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Psych Exam 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

Ability to detect and encode information

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2
Q

Perception

A

Ability to organize and interpret information.

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3
Q

Bottom- Up Processing

A

Analysis of a stimuli begins at the sense receptors and works up to the brain. Uses basic sensations, no past experience. (doing a puzzle without looking at the picture)

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4
Q

Top- Down Processing

A

Information processing guided by higher mental processes like experience and expectations. Sensation and perception work together to help us make sense of complex things (doing a puzzle while looking at the picture)

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5
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

Minimum amount of stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time.

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6
Q

Subliminal Stimulation

A

Information presented to you below the absolute threshold. Can prime us to respond in certain ways. Some information occurs automatically and unconsciously.

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7
Q

Difference Threshold

A

Just Noticeable Difference (JND) minimum amount of stimulation needed to detect a difference 50% of the time. (Change in volume)

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8
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

Diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. All senses adapt except for vision. Allows us to focus informative changes in environment, reduces sensitivity. (Perception is different than reality)

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9
Q

Taste

A

Gestation, chemical sense, taste buds. Receptors regenerate after 2 weeks.

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10
Q

Supertasters

A

Bitter taste is dominant, 25% of population, don’t get enough nutrients, at risk for diseases, require vitamin supplements.

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11
Q

Undertasters

A

Sweet taste is dominant, 25% of population, more likely to eat sweets, takes more taste to satisfy need, at risk for diabetes.

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12
Q

Sensory Interaction

A

One sense influences another, McGurk Effect (can you see with your tongue?)

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13
Q

Smell

A 
Olfaction-Chemical Sense
Detect 1,000 different smells
Regenerate every 5-8 weeks
Receptors send info to Olfactory Bulb
Can trigger memory, emotion, motivation
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14
Q

Touch

A

Essential to development
Pressure,Cold, Warm, Pain
(other sensations are a combination of the four)

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15
Q

Kinesthesis (Perception)

A

Your sense of moving and positioning your body (feeling without knowing your body is moving)

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16
Q

Pain

A

Something is wrong

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17
Q

Visceral Pain

A

Stomach ache, chest
Warming pain: after being hurt, warm to stop
Reminder pain: remind to not hurt it anymore
Acute v. Chronic

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18
Q

Somatic Pain

A

Muscle, body, cutting skin

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19
Q

Phantom Limb Phenomenon

A

pain, movement in missing limb, we feel with our brain

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20
Q

Psychological influences on pain

A

Distraction, overlook duration and focus on pains peak amount of pain felt at the end of a situation.

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21
Q

Socio- Cultural Influences of pain

A

Perceive pain when others are experiencing it, mirror neurons allow us empathy.

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22
Q

Synthesia

A

Joined Perception, senses blur

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23
Q

Learning

A

Relatively permanent change in behavior due to an EXPERIENCE.
Allows adaptability and flexibility.
Learn new behaviors to deal with circumstances.

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24
Q

Associative Learning

A

Link/associate two events that occur closely together.

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25
Observational Learning
Learn by watching others (both positive and negative behaviors)
26
Ivan Pavlov | CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Believed psychology should be objective and focus only on behavior. We learn to associate two stimuli together.
27
Stimulus
Anything that is presented to you
28
Response
How you behave in response to anything that is presented to you.
29
Unconditioned Response UR
Unlearned | Something we must learn how to do
30
UCS -> UCR
FOOD -> SALIVATION
31
Neutral Stimulus
Does not create a response | sound of tuning fork
32
Conditioned Stimulus CS
A behavior that is learned. CS -> CR Sound of fork -> Salivation
33
Acquisition
Initial learning period when association is made influenced by: Order of Stimuli, Frequency, Timing, Extinction.
34
Spontaneous Recovery
Re-learn Conditioned Response
35
Extinction
Conditioned Response decreases, occurs due to an increase in association between CS & UCS Stop pairing tone with food and dog will stop salivating.
36
Spontaneous Recovery
Re-learn the Conditioned Response at a faster rate than learned initially.
37
Generalization
Respond similarly to stimuli that are similar to CS
38
Discrimination
Distinguish between Conditioned Stimulus and other stimuli. | OPERANT CONDITIONING
39
BF Skinner
We learn associations between behaviors or resulting events | Rewards or punishments
40
Shaping
Use reinforcers to create desired behavior.
41
Baseline
Record, do not reward. | Touches, sniffs, moves away, turns
42
Successive Approximations
Baby steps, use reinforcers | Walking towards ball, dog gets treat
43
Terminal Response
Desired behavior is reached
44
Reinforcers
Created to INCREASE or STRENGTHEN behavior
45
POSITIVE REINFORCER
Rewarded by being given something you like
46
NEGATIVE REINFORCER
Rewarded by having something you don't like taken away. | THIS IS NOT PUNISHMENT
47
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Rewarded every single time
48
Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement
Response is sometimes reinforced
49
Fixed Ratio
Reinforced after a specific time of responses
50
Variable Ration
Reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses.
51
Punishment
Doesn't generalize to other situations Cuss at school but not at home May teach fear May actually increase agression
52
Punishment v. Reinforcement
Punishment teaches you what not to do | Reinforcement tells you what to do
53
Albert Bandura
We learn by observing (imitating) others | Process is called modeling
54
Imitation
Mirror neurons fire when observing someone else behave. Allows imitation and empathy. Humans begin imitating shortly after birth Modeling by 14 months
55
Mirror Neurons
Allow children to infer what others are thinking, | Theory of mind: mirror neurons are the basis for our social nature.
56
Bandura's Experiments
Bobo Doll:children learn by imitating others who are rewarded or punished. Model both sharing and aggressive behaviors.
57
Phenomenon of Memory
Indicates learning that has persisted over time. Ability to ENCODE, STORE and RETRIEVE information
58
Korsakoff's Syndrome
Ability to encode information is gone. 25% of individuals.
59
Information Processing Model
ENCODING STORAGE RETRIEVAL
60
Sensory Memory SM
Visual & auditory 1 second Sensory memory coming in
61
Short Term Memory
blank
62
Long Term memory
blank
63
Automatic Processing
``` No conscious effort Space:You can see where you put objects Time:You remember the order of your day Things that initially take effort can become automatic. (back tracking to find keys) ```
64
Effortful Processing
Takes time, effort and attention. Repeating information-Rehearsal-Conscious Repetition. (learning a new phone number)
65
Serial Position Effect
Remembering the 1st and last bits of information 1st: Primacy effect Last: Recency effect
66
Testing Effect
Repeated quizzing of previously learned material.
67
Encode Meaning
Associate info with something we already know. | Rephrase things to be personally meaningful
68
Visual Encoding
Easier to remember imagery | Mental Pictures
69
Chunking
Group information into meaningful units H.O.M.E.S. Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
70
Sensory Memory
Momentary recall.

Psych Exam 2 (1 decks)

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