Exam 2 Flashcards
Melanocytes
Tyrosine produces it
Melanosome>pigment>basal lamina
Tonofilaments
Precursors to keratin
Stratum spinosum
Attached by desmosomes
Langerhans cells are here
Synthesize tonofilaments
Stratum granulosum
Cell death begins Flattened due to dehydration Plasma membranes thicken Contain keratohyaline granules Lamellar granules accumulate
Lamellar granules
Contain glycolipids for waterproof
Contents are excreted by exocytosis
Stratum lucidum
Only thick skin
Lacks organelles
Cells are dead
Papillary layer contains
Capillary loops
meisseners corpuscles
And free nerve endings
Reticular layer
Dense irregular CT
Collagen strengthens
Elastic helps recoil
Sebaceous glands
Holocrine
Sebum
Stimulate sex hormones
Merocrine or eccrine
Deep in reticular layer
Visible sweat
Apocrine gland
Sexual scents
In hypodermis
Produces fatty substances
Thin skin
Everywhere except thick skin
Thin spinosum and corneum
Hair follicles
Sebaceous glands
Thick skin
Palms, soles, digits Thick lucidium and corneum Epidermal ridges Sudoriferous glands Sensory receptors
Epidermal healing
Basal cells migrate to make membrane
Cells divide to fill wound
Deep wound healing
1 bleeding and inflammatory response
2 scab forms and phagocytes cells are removing debris
3 scab has been undermined and fibroblasts are repairing tissue
4 scar tissue is formed
Functions of bones
Support Protection Movement Blood cell production Mineral storage Triglyceride storage
Calcium is needed for
Nerve impulses Muscle contraction Blood clotting Gland secretions Cell division
Periosteum
Outter membrane
Made of osteoblasts/clasts
Highly vascular
Endosteum
Covers trabeculae
Contains osteoblasts/clasts
Osteoid
Unmineralized bone materix
Makes up 1/3 of bone matrix
Proteglycans glycoproteins collagen
Mineral salts
Mainly hydroxyapatite crystals
Formed with calcification
Intramembranous ossification
1 development of ossification center
2 calcification
3 formation of trabeculae
4 development of periosteum
Endochondral ossification
1 development of cartilage model
2 growth of cartilage model (collar)
3 development of primary ossification center
4 development of medullary cavity
Functional zones in bone growth
Quiescence Proliferation Hypertrophy Calcification Ossification
Appositional growth
Increase in thickness
Fibrous joints
Sutures
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis
Syndesmosis
Attached by a membrane
Cartilaginous joints
Syncondrosis
Symphesis
5 features of synovial joints
Extra capsule ligaments Joint cavity Articular cartilage Articular capsule Presence of nerves and vessels
Synovial fluid
Lubes joint Absorbs shock Supplies oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Contains phagocytes
Bursae
Cushion joints
Labrum
A ring of cartilage at the end of a joint
Sarcomere
Functional unit of muscle
Thick and thin filaments
Z disc to z disc
Titan runs through the center
A band
Contains thick filaments
Doesn’t not change with contractions
I band
Thin filament regions
Shortens with contractions
Tropomyosin
Rope like protein that covers myosin binding cites
Skeletal muscle action potential
Lasts a few milliseconds
No hyperpolarization because of voltage gate
Sarcolemma
Plasma membrane of muscle
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Continuous membrane that covers sarcomeres
Filled with calcium
Latent period
Time between the end of the muscle action potential and beginning of contraction
Period of contraction
High tension in filaments
Isometric
Force with no contraction
Concentric contraction
Force of contraction used to move a load
Eccentric contraction
Contraction to lengthen a muscle
Muscle fatigue
Ionic imbalance
Increased phosphate
Decreased ATP and Mg
Decreased glycogen
