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fish ecology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Co-discoverer of natural selection?

A

Alfred Wallace

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2
Q

Wallace Effect?

A

natural selection contributes to speciation by promoting hybridization barrierss

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3
Q

Disjunct distributions?

A

when a taxon has 2 or more closely related groups that considerable separated from each other graphically

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4
Q

Allopatric speciation?

A

speciation by geographic isolation rivers, deserts or great distances
- often isolated in different environments

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5
Q

How does allopatric speciation occur?

A

occurs due to both adaption and genetic drift

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6
Q

Peripatric speciation?

A
  • Special case of allopatric speciation
  • small fraction of population isolated
  • few isolated individuals carry rare alleles
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7
Q

How does peripatric speciation occur?

A

Genetic drift

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8
Q

Parapatric speciation?

A
  • along environmental gradient
  • individuals at ends adapted to fringe environments
  • typically among species with limited dispersal
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9
Q

How does parapatric speciation occur?

A

mostly by adaptation to gradient

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10
Q

Sympatric Speciation?

A

-individuals occupy same geographic area, but still become reproductively isolated

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11
Q

How does sympatric speciation occur?

A

strong selection–> Adaptation

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12
Q

Dispersal?

A

taxa migrate from one region to another and establish new populations
- peripatric or allopatric

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13
Q

Vicariance?

A

Distribution becomes disjunct by the development of geographic barriers

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14
Q

Continental drift

A
  • Proposed by Alfred Wegener

- Land masses seem to fit together, continental part of lithospheric plates float on basaltic crust on top of mountains

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15
Q

the likely principle direct or indirect source of vicariate events?

A

Contiental drift

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16
Q

Most important factor regulating fish distributions?

A

temperature

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17
Q

4 Major marine zoogeographic regions?

A
  • Indo-West Pacific
  • Western Atlantic
  • Eastern Pacific
  • Eastern Atlantic
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18
Q

Geminate species?

A

sister species from common ancestors whose distributions interrupted by rise of Panamanian isthmus

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19
Q

Primary Freshwater fishes?

A

confined to fresh water, evolutionary history in FW, no tolerance to high salinities

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20
Q

How many families of primary FW fishes?

A

85 families

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21
Q

Secondary FW fishes?

A

restricted to FW, may occasionally enter saltier waters

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22
Q

How many families of secondary FW fishes?

A

11 families

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23
Q

Peripheral FW fishes?

A

marine species with residence, that spend portion of life cycle in FW (i.e..e diadromous)

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24
Q

How many families of peripheral FW fishes?

A

30 families

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25
Q

Freshwater Zoogeographic regions? (6)

A 
Nearctic
Neotropical
African
Palearctic
Oriental
Australian
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26
Q

Nearctic?

A
  • contains 14 families of primary FW fishes (950 species)
  • 5 families of cyprinids, catostomids, percoids, centrarchids and ictalurics (350 species)
  • Centrarchids-NA family only
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27
Q

10 Provinces of Nearctic?

A 
Pacific Coastal
Great Basin 
Colorado
Rio Grande
Mississippi
Atlantic Coast
Great Lakes/StLawrence
Hudson Bay
Arctic
Mexican Transition
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28
Q

Pacific Coastal Province (Nearctic)

A

Yukon to mexico

- 132 species with 32 being endemic

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29
Q

Great Basin province (Nearctic)

A

150 internal drainages, very arid and salty (old Pleistocene lake)
- 50 species with 40 endemic

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30
Q

Colorado province (Nearctic)

A

32 species with 24 endemic

- many threatened by water diversions/extractions

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31
Q

Rio Grande Province (Nearctic)

A

along Rio Grande between US and Mexico

-154 species with 80 endemic species

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32
Q

Mississippi Province (Nearctic)

A

largest area drained by Missouri and Mississippi rivers

  • contains the most species of Nearctic region
  • 375 species with 130 endemic
  • important during glacial refugee during glacial extent
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33
Q

Atlantic coast Province (nearctic)

A

rivers draining to Atlantic ocean

  • high anadromy in north
  • in south, high 2nd FW fishes
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34
Q

great Lakes/st Lawrence province (Nearctic)

A

largely developed from Mississippi drainage

  • of glacial origin–> young species
  • Depauperate, but high endemism
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35
Q

Hudson Bay Province (Nearctic)

A

Central canada

  • 100 species
  • Similar to Mississippi province
  • high endemic minnows, trout, sculpins, pickerels and suckers
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36
Q

Arctic Province (Nearctic)

A
  • northern rivers draining to Arctic Ocean
  • 66 FW species with 33 diadromous, 14 primary FW and 7 secondary FW fishes
  • share some species with Siberia
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37
Q

Mexican Transition

A
  • Mosaic assemblage in several isolated xeric ponds, rivers, streams and lakes
  • crater lakes and sink holes and wetlands
  • up to 200 endemic species
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38
Q

Neotropical Region?

A
  • has 10 defined provinces
  • largest FW fish fauna worldwide
    -32 families of Primary FW fishes
    4475 described, 1550 undescribed species
  • many 2nd FW endemic fishes
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39
Q

Provinces of Neotropical Region? (10)

A 
South Patagonia
North Patagonia
Trans Andean (south)
Lake Titicaca
Paranean
South-East Brazilian
East Brazilian 
Guianean-Amazonian
North Venezuelan
Trans Andean
40
Q

South Patagonia Province (Neotropical)

A

12 species with 1 endemic

41
Q

North Patagonia Province (neotropical)

A

23 species with 5 endemic

42
Q

Trans Andean (south) Province (Neotropical)

A

19 species with 13 endemic

43
Q

Lake Titicaca Province (Neotropical region)

A

32 species with 32 endemic

44
Q

Paranean Province (Neotropical)

A

Argentine coastal river drainages

- 847 species with 517 being endemic

45
Q

South-East Brazilian Province (Neotropical)

A

194 species with 90 being endemic

46
Q

East Brazil Province (neotropical region)

A

131 species with 50 endemic

47
Q

Guianean-Amazonian Province (Neotropical)

A

has most species of Neotropical region

  • 2400 species with more than 2000 endemic
  • many fishes here still undescribed
48
Q

North Venezuelan Province (neotropical)

A

61 species with 9 endemic

49
Q

Trans-Andean Province (neotropical region)

A

423 species with 326 endemic

50
Q

Archaic freshwater fish distributions

A

6 primitive primary FW fishes

  • Dipnoi (lungfishes)
  • Potypteriforms (Bichirs)
  • Polyondontidae (Paddlefishes)
  • Lepisostidae (Gars)
  • Amiidae(bowfins)
  • Osteoglossomorpha (arapaima)
51
Q

Dipnoi (lungfishes)

A
  • on all 3 southern continents

- South American and African more derived than Australian (Australian is likely ancestor)

52
Q

Potypteriforms (Bichirs)

A

in Africa, 2 genera and 10 species

- fossils found in Bolivia

53
Q

Polyondontidae (Paddlefishes)

A

in Mississippi river, closest relatives in Yangtze River

54
Q

Lepisostidae (Gars)

A
  • found currently in NA, Central America and Cuba

- fossils in India and Europe

55
Q

Amiidae(Bowfins)

A
  • found only in NA but worldwide fossils except Australia
56
Q

Osteoglossomorpha (Arapaima)

A
  • found in North African, Amazon lowlands, Guianas, central America and in Queensland
57
Q

Archaic freshwater fish dirstibutions evidence of long term ________?

A

Vicariance

58
Q

Evolutionary history of recent freshwater fish distributions show tremendous ability for ____?___ and invading new open post glacial habitats.

