Exam #2 Flashcards
What does the cardiovascular system consist of?
the blood, heart, and blood vessels
What anatomical structure in the heart “pulls the valves” ?
chordae tendinae
What anatomical structure separates the ventricles in the heart?
interventricular septum
What anatomical structure in the heart “lines” the ventricles?
trabeculae carneas
What type of blood is pumped through the left ventricle?
oxygenated
What valve is located inside the left ventricle?
bicuspid (mitral)
What valve is located inside the right ventricle?
tricuspid
What part of the heart is mostly seen when opening up the heart such as during heart surgery?
right ventricle
What part of the heart is hidden posteriorly when opening up the heart?
left ventricle
Where is the heart located?
mediastinum
What is the area called from the “sternum to the vertebral column” ?
mediastinum
How much mass of the heart sits on the left of the midline?
2/3
What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?
- Pericardium 2. Myocardium 3. Endocardium
What layer is the pericardium?
most outer layer
What layer is the myocardium?
outer layer (middle)
What layer is the endocardium?
inner most layer
What is the function/purpose of the pericardium?
anchors and protects
What is the purpose of the myocardium?
cardiac muscle layer
bulk of the heart
What is the purpose of the endocardium?
chamber lining
valves
How many chambers make up the heart?
four
What are the chambers of the heart?
2 upper atria
2 lower ventricles
What is sulci?
grooves on surface of heart
What does sulci contain?
blood vessels, fat
What does the sulci function to do?
marks boundaries
How many sulcis does the heart contain?
3
What are the 3 sulcis of the heart?
- coronary sulcus 2. anterior interventricular sulcus 3. posterior interventricular sulcus
Where is the coronary sulcus located?
between the atria and ventricles
Where is the anterior interventricular sulcus located?
between the ventricles anteriorly
Where is the posterior interventricular sulcus located?
between the ventricles posteriorly
What varies in the heart according to the function of the chamber?
thickness of myocardium
What is thin-walled, and deliver blood to adjacent ventricles?
atria
How much blood from the atria is delivered from actual contraction?
1/3
How much blood from the atria is delivered from pressure differential?
2/3
What anatomical structures are much thicker and stronger than the atria?
ventricle walls
What anatomical structure supplies blood to the lungs?
right ventricle
What anatomical structure is the absolute thickest in order to supply systemic circulation?
left ventricle
This structure deals with little flow resistance to do its job?
right ventricle
Valves open and close in response to what?
pressure changes
Pressure changes in the heart occur from what?
the heart contracting and relaxing
When do the AV valves open?
when atrial pressure is higher than ventricular pressure
What causes atrial pressure to be higher than ventricular pressure?
ventricles are relaxed
chordae tendineae are slack
papillary muscles are relaxed
The AV valves being opened allows for what?
blood to flow from atria into ventricles
What side of the heart communicates with the lungs?
right side
What does the “P” represent on an ECG?
atrial depolarization
When do the AV valves close?
ventricular pressure is higher than atrial pressure
What causes ventricular pressure to be higher than atrial pressure?
ventricles contract
What causes the AV valves to close?
pushing valve cusps close
chordae tendinae are pulled tight
papillary muscles contract to pull cords and prevent cusps from everting (pushing outward)
AV valves closing prevent what from occurring?
backflow of blood into atria
What does “lub” refer to?
indicates closing of the AV valves
What does “dub” refer to?
indicates the closing of the pulmonary and aortic valves
What are the two closed circuits in regards to blood circulation?
the systemic and pulmonic
What side of the heart is systemic circulation?
left side
What does the systemic circulation do?
pumps blood through the body
What does the left ventricle pump?
oxygenated blood into aorta
With systemic circulation, the aorta branches into what?
many arteries
With systemic circulation, the arteries branch into what?
many arterioles in tissue
With systemic circulation, the arterioles branch into what?
thin-walled capillaries
The arterioles branch into thin-walled capillaries for what?
the exchange of gases and nutrients
During systemic circulation, what begins its’ return in venules?
deoxygenated blood
