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Histology exam 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle

A

Skeletal, Caridac, Smooth

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2
Q

Skeletal Muscle

Structure

A

Structure: Myofiber, myfibril, myofilament

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3
Q

Cardiac Muscle

Structure

A

Structure: Myofiber, myfibril, myofilament

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4
Q

Myofiber

A

A cell that contains many myofibrils.

surrounded in an endomysium (which is connective tissue).

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5
Q

CT trend!!

A

Epi - Always the most outer

Peri - The middle

Endo - The most inner

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6
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

The cytoplasm of striated muscle cells

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7
Q

Myofibrils

A

Made up of many: Sarcomeres

Coated by Sarcopplamic reticulum & T tubules

Make up: Myofibers

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8
Q

T tubules

A

T-tubules lie at the boundary of the A and I bands (so there are 2 tubules per sarcomere in skeletal muscle)

Will be found on the Z disk in cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle doesn’t have T tubules.

  • Continuous with the plasma membrane
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9
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Stores Ca2+

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10
Q

When a sarcomere is contracted what is not visible

A

A and I bands

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11
Q

What are the three fiber types

A

Type 1 : SLOW-twitch just oxidative. Small size highest mitochondrial density

Type 2a: FAST-twitch oxidative and glycolytic. Medium size many mitochondria

Type 2b: FAST-twitch just glycolytic. Large and pale low mitochondrial density.

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12
Q

Titin

A

Larges protein in the body acts like a spring. It resists both compression and extension

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13
Q

Sequence of Events for Contraction

A

1) Nerve impluse travels down axon
2) Acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft, which depolarizes the sarcolemma
3) Voltage gated Na+ channels open and Na+ enters the muscle cell
4) T-tubule depolarizes
5) Voltage sensor prot
6) Ca2+ released from Sarcoplamic reiculum
7) Ca2+ binds to the TnC subunit of troponin allowing myosin to bind to actin
8) Actomyosin cross-bridge cycle is initiated
9) Ca2+ is re-sequestred to relax muscle

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14
Q

Thing Filament

A

Made up of : Filamentous ACTIN, tropomysin and troponin.

In the presence o calcium the topnin/tropomyosin complex moves on the actin filament so that myosin can bind to actin and begin contraction.

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15
Q

Tropomyosin

A

An elongate protein

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16
Q

Troponin complex

A

Made up of 3 subunits Tn-I, Tn-T, Tn-C

Tn-C binds to calcium
Tn-I prevents myosin from binding to tropomysin without Ca2+
Tn-T binds to tropomyosin

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17
Q

Cross-Bridge Cycle

A

1) Release state - ATP binds
2) Cocking state - ATP hydrolyzes
3) Binding state - ADP + Pi (still bound)
4) Power stroke - Pi released
5) Release state - ADP/ATP exchange

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18
Q

Three main branches of the peripheral nervous system

A

Autonomic: Sensory neurons, Moto neurons (voluntary: Skeletal muscle)

Somatic: Sensory neurons (visceral afferents) , Motor neurons (involuntary: Smooth and cardiac muscle, glands)

Enteric : Sensory neurons (entire GI tract) Motor neurons (smooth muscle, glands), Function (regulates GI activities, independent of CNS)

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19
Q

Nissl Bodies

A

Rough ER in neurons

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20
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

Used to degrade acetylcholine and prevent continued stimulation

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21
Q

Neuroglia

Different for CNS* / PNS

A

Supportive cell type in the NS

  • More abundent than neurons
CNS : 
Astrocytes - 
Oligodendrocytes - support nonmyelinated and myelinated nerves
Microglia - 
Ependymal cell -

PNS
Schwann cells - Myelinate or enclose unmyelinated axons
Satellite cells - Surround cell bodies in ganglia

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22
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Make the buelin sheath of the CNS

Can myelinate multiple neurons ( unlike schwann cells)

Synthesizes myelin proteins: PLP, MOG, OMgp

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23
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

Protect the brain by preventing harmful stuff from getting in.

Tight junctions create the BBB and are supported by astrocytes

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24
Q

Schwann cell

A

Only found in the PNS

Function :
Myelinate myelinated axons or Support unmyelinated axons but do not insulate them.

Composed of >80% lipids

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25
Pacinian corpuscle
Detects pressure and vibration. Associated with myelinated axon
26
Meissner corpuscle
Detects fine touch. Found in the dermal papillae that are associated with myelinated axons.
27
Regeneration of Peripheral Nerves (steps)
1) Nerve fiber and myelin sheath degenerate 2) Macrophages clear debri 3) Schwann cells form cords of Bunger 4) Axonal sprouts follow cord of Bunger and eventually reach the atrophied muscle
28
Anterograde Transport
Movement away from the Soma Mediated by kinesin
29
Retrograde transport
Movement toward the Soma Mediated by dynein
30
Motor unit
All the myofibers innervated by one motor neuron. Each myofiber is innervated by only one axon terminous and one neuromuscular junction.
31
What type of muscle cell communicates via gap junction?
Cardiac and Smooth muscle
32
What does Osmium retain?
Lipids
33
Ganglion
When there are nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system
34
Ganglion*
When there are nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system
35
What is blood made up of
Plasma 55%, Cells 45%
36
What are the different kinds of capillaries
Continuous, Fenestrated, Sinusoidal
37
What makes up Plasma
7% Proteins: Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen, and others. 91. 5% Water 1. 5% Other solutes
38
Platelets
Sort of a cell but don't have a nucleus. Function - Clot formation Granules - Alpha (clotting factors), Dense Core (serotonin)
39
Hepatic portal vein Renal capillaries
Artery -> Capillary -> Vein -> Capillary -> Vein Artery -> Capillary -> Artery -> Capillary -> Vein
40
Intercalated Disc
Transverse component: - Fascia adherens - Desmosomes Lateral components: - Gap junctions - Desmosomes
41
What are the three Blood Vessels
Arteries - Blood away from heart Capillaries - site of gas, nutrient and waste transfer Veins - Blood to the heart
42
Endothelial Cell
Functions:
43
Different Arteries
Elastic: Aorta, subclavian, pulmonary arteries. Resistant to large pressure. Elastic fibers allow stretching for pressure, and collagen fibers restrict too much stretching. Muscular: All arteries other arteries. Artery wall is predominately made T. media composed of smooth muscle Arterioles: Regulate Blood pressure
44
Different parts of Arteries
Tunica Intima, Tunica Media, Tunica Adventitia
45
Tunica Intima
Made up of: - Lining endothelium with its basement membrane - Subendothelial Layer (Loose CT with few smooth muscle cells) - Internal Elastic Lamina (Elastic CT sheet) Most prominent in muscular artery type No capillaries
46
Tunica Media
A reinforced wall Made up of: Smooth muscle cells No capillaries
47
Tunica Adventitia
Made up of: Dense Irregular CT & Type 1 Collagen Is connective tissue
48
Arterioles
Function: Regulates flow to capillaries through vasodilation & vasconstriction
49
Arterioles
Function: Regulates flow to capillaries through vasodilation & vasconstriction Primary regulator of systemic blood pressure.
50
Capillaries
The smallest vessels - Wide enough for a single RBC - Site of gas exchange
51
Three types of Capillaries | and describe them
Continuous: Complete endothelium, and complete basal lamina - Found in CNS, lung, CT, muscle tissue - Most predominant Fenestrated: Fenestrated endothelium, but complete basal lamina - Found in kidney, endocrine, intestines - Bullk transfer Sinusoids: Incomplete endothelium, and basal lamina - Found in Liver, Bone marrow, and Spleen
52
Venules
Found after capillaries and can be High endothelial venules, muscular venules, and Venules.
53
Extravasation
1) Rolling and attachment 2) Adhesion 3) Transendothelial migration HEV are highly attuned to let extravasation to occur
54
Veins
Tunica Intima - No internal elastic lamina (except for large veins) ``` Tunica Media (Smooth Muscle) - Muscular contraction generates pressure ``` Tunica Adventitia (CT & SM) - Most prominent layer - Smooth Muscle
55
Parts of the Innate Immunity
1) Barriers 2) Complement system 3) Cells - Blood leukocytes - Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils - Agranulocytes: Monocytes, Natural Killer cellls - Connective tissue - Resident cells: Macrophages, Mast cells - Transient cells: blood leukocytes, dendritic cells 4) Inflammation
56
PAMPs
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are recognized by PRR's. PAMP recognition receptors. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a type of PRR PRRs bind to PAMPs and initiate phagocytosis.
57
B cells
Produced in the Bone Marrow Become: Plasma cells, memory cells, and regulatory B cells IgA secreted into secretions (tears) IgG main antibody
58
T cells
Produced in Thymus Expresses one T cell receptor (TCR) TCR's only bind to epitopes when presented by MHC proteins
59
T helper cells (types)
T helper 1 (Th1) activate macrophages Th2 activate B cells to mature to form plasma cells or memory cells
60
Cytolytic T cells
Tc cells and NK cells recognize and kill infected cells
61
Antigen presentation
1) Phagocytosis of antigen 2) Degradation of antigen and binding of antigenic peptides to MHC 2 3) Presentation of epitope bound to MHC 2 to TCR
62
Purpose of the Lymph
To filter lymph and blood in order to produce lymphocytes
63
Primary, Secondary lymphatic organs
Primary: Bone, Thymus Secondary: Lymph nodes, lymphatic nodules (MALT), diffuse lymphatic tissue, slpeen
64
Lymph formation pathway
Blood plasma -> Fluid in CT -> Tissue fluid -> Fluid in lymphatic vessels -> Lymph
65
Structure of Lymph node
Cortex - Network of reticular fibers (type 3 collagen) Outer cortex - Lymphatic nodules with germinal centers * Germinal center is rich in B cells Inner cortex - Enriched in T cells Meduallry cords - Enriched in plasma cells Medullary sinuses - Enriched in phagocytes
66
BALT
Has to do with airways and is big on IgA
67
Secretory IgA pathway
dIgA (dimer IgA) binds to pIgR (polymetric immunoglobulin receptor) is then endocytoesd cleaved then exocytoesed as sIgA (secretory IgA)
68
How do mature effector T cells leave the Thymus
Through HEV's
69
Cords
In the lymph node cords are extensions of cortex and contain plasma cells.
70
Germinal centers
Sites of B cell production and selection
71
Purkinje Fibers
Large, Pale staining cells that contain large amounts of glycogen.
72
Endocardium
Made up of: Inner layer of endothelium, layer of CT, and subendocardial layer containing purkinje fibers
73
Ameloblasts
Form the inner enamel epithelium. Synthesizes Enamel When tooth erupts from gum ameloblasts degenerate
74
Odontoblasts
Synthesize Dentin
75
Odontoblasts
Synthesize Dentin Line the pulp cavity
76
Different kinds of tonge papillea
Filliform, Foliate, Fungoiform, Circumvallate Filiform is the only kind without taste buds
77
What are the three salivary glands
Sublingual, Submandibular, and Parotid Sublingual - Mucus secreting Subman. - Mucus and Serous secreting Parotid - Serous secreting
78
Taste buds are compsed of
Neuroepithelial cells (which detect taste), supporting, and basal stem cells. Basal cells divide into both neuroepithelial and supporting cells.
79
Salivary ducts pathway
Secretions from the salivary glands enter intercalated ducts 1) Intercalated ducts (serete K+ and HCO3 absorb Na+) 2) Striated (intraobular) ducts (secrete HCO3 absorb Cl-) 3) Excretory (interlobular) ducts.
80
Four tissue layers of Alimentary canal
Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, Serosa/Adventitia.
81
Chief cell
Secretes digestive enzymes (like pepsinogen)
82
Parietal Cell
Secretes intrinsic factor, which is needed for vit. B12 absorbtion and transport of HCl into the stomach
83
What are the five primary cell types in the simple columnar epithelium of the intestine
``` Goblet cells Enterocytes Stem cells Enteroendocrine cells Paneth cells ```
84
Paneth cells
Found in: Crypts Function: Secrete antimicrobial agents (alpha-defensins and lysozume)

Histology exam 2 (1 decks)

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