A

Dispersal

59
Q

Esocids (Pickerels and Pike)

A
  • 2 families in NA and Eurasia

- Northern Pike on of most widely distributed fish

60
Q

Percidae Perches and darters)

A
  • included 175 species, 15 in Europe and 160 in NA

- wide distributions

61
Q

Cichlids

A

-replace percids and centrarchid (confined to eastern NA) in southern continents FW habitats

62
Q

Cyprinids (carp and goldfish)

A

large families

- 3200 species in NA, Africa, Europe, highest in Asia

63
Q

Characids (tetras and piranhas)

A
  • 10 to 15 families, 200 genera and 1000 species in South America
  • 23 genera and 150 species in Africa
64
Q

Siluriformes (catfishes)

A
  • 34 families with 2000 species worldwide
  • 1 FW family in NA, but 14 endemic families with more than 1200 species in SA
  • 6 FW families with 400 species in Africa
  • Several families in Asia
65
Q

Palearctic Region

A
  • Includes Europe and Asia
  • 14 families of primary FW species
  • 406 different hydrological basins
  • 546 endemic species
66
Q

Provinces of Palearctic region? (7)

A

1) Ponto-Caspian 2)Northern Europe
3) Western Europe
4) Central Europe
5) Central Peri-Mediterranean
6) Eastern Peri-Mediterranean
7) Iberian Peninsula

67
Q

Ponto-Caspian Province (palearctic Region)

A

98 species with 26 endemic

68
Q

Northern Europe (Palearctic region)

A

42 species, 4 endemic

69
Q

Western Europe (Palearctic)

A

47 species, 3 endemic

70
Q

Central Europe (Palearctic)

A

57 species, 1 endemic

71
Q

Central Peri-Mediterranean Province (Palearctic region)

A

93 species, 60 endemic

72
Q

Eastern Peri-Mediterranean Province (Palearctic)

A

62 species, 20 endemic

73
Q

Iberian Peninsula (Palearctic)

A

50 species, 30 endemic

74
Q

African region of FW fishes

A
  • diverse fauna, 27 families of primary FW fishes and archaic species
  • 3000 species, 280 genera
  • home to many adapt radiations
  • 300 species of minnows, 190 characins, 360 catfishes from 6 families
75
Q

African FW provinces (10)

A 
Maghreb
Nilo-Sudan
Upper Guinea
Lower Guinea
Congo
East Coast
Quanza
Zambezi
Southern 
Madagascar
76
Q

Oriental Regio of FW fishes

A
  • has 10 provinces
  • India, Southern China, Southeast Asia, Philippines, East India, Borneo, Bali,…etc.
  • 28 families of primary FW fishes, only 2 east of Wallace’s line
  • endemic catfishes cypriniforms and many algae eaters
77
Q

Genomics

A

concerned with the entire genomes of organisms, both nuclear (nDNA) and mitochondrial (mtDNA) DNA

78
Q

Polyploidization-genome duplication (GD)

A

unequal exchange during recombination- chromosomes separation failure during meiosis

79
Q

gonochoristic

A

genetically fated sex determined by chromosomes

80
Q

populations

A

groups of interbreeding individuals that rarely exchange individuals with other such groups of the same species

81
Q

F statistics

A

designed to asses departures from random mating among groups

82
Q

Fst?

A

allele frequency difference among different populations assessed through population level heterozygosities

83
Q

Gst

A

modification to account for haploid data

84
Q

ϕst

A

incorporates allele frequency shifts and DNA sequence divergence between haplotype

85
Q

Rst

A

more appropriate for micro satellites

86
Q

Djost

A

more accurate and capable of reaching 1 most in situations where other indices cannot (maximum differentiation)

87
Q

Nucleotide diversity ( π or Θπ )

A

measures average DNA sequence divergence

88
Q

π=0 means?

A

all members are genetically identical at all nuceotides

89
Q

π=1 means?

A

all members are genetically different at all nucleotides

90
Q

Census Population Size (Nc)

A

total number of individuals regardless of age, sex or condition (no survival)

91
Q

Effective Population Size (Ne)

A

number of individuals contribution to next generation- depends implicitly on age, sex or condition (implies fitness)

92
Q

Levels of population structures?

A

Marine

93
Q

Genetic diversity trends?

A

Marine>Anadromous>FW

94
Q

Migratory Overlap

A

Where populations mix or during migrations at sea or offshore

95
Q

Sex-biased Dispersal

A

gene flow disparity between genders

fish ecology (1 decks)

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