shaping

A

Use reinforcers to create desired behavior.

41
Q

Baseline

A

Record, do not reward.

Touches, sniffs, moves away, turns

42
Q

Successive Approximations

A

Baby steps, use reinforcers

Walking towards ball, dog gets treat

43
Q

Terminal Response

A

Desired behavior is reached

44
Q

Reinforcers

A

Created to INCREASE or STRENGTHEN behavior

45
Q

POSITIVE REINFORCER

A

Rewarded by being given something you like

46
Q

NEGATIVE REINFORCER

A

Rewarded by having something you don’t like taken away.

THIS IS NOT PUNISHMENT

47
Q

Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

A

Rewarded every single time

48
Q

Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement

A

Response is sometimes reinforced

49
Q

Fixed Ratio

A

Reinforced after a specific time of responses

50
Q

Variable Ration

A

Reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses.

51
Q

Punishment

A

Doesn’t generalize to other situations
Cuss at school but not at home
May teach fear
May actually increase agression

52
Q

Punishment v. Reinforcement

A

Punishment teaches you what not to do

Reinforcement tells you what to do

53
Q

Albert Bandura

A

We learn by observing (imitating) others

Process is called modeling

54
Q

Imitation

A

Mirror neurons fire when observing someone else behave.
Allows imitation and empathy.
Humans begin imitating shortly after birth
Modeling by 14 months

55
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Allow children to infer what others are thinking,

Theory of mind: mirror neurons are the basis for our social nature.

56
Q

Bandura’s Experiments

A

Bobo Doll:children learn by imitating others who are rewarded or punished.
Model both sharing and aggressive behaviors.

57
Q

Phenomenon of Memory

A

Indicates learning that has persisted over time. Ability to ENCODE, STORE and RETRIEVE information

58
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

Ability to encode information is gone. 25% of individuals.

59
Q

Information Processing Model

A

ENCODING
STORAGE
RETRIEVAL

60
Q

Sensory Memory SM

A

Visual & auditory
1 second
Sensory memory coming in

61
Q

Short Term Memory

A

blank

62
Q

Long Term memory

A

blank

63
Q

Automatic Processing

A 
No conscious effort
Space:You can see where you put objects
Time:You remember the order of your day
Things that initially take effort can become automatic.
(back tracking to find keys)
64
Q

Effortful Processing

A

Takes time, effort and attention.
Repeating information-Rehearsal-Conscious Repetition.
(learning a new phone number)

65
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

Remembering the 1st and last bits of information
1st: Primacy effect
Last: Recency effect

66
Q

Testing Effect

A

Repeated quizzing of previously learned material.

67
Q

Encode Meaning

A

Associate info with something we already know.

Rephrase things to be personally meaningful

68
Q

Visual Encoding

A

Easier to remember imagery

Mental Pictures

69
Q

Chunking

A

Group information into meaningful units
H.O.M.E.S.
Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior

70
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Momentary recall.

Psych Exam 2 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions