EXAM 2 Flashcards
1
Q
H4 Classical conditioning involves learning:
A. that a particular behavior leads to a reward.
B. about a stimulus by being repeatedly exposed to it.
C. that one stimulus predicts an important event.
D. by observing another person perform a behavior.
A
C. that one stimulus predicts an important event.
2
Q
H4 Every day when Jessica returns home from work, her daughter gives her a big hug as soon as she walks through the front door. Now, the sight of the front door makes Jessica feel happy. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is: A. the front door. B. a big hug. C. Jessica's daughter. D. Jessica.
A
A. the front door.
3
Q
H4 The unconditioned response occurs: A. in response to a neutral stimulus. B. after repeated pairings of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. C. with training or conditioning. D. without any training or conditioning.
A
D. without any training or conditioning.
4
Q
H4 If someone blows a puff of air into one's eyes, the person automatically blinks. In this example, the puff of air is a(n): A. unconditioned stimulus. B. unconditioned response. C. conditioned stimulus. D. conditioned response.
A
A. unconditioned stimulus.
5
Q
H4 The conditioned stimulus elicits the: A. conditioned stimulus. B. conditioned response. C. unconditioned stimulus. D. unconditioned response.
A
B. conditioned response.
6
Q
H4 Suppose a child grows up hearing his parents making derogatory comments about African Americans, and eventually the child comes to have negative feelings about African Americans. What is the conditioned stimulus? A. the derogatory comments B. the negative feelings C. the African Americans D. the parents
A
C. the African Americans
7
Q
H4 Dionne competes on her high school's track team. She always feels naturally nervous right before a race. She also noticed that, on days when she is not racing, just seeing the track still made her feel nervous. Her nervousness at seeing the track on non-race days is a(n): A. unconditioned stimulus. B. unconditioned response. C. conditioned stimulus. D. conditioned response.
A
D. conditioned response.
8
Q
H4 Which is an example of appetitive conditioning?
A. flies being shocked in the presence of a particular odor
B. rats freezing in response to a tone that predicts a shock
C. Pavlov’s conditioning of salivation in dogs
D. eyeblink conditioning
A
C. Pavlov’s conditioning of salivation in dogs
9
Q
H4 When the US is an unpleasant event such as shock, the conditioning is called \_\_\_\_\_ conditioning. A. aversive B. appetitive C. delay D. trace
A
A. aversive
10
Q
H4 The Conditioned Emotional Response was a technique developed to study: A. emotional response. B. learned fear. C. sound response. D. influence of surroundings.
A
B. learned fear.
11
Q
H4 Studies of \_\_\_\_\_ have been enormously important for understanding the biology. A. Drosophila (fruit flies) B. ornithology (birds) C. ctenocephalides (fleas) D. apiology (bees)
A
A. Drosophila (fruit flies)
12
Q
H4 When the eyeblink reflex is conditioned using a tone, the conditioned response is:
A. blinking in response to a puff of air.
B. blinking in response to the tone.
C. the puff of air.
D. the tone.
A
B. blinking in response to the tone.
13
Q
H4 The eyeblink CR seems to:
A. gradually increase in strength over several trials.
B. gradually decrease in strength over several trials.
C. start out strong on the first trial and remain strong.
D. remain about the same strength across trials.
A
A. gradually increase in strength over several trials.
14
Q
H4 With repeated administration of a drug, an organism will require larger and larger doses of the drug in order to achieve the same effect. This is known as: A. homeostasis. B. blocking. C. extinction. D. tolerance.
A
D. tolerance.
15
Q
H4 The conditioned compensatory response occurs in response to the \_\_\_\_\_ in order to prepare the organism for the \_\_\_\_\_. A. CS; CR B. US; UR C. CS; UR D. US; CR
A
C. CS; UR
16
Q
H4 When a conditioned compensatory response occurs, the: A. CR is the opposite of the UR. B. CR is the same as the UR. C. US is the same as the CS. D. US is the same as the CR.
A
A. CR is the opposite of the UR.
17
Q
H4 According to the phenomenon of conditioned compensatory response, drug addicts develop a tolerance to their drug because:
A. the drug elicits a UR that becomes weaker over time.
B. environmental cues elicit URs that enhance the effect of the drug.
C. the drug elicits a CR that enhances the effect of the drug.
D. environmental cues elicit CRs that counteract the effect of the drug.
A
D. environmental cues elicit CRs that counteract the effect of the drug.
18
Q
H4 The tendency of the body to gravitate toward a state of equilibrium or balance is known as: A. association. B. compensatory response. C. tolerance. D. homeostasis.
A
D. homeostasis.
19
Q
H4 In order to get Pavlov’s dog to experience extinction, one would:
A. give the dog a little extra food on each trial.
B. play the tone more loudly on each trial.
C. present the food repeatedly without playing the tone.
D. play the tone repeatedly without any food.
A
D. play the tone repeatedly without any food.
20
Q
H4 While driving to work one day, Jennifer heard her favorite song on the radio. Soon after the song started playing, she was rear-ended by another car. Now, her favorite song causes her to feel nervous and tense. If she wishes to use extinction to stop these unpleasant feelings from occurring when her favorite song comes on, she should:
A. play the song in a safe and pleasant environment such as her room.
B. listen to music other than her favorite song whenever she drives.
C. play her favorite song whenever she drives anywhere without getting in an accident.
D. try to get in an accident while a different song is playing on the radio.
A
C. play her favorite song whenever she drives anywhere without getting in an accident.
21
Q
H4 The spontaneous recovery of a CR suggests that:
A. the body tends to gravitate toward a state of equilibrium.
B. any stimulus can be a CS.
C. any stimulus can be a US.
D. the CR is not gone after extinction.
A
D. the CR is not gone after extinction.
22
Q
H4 When a more salient cue within a compound acquires more of the share of the attention and learning than the less salient cue, it is known as: A. compound conditioning B. classical conditioning. C. overshadowing. D. aversive conditioning.
A
C. overshadowing.
23
Q
H4 The phenomenon of blocking demonstrates that:
A. a compound CS cannot be learned.
B. a compound US cannot be learned.
C. the US must provide nonredundant information.
D. the CS must provide nonredundant information.
A
D. the CS must provide nonredundant information.
24
Q
H4 Suppose one conditions a dog to salivate in response to a tone (by pairing the tone with food). Then, the person presents both the tone and a light together, followed by the food. The dog will:
A. salivate only in response to the tone.
B. salivate only in response to the light.
C. salivate in response to both the tone and light.
D. not salivate to the tone or the light.
A
A. salivate only in response to the tone.
25
```
H4 Suppose a rat has been conditioned by presenting a loud buzzing sound followed by shock. According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, if one then presents several trials of the buzzing sound alone, without any shock, the association between the buzzing sound and the shock will:
A. stay the same.
B. increase.
C. decrease.
D. increase and then decrease.
```
C. decrease.
26
```
H4 In the Rescorla-Wagner model, if a novel CS is followed by an unexpected US, the prediction error is:
A. positive.
B. negative.
C. zero.
D. either positive or negative.
```
A. positive.
27
H4 In the Rescorla-Wagner model, the expectation of the US is described by the:
A. association weight for the CS/US association at the end of training.
B. association weight for the CS/US association at the start of training.
C. sum of the association weights of all the cues in a trial.
D. difference of the association weights of all the cues in a trial.
C. sum of the association weights of all the cues in a trial.
28
H4 Which statement is TRUE about the Rescorla-Wagner model?
A. It is considered the most influential formal model of learning.
B. It explains only a small handful of experimental findings.
C. It explains existing findings but does not make any predictions.
A. It is considered the most influential formal model of learning.
29
H4 Which statement is considered to be TRUE about a successful model?
A. The predictions made by the model should be able to be tested and provide new data.
B. It should be applicable to every possible situation.
C. It should illustrate data that has already been presented before.
D. All of the statements are true.
A. The predictions made by the model should be able to be tested and provide new data.
30
H4 For humans performing a category-learning task, Gluck and Bower's neural network model can:
A. account for people's ability to actively focus attention on one feature.
B. account for people's ability to shift their attention to different features.
C. predict how the timing of presentation of the CS and the US will affect learning.
D. predict how often a particular categorization will be made.
D. predict how often a particular categorization will be made.
31
```
H4 If a US occurs just as often without the tone as it does in the presence of the tone, then little or no conditioning will accrue to the tone. This would suggest that animals are sensitive to _____ of the potential CS and the US.
A. causality
B. contingency
C. cue outcome
D. frequency
```
B. contingency
32
```
H4 A reduction in learning about a CS to which there has been prior exposure without any US is called:
A. blocking.
B. prediction error.
C. extinction.
D. latent inhibition.
```
D. latent inhibition.
33
H4 According to the idea of latent inhibition, pre-exposing a rat to a light by itself will make it:
A. easier for the rat to learn to associate the light with food.
B. easier for the rat to learn to associate the light with a tone.
C. harder for the rat to learn to associate the light with food.
D. harder for the rat to learn to associate a tone with food.
C. harder for the rat to learn to associate the light with food.
34
```
H4 Consider a blocking experiment in which an animal is first conditioned to associate a light with shock and then is presented with a tone and light together followed by shock. According to CS modulation theories such as that of Mackintosh, blocking would occur because the:
A. tone is ignored.
B. light is ignored.
C. shock is surprising.
D. shock is predictable.
```
A. tone is ignored.
35
H4 According to CS modulation theories such as that of Mackintosh, latent inhibition occurs because the:
A. CS is ignored because it doesn't predict anything reliably.
B. US is ignored because it doesn't predict anything reliably.
C. CS also includes the context.
D. CS does not include the context.
A. CS is ignored because it doesn't predict anything reliably.
36
```
H4 Regarding CS modulation theories versus US modulation theories, it seems to be that _____ is/are correct.
A. CS modulation theories
B. US modulation theories
C. both theories
D. neither theory
```
C. both theories
37
```
H4 A theory of learning in which all of the cues that occur during a trial and all of the changes that result is considered a single event is known as:
A. interstimulus interval.
B. trial-level model.
C. delay conditioning.
D. trace conditioning.
```
B. trial-level model.
38
```
H4 The temporal gap between the onset of CS and the onset of the US is known as:
A. trial-level model
B. delay conditioning.
C. trace conditioning.
D. interstimulus interval.
```
D. interstimulus interval.
39
H4 In Garcia and Koelling's taste-aversion studies, it was found that rats in:
A. the poison group were more likely to associate a taste with their illness than a tone with their illness.
B. the poison group were more likely to associate a tone with their illness than a taste with their illness.
C. the shock group were more likely to fear a taste than a tone.
D. both groups feared tastes more than tones.
A. the poison group were more likely to associate a taste with their illness than a tone with their illness.
40
```
H4 Which does NOT require the cerebellum in a classical conditioning experiment?
A. the unconditioned stimulus
B. the conditioned stimulus
C. the unconditioned response
D. the conditioned response
```
C. the unconditioned response
41
H4 In mammals, the two sites where information about the CS and US association can be stored in the cerebellum are the _____ and the _____.
A. pontine nuclei; interpositus nucleus
B. pontine nuclei; inferior olive
C. Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex; inferior olive
D. Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex; interpositus nucleus
D. Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex; interpositus nucleus
42
```
H4 The _____ has/have different subregions for each kind of sensory stimulation.
A. cerebellar cortex
B. interpositus nucleus
C. inferior olive
D. pontine nuclei
```
D. pontine nuclei
43
H4 The final exit point of CR information from the cerebellum is/are the:
A. Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex.
B. interpositus nucleus.
C. inferior olive.
D. motor cortex.
B. interpositus nucleus.
44
H4 A conditioned eyeblink response can be produced by stimulating:
A. the inferior olive as the CS.
B. the inferior olive as the US.
C. the pontine nuclei as the CS.
D. both the inferior olive and the pontine nuclei as the CS.
B. the inferior olive as the US.
45
```
H4 Removing the _____ abolishes conditioned responses.
A. pontine nuclei
B. cerebellar cortex
C. interpositus nucleus
D. inferior olive
```
C. interpositus nucleus
46
H4 Lesion studies suggest that the interpositus nucleus is involved in _____, while the cerebellar cortex is involved in _____.
A. response timing; formation and execution of the CR
B. formation and execution of the CR; response timing
C. computing the degree to which the US is unexpected; formation and execution of the CR
D. response timing; computing the degree to which the US is unexpected
B. formation and execution of the CR; response timing
47
H4 Patients with damage to the cerebellum:
A. have trouble learning tasks involving verbal associations.
B. are slower in learning a CR.
C. produce CRs that are relatively normal in terms of frequency and timing.
D. suffer from memory loss.
B. are slower in learning a CR.
48
H4 EXTRA CREDIT: Which statement has been viewed as evidence of an error-correction mechanism in the brain?
A. The hippocampus is highly active during conditioning.
B. Activity in the inferior olive is high at the start of training and diminishes with successive trials.
C. Blocking occurs when the connection from the inferior olive to the interpositus nucleus is disabled.
D. People with cerebellar damage have difficulty learning a CR.
B. Activity in the inferior olive is high at the start of training and diminishes with successive trials.
49
H4 Classical conditioning in Aplysia appears to involve:
A. short-term changes in the number of synapses and long-term intracellular changes.
B. long-term changes in the number of synapses and short-term intracellular changes.
C. short-term changes both in the number of synapses and within the cells.
D. long-term changes both in the number of synapses and within the cells.
B. long-term changes in the number of synapses and short-term intracellular changes.
50
```
H4 Anatomical changes in neural circuits (such as growth or loss of synapses) seem to be responsible for _____ forms of memory; intracellular changes (such as an increase or decrease in neurotransmitter vesicles) seem to be responsible for _____ forms of memory.
A. long-term; short-term
B. short-term; long-term
C. short-term; short-term
D. long-term; long-term
```
A. long-term; short-term
51
```
H4 A regular drug user can have an elevated reaction to his usual drug if he takes that drug in a new environment. In this example, the familiar environment in which the drug is normally taken is a:
A. CS.
B. US.
C. CR.
D. UR.
```
A. CS
52
H4 When researchers gave animals an injection of an inert placebo to pre-expose them to the contextual cues associated with drug use, they found that the animals:
A. formed an association between the context and drug use more quickly than normal.
B. formed an association between the context and drug use more slowly than normal.
C. formed an association between the context and drug use more at the normal rate.
D. did not form an association between the context and drug use.
B. formed an association between the context and drug use more slowly than normal.
53
```
H4 When a drug addict is in the environment where she usually takes her drugs, she will typically feel a craving for the drugs. This craving is a:
A. CS.
B. US.
C. CR.
D. UR.
```
C. CR.
54
H4 It has been suggested that drug addicts should use small amounts of their drug during therapy to extinguish their habit. This is because:
A. the addict will experience less withdrawal.
B. drug use is part of the context.
C. drug use has become a US.
D. the addict will experience fewer cravings.
B. drug use is part of the context.
55
H4 . Joe and Sarah went on their first date to a fancy restaurant. They were seated in a cozy booth and enjoying each other’s company. Sarah leaned over and gave Joe a very welcome kiss as a song performed by Frank Sinatra played softly in the background. A week later, Joe heard the same song on a television show and became flushed with excitement and arousal. Identify the following from this description:
US
UR
CS
CR
US: kiss
UR: feelings of excitement
CS: song
CR: feeling of excitement
56
H4 . Cats were exposed to pictures of three different species: a snarling dog, a lunging human, and a tiny, frightened mouse. Experimenters projected the pictures one at a time to the cats, each accompanied by a very loud burst of white noise. Before the experiment began, the cats showed startle responses to the white noise. Over the course of the experiment, the cats began arching their backs and hissing at the pictures. Identify the following from this description.
US
UR
CS
CR
US: white noise
UR: startled response
CS: pictures
CR: hissing
57
```
H5 The process by which an organism learns to produce a specific response in order to avoid or obtain an outcome is:
A. observing.
B. learning.
C. operant conditioning.
D. classical conditioning.
```
C. operant conditioning.
58
H5 In the case of Thorndike's cats learning to escape from a puzzle box, the stimulus (S) was _____ and the response (R) was _____.
A. their movements that opened the door; escaping and getting food
B. escaping and getting food; the box
C. the box; their movements that opened the door
D. escaping and getting food; their movements that opened the door
C. the box; their movements that opened the door
59
H5 According to the law of effect, which circumstance would lead to a weakening of the association between stimulus and response?
A. giving candy to a whining child
B. grounding a teenager for staying out too late
C. giving a child $1 for doing well on a spelling test
D. taking a painkiller to get rid of a headache
B. grounding a teenager for staying out too late
60
H5 In what way does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?
A. In classical conditioning, learning is fastest during the early trials, while, in operant conditioning, learning is fastest during the later trials.
B. In classical conditioning, the consequence arrives regardless of the animal's behavior, while, in operant conditioning, it only arrives once the animal has made a response.
C. Classical conditioning can be used to train animals to make responses they would not normally make; operant conditioning cannot be used to do this.
D. Extinction occurs in classical conditioning but not in operant conditioning.
B. In classical conditioning, the consequence arrives regardless of the animal's behavior, while, in operant conditioning, it only arrives once the animal has made a response.
61
```
H5 If a pigeon is allowed to peck at the switch in order to receive food whenever it chooses, this is an example of which type of paradigm?
A. learning
B. free-operant
C. operational conditioning
D. discrete trial
```
B. free-operant
62
```
H5 A conditioning chamber called a _____ delivers reinforcement or punishment automatically whenever an animal makes a particular response.
A. classroom
B. Thorndike box
C. pigeon box
D. Skinner box
```
D. Skinner box
63
H5 Discriminative stimuli are:
A. successive approximations to a desired response.
B. stimuli that signal whether a particular response will lead to a particular outcome.
C. outcomes that increase the probability of a behavior.
D. outcomes that decrease the probability of a behavior.
B. stimuli that signal whether a particular response will lead to a particular outcome.
64
H5 If a person wants to use shaping to train a new puppy to respond to a name, he would call the name and then:
A. reward once the puppy comes all the way to him.
B. reward when the puppy looks at him, then for turning toward him, and then for taking a few steps in his direction.
C. jingle some keys or shake a dog toy to get the puppy interested enough to come over to him.
D. pull the puppy with a leash, then reward when the puppy reaches him.
B. reward when the puppy looks at him, then for turning toward him, and then for taking a few steps in his direction.
65
H5 Chaining involves _____, whereas shaping involves _____.
A. reinforcement; punishment
B. punishment; reinforcement
C. reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior; training individual components of a complex response
D. training individual components of a complex response; reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior
D. training individual components of a complex response; reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior
66
```
H5 Which item is an example of a primary reinforcer?
A. money
B. praise
C. water
D. grades
```
C. water
67
```
H5 Which item is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
A. money
B. food
C. sleep
D. sex
```
A. money
68
H5 Which statement demonstrates the use of a token economy to encourage good behavior in school children?
A. giving children praise whenever they are behaving well
B. making children stay after school when they misbehave
C. awarding children successively more privileges for longer periods of good behavior
D. awarding children points for good behavior, which they can exchange at the end of the day for small toys
D. awarding children points for good behavior, which they can exchange at the end of the day for small toys
69
```
H5 After working for $15 an hour, Sally's pay was cut to $8 an hour. She stopped working so hard, working much less than her coworkers, who had been earning $8 an hour all along. This is an example of:
A. negative contrast.
B. negative reinforcement.
C. positive punishment.
D. negative punishment.
```
A. negative contrast.
70
```
H5 The process of providing consequences for a behavior that decreases the probability of that behavior is called:
A. reinforcement.
B. punishment.
C. discrete-trial learning.
D. free-operant learning.
```
B. punishment.
71
H5 The main difference between reinforcement and punishment is that:
A. punishment involves adding a consequence, while reinforcement involves removing a consequence.
B. punishment involves removing a consequence, while reinforcement involves adding a consequence.
C. punishment increases a behavior, while reinforcement decreases a behavior.
D. punishment decreases a behavior, while reinforcement increases a behavior.
D. punishment decreases a behavior, while reinforcement increases a behavior.
72
H5 For punishment to be MOST effective:
A. it should start out weak and become gradually stronger each time the behavior is repeated.
B. the organism should know under what circumstances a particular behavior will and will not be punished.
C. the behavior cannot be concurrently reinforced.
D. All of the answers are correct.
C. the behavior cannot be concurrently reinforced.
73
```
H5 17. Children may misbehave in order to get the attention that is associated with being punished. In this example, the attention serves as _____ for misbehavior.
A. negative reinforcement
B. positive reinforcement
C. negative punishment
D. positive punishment
```
B. positive reinforcement
74
H5 Parents who decide to use punishment on a misbehaving child should:
A. spank the child, as spanking is the only effective punisher.
B. make sure that the punishment involves giving the child lots of attention.
C. not use spanking because it has been shown to be completely ineffective.
D. also reinforce good behavior.
D. also reinforce good behavior.
75
```
H5 If a pigeon is being trained to peck at a disc for a food reward, which delay between pecking and receiving the reward will lead to the FASTEST learning?
A. 0 seconds
B. 2 seconds
C. 5 seconds
D. 10 seconds
```
A. 0 seconds
76
```
H5 Positive reinforcement involves _____ an outcome to _____ a behavior.
A. adding; increase
B. adding; decrease
C. taking away; increase
D. taking away; decrease
```
A. adding; increase
77
```
H5 Suppose a child whines continuously until his parents give him a cookie. The cessation of the child's whining would be _____ of the parents' behavior of giving the cookie.
A. positive reinforcement
B. positive punishment
C. negative reinforcement
D. negative punishment
```
C. negative reinforcement
78
```
H5 Suppose a man has his driver's license revoked due to several unpaid traffic tickets. The taking away of his license would be _____ of the man's behavior of not paying tickets.
A. positive reinforcement
B. positive punishment
C. negative reinforcement
D. negative punishment
```
D. negative punishment
79
```
H5 A child is given a gold star every time she gets an "A" on a test. This is an example of:
A. partial reinforcement.
B. a fixed-interval schedule.
C. continuous reinforcement.
D. a variable-interval schedule.
```
C. continuous reinforcement.
80
```
H5 A baseball player gets a hit approximately every third time at bat. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
A. fixed-ratio
B. fixed-interval
C. variable-ratio
D. variable-interval
```
C. variable-ratio
81
```
H5 A professor gives her class donuts every Monday. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
A. fixed-ratio
B. fixed-interval
C. variable-ratio
D. variable-interval
```
B. fixed-interval
82
H5 The matching law of choice behavior states that, given two responses that are reinforced on different VI schedules, an organism will:
A. give only the response that provides the better rate of reinforcement.
B. respond in order to approximately match the relative rate of reinforcement for each response.
C. give both responses at roughly equal rates.
D. become confused and stop responding altogether.
B. respond in order to approximately match the relative rate of reinforcement for each response.
83
```
H5 The study of how organisms allocate their time and resources among possible options is known as:
A. the matching law.
B. behavioral economics.
C. chaining.
D. shaping.
```
B. behavioral economics.
84
```
H5 In behavioral economics, the _____ refers to the distribution of resources that maximizes the individual's subjective value or satisfaction.
A. behavioral economic
B. economical distribution
C. bliss point
D. economical dispersal
```
C. bliss point
85
H5 According to the Premack principle, if a child would rather wash dishes than do homework:
A. homework could be used as a reward for washing dishes.
B. washing dishes could be used as a reward for doing homework.
C. the child's desire to do homework will be increased by restricting access to washing dishes.
D. the child's desire to do dishes will be increased by restricting access to doing homework.
B. washing dishes could be used as a reward for doing homework.
86
```
H5 If one has been reading for hours and the idea of taking a break to clean the room sounds very attractive, one is exhibiting:
A. chaining.
B. the Premack principle.
C. response deprivation.
D. classical conditioning.
```
C. response deprivation.
87
```
H5 The dorsal striatum seems to be particularly important for learning which association(s) in operant conditioning?
A. S-R
B. R-O
C. S-O
D. All of the answers are correct.
```
A. S-R
88
H5 Which statement is TRUE regarding the orbitofrontal cortex?
A. Orbitofrontal neurons respond when the outcome is expected to be pleasant, but not when it is expected to be unpleasant.
B. Orbitofrontal neurons respond when the outcome is expected to be unpleasant, but not when it is expected to be pleasant.
C. Neurons code the expectation as well as the specific outcome.
D. Orbitofrontal neurons code the pleasantness of a stimulus, but not its identity.
C. Neurons code the expectation as well as the specific outcome.
89
```
H5 Electrical stimulation of the _____ is reinforcing to rats.
A. orbitofrontal cortex
B. dorsal striatum
C. ventral tegmental area
D. motor cortex
```
C. ventral tegmental area
90
```
H5 Which region in the brain contains the dopamine-producing neurons that project to the frontal cortex?
A. the nueral cortex
B. the orbitofrontal cortex
C. the substantia nigra pars compacta
D. the ventral tegmental area
```
D. the ventral tegmental area
91
H5 Hedonic value refers to _____, while motivational value refers to _____.
A. how much one wants a reinforcer; how much one likes a reinforcer
B. how much one likes a reinforcer; how much one wants a reinforcer
C. the strength of a reinforcer; the salience of a stimulus
D. the salience of a stimulus; the strength of a reinforce
B. how much one likes a reinforcer; how much one wants a reinforcer
92
```
H5 What neurotransmitter is damaged in individuals suffering from Parkinson's disease?
A. dopamine
B. seratonin
C. striatum
D. endorphins
```
A. dopamine
93
H5 Why is dopamine believed to be involved in reinforcement?
A. Dopamine release is triggered by primary and secondary reinforcers.
B. It leads to activity in brain areas known as the dopaminergic region.
C. It leads to extinction.
D. All of the answers are correct.
A. Dopamine release is triggered by primary and secondary reinforcers.
94
H5 Interfering with dopamine seems to:
A. impair motor responses but have no effect on enjoyment of a reinforcer.
B. reduce enjoyment of a reinforcer but have no effect on motor responses.
C. reduce motivation to perform a behavior but have no effect on enjoyment of a reinforcer.
D. reduce enjoyment of a reinforcer but have no effect on motivation to perform a behavior.
C. reduce motivation to perform a behavior but have no effect on enjoyment of a reinforcer.
95
H5 If one blocks dopamine in an amphetamine user, one would expect that it would:
A. increase pleasurable feelings from the drug.
B. suppress pleasurable feelings from the drug.
C. suppress cravings for the drug.
D. increase cravings for the drug.
C. suppress cravings for the drug.
96
H5 Increasing dopamine appears to:
A. decrease how much one wants something but not how much one likes it.
B. decrease how much one likes something but not how much one wants it.
C. increase how much one wants something but not how much one likes it.
D. increase how much one likes something but not how much one wants it.
C. increase how much one wants something but not how much one likes it.
97
H5 A man would be considered to have a pathological addiction to alcohol if he:
A. drinks more than four drinks a day.
B. suffers from a medical condition caused by his alcohol use.
C. is caught driving under the influence of alcohol.
D. regularly gets drunk with his friends on weekends.
B. suffers from a medical condition caused by his alcohol use.
98
```
H5 Drug addicts continue taking drugs in part to avoid the unpleasant effects of withdrawal. In this case, the behavior of taking drugs is being:
A. positively reinforced.
B. negatively reinforced.
C. positively punished.
D. negatively punished.
```
B. negatively reinforced.
99
H5 Cocaine and amphetamine work by:
A. increasing the levels of endogenous opioids.
B. decreasing the levels of endogenous opioids.
C. increasing the levels of dopamine.
D. decreasing the levels of dopamine.
C. increasing the levels of dopamine.
100
H5 People with long-term addictions to cocaine or amphetamine:
A. have reduced cravings for the drug as well as a stronger "high" than they did in the early stages of addiction.
B. have reduced cravings for the drug than they did in the early stages of addiction.
C. do not receive the same "high" that they did in the early stages of addiction.
D. receive a much stronger "high" than they did in the early stages of addiction.
C. do not receive the same "high" that they did in the early stages of addiction.
101
H5 Behavioral addictions:
A. seem to activate the same reinforcement system in the brain as drug addictions do.
B. do not usually lead to withdrawal symptoms.
C. activate a unique brain system that is different from the one activated by drug addictions.
D. do not usually produce cravings.
A. seem to activate the same reinforcement system in the brain as drug addictions do.
102
```
H5 James's grades are dropping, and he has isolated himself in his room and doesn't have any interactions with individuals. His only focus is playing his game. As punishment for his grades dropping, he is grounded from any games. His parents have caught him trying to play at night, and he has even tried to go to his neighbors to do so. What type of addiction is James exhibiting?
A. behavioral
B. pathological
C. nonspecified
D. neurological
```
A. behavioral
103
H5 Research on addiction to romantic love has shown that:
A. romantic love is essentially just a drive to obtain sex.
B. this kind of addiction is very clearly a pathological addiction.
C. most people experience clinical depression after romantic rejection.
D. viewing pictures of a romantic partner can activate reward centers in the brain.
D. viewing pictures of a romantic partner can activate reward centers in the brain.
104
H5 Lauren is trying to stop her son from banging his spoon on the table during meals by praising him whenever he uses his spoon to eat his food. This is an example of:
A. extinction.
B. distancing.
C. reinforcement of alternative behaviors.
D. delayed reinforcement.
C. reinforcement of alternative behaviors.
105
H5 Suppose one's roommate has gotten into the bad habit of talking whenever the roommate is trying to study. The roommate decides to ignore this habit. This is an example of:
A. extinction.
B. distancing.
C. reinforcement of alternative behaviors.
D. delayed reinforcement.
A. extinction.
106
H5 The distancing approach to fighting an addiction involves:
A. avoiding the stimulus that triggers the unwanted response.
B. removing the reinforcement for producing the unwanted response.
C. increasing the amount of time between the unwanted response and reinforcement.
D. rewarding desirable responses instead.
A. avoiding the stimulus that triggers the unwanted response.
107
H5 Andrea is trying to stop biting her nails. Whenever she gets the urge to bite her nails, she forces herself to count to 100 before giving in to her urge. This is an example of:
A. extinction.
B. distancing.
C. reinforcement of alternative behaviors.
D. delayed reinforcement.
D. delayed reinforcement.
108
H5 Annie’s parents are attempting to potty train her. Slowly but surely, Annie learns that when her parents carry her into the bathroom and present her with the potty chair, she is supposed to pee in it. If she pees in the potty, she is praised by her parents, given hugs and kisses, and told what a “big girl” she is. (3pts)
operant conditioning.
Potty chair is the stimulus
using the potty is the response
the consequence is praise
109
H5 . John B. Watson was attempting to teach Albert, an infant, to fear a white rat. Watson presented the rat to Albert and then smacked a metal pipe on concrete, creating a huge and terrible noise. Albert responded with fear. This process was repeated many times until Albert began to show fearful behavior when presented with the white rat, even without the accompanying presentation of the loud noise.
```
Classical conditioning
US: Loud noise
UR: Fear
CS: Rat
CR: Fear
```
110
```
H6 The transfer of past learning to new situations and problems is known as:
A. negative patterning.
B. acquired equivalence.
C. generalization.
D. discrimination.
```
C. generalization.
111
```
H6 Lucy was bitten by a small white dog and now she has a fear of all dogs, regardless of their size or color. This is an example of:
A. negative patterning.
B. acquired equivalence.
C. generalization.
D. discrimination.
```
C. generalization.
112
```
H6 Larry is visiting his grandmother and cooking dinner for her. Since his grandmother has a different model of microwave oven than his, he has learned that he needs to push a different sequence of buttons on his grandmother's microwave oven when he wants to use it for cooking. This is an example of:
A. generalization.
B. discrimination.
C. sensory preconditioning.
D. negative patterning.
```
B. discrimination.
113
```
H6 The process by which one learns about new categories usually based on common features is known as:
A. negative patterning.
B. acquired equivalence.
C. generalization.
D. concept formation.
```
D. concept formation.
114
```
H6 Freda once became sick after eating pepperoni pizza. Based on the idea of a generalization gradient, which food would she be MOST likely to avoid in the future?
A. spaghetti
B. broccoli
C. ice cream
D. sausage pizza
```
D. sausage pizza
115
```
H6 A set of stimuli in the world that share the same consequence as the stimulus whose consequence is already known is referred to as:
A. negative patterning.
B. consequential region.
C. the generalization gradient.
D. learned discrimination.
```
B. consequential region.
116
H6 The shape of generalization gradients shows that two very similar stimuli are _____, while two very different stimuli are _____.
A. expected to produce similar consequences; expected to produce different consequences
B. expected to produce different consequences; expected to produce similar consequences
C. difficult to tell apart; easy to tell apart
D. easy to tell apart; difficult to tell apart
A. expected to produce similar consequences; expected to produce different consequences
117
```
H6 The form in which information about stimuli is encoded within a model or brain is:
A. discrete-component representation.
B. stimulus representation.
C. the generalization gradient.
D. the configural node.
```
B. stimulus representation.
118
H6 If one trains a discrete-component model to respond to a blue light, how will it respond to a blue-green light?
A. It will respond as strongly as it does to the blue light.
B. It will respond less strongly than it does to the blue light.
C. It will respond more strongly than it does to the blue light.
D. It will not respond at all to the blue-green light.
D. It will not respond at all to the blue-green light.
119
```
H6 In a _____ representation, stimuli are represented by overlapping sets of nodes or stimulus elements.
A. discrete-component
B. distributed
C. topographic
D. consequential
```
B. distributed
120
```
H6 The theory that states that the probability of a response will increase or decrease depending on the outcome that follows is:
A. stimulus sampling theory.
B. the law of effects.
C. the connectionist model.
D. distributed representation.
```
B. the law of effects.
121
```
H6 The process by which websites use a form of generalization to predict what one would buy is called:
A. discrete-component representation.
B. distributed representations.
C. the generalization gradient.
D. collaborative filtering.
```
D. collaborative filtering.
122
```
H6 In a _____ representation, nodes or neurons responding to physically similar stimuli are near each other.
A. discrete-component
B. distributed
C. topographic
D. consequential
```
C. topographic
123
H6 The discrete-component model and the distributed model differ in that only the:
A. discrete-component model includes input nodes.
B. distributed model includes input nodes.
C. discrete-component model includes an internal representation layer.
D. distributed model includes an internal representation layer.
D. distributed model includes an internal representation layer.
124
H6 If one trains a distributed model to respond to a blue light and then presents it with a blue-green light, it responds to the blue-green light because:
A. both lights activate the same input nodes.
B. the weights from the input nodes to the internal representation layer are fixed.
C. both lights activate some of the same nodes in the internal representation layer.
D. the blue-green input node activates the blue input node.
C. both lights activate some of the same nodes in the internal representation layer.
125
```
H6 The mediation of behavior through responses to cues in the world is known as:
A. stimulus sampling theory.
B. distributed representation.
C. discrimination learning.
D. stimulus control.
```
D. stimulus control.
126
```
H6 Sleep experts routinely advise good sleep hygiene that consist of:
A. soothing auditory stimulation.
B. promoting wakeful behavior.
C. limiting one's bedroom stimulus.
D. reading a book to promote relaxation.
```
C. limiting one's bedroom stimulus.
127
H6 Compared with the generalization gradient that is observed when no discrimination training is given, the generalization gradient that is observed after discrimination training is:
A. shallower.
B. steeper.
C. the same.
D. shallower or steeper, depending on the stimulus.
B. steeper.
128
```
H6 A training procedure in which difficult discrimination is learned by starting with an easy version of the task and proceeding to incrementally harder versions as the easier ones are mastered is referred to as _____ learning.
A. consequential
B. discrimination
C. errorless discrimination
D. integral
```
C. errorless discrimination
129
```
H6 Errorless discrimination learning does have some significant drawbacks. While it produces _____ and _____ learning of discriminations, later studies have shown that it is rigid and inflexible.
A. frustration; weak
B. lasting; essential
C. rapid; strong
D. slow; tedious
```
C. rapid; strong
130
```
H6 Training in which presentation of two stimuli together as a compound results in a later tendency to generalize what is known about one of these stimuli to the other is known as:
A. consequential learning.
B. sensory preconditioning.
C. error discrimination learning.
D. integral learning.
```
B. sensory preconditioning.
131
```
H6 EXTRA CREDIT: Chloe learned that babies who cry a lot also have trouble sleeping. When she later learned that babies who have trouble sleeping tend to be highly intelligent, she inferred that babies who cry a lot are also highly intelligent. This relationship is an example of:
A. acquired equivalence.
B. sensory preconditioning.
C. discrimination training.
D. negative patterning.
```
B. sensory preconditioning.
132
H6 Suppose one pairs a light and a tone in the first phase of a sensory preconditioning paradigm. If one then pairs just the light with a food pellet, such that the light elicits a salivation response, the tone presented alone will:
A. elicit no response.
B. elicit salivation only if the light is presented at the same time.
C. suppress salivation.
D. also elicit salivation.
D. also elicit salivation.
133
```
H6 Gavin often gets punched by Tyler, the school bully. Gavin is also afraid of Tyler's twin brother, Tristan, since Tristan looks just like Tyler. This is an example of:
A. similarity-based generalization.
B. meaning-based generalization.
C. negative patterning.
D. sensory preconditioning.
```
A. similarity-based generalization.
134
```
H6 Dylan and Aaron both enjoy foreign films. If a person later learns that Dylan also enjoys riding dirt bikes, the person may infer that Aaron also enjoys riding dirt bikes. This is an example of:
A. acquired equivalence.
B. sensory preconditioning.
C. discrimination training.
D. negative patterning.
```
A. acquired equivalence.
135
```
H6 EXTRA CREDIT: According to the text, the compound exposure in phase 1 establishes an association between the tone and light. In phase 2, the light becomes associated with the air puff, and this learning is directly transferred to the tone, too. This is referred to as:
A. similarity-based generalization.
B. meaning-based generalization.
C. acquired equivalence.
D. stimulus generalization.
```
B. meaning-based generalization.
136
```
H6 Negative patterning is difficult to learn because it requires the organism to suppress its tendency to:
A. make a motor response.
B. discriminate.
C. categorize.
D. generalize.
```
D. generalize.
137
```
H6 Aidan plays well with his brother and with his sister, but, when Aidan tries to play with both of them together, the three of them just end up arguing. This is an example of:
A. discrimination training.
B. negative patterning.
C. sensory preconditioning.
D. acquired equivalence.
```
B. negative patterning.
138
```
H6 A psychological representation of a category of objects, events, or people in the world is referred to as a:
A. concept.
B. category.
C. prototype.
D. node.
```
A. concept.
139
```
H6 A division or class of entities in the world is referred to as a:
A. concept.
B. category.
C. prototype.
D. node.
```
B. category.
140
```
H6 The central tendency of an idealized version of a concept or category is referred to as the:
A. structure.
B. category.
C. concept.
D. prototype.
```
D. prototype.
141
H6 Which statement is TRUE regarding the primary sensory cortices?
A. There is a specific cortical region dedicated to processing information from each sensory modality.
B. Each region of the cortex responds preferentially to a particular type of stimulus.
C. Neighboring cortical regions respond to similar stimuli.
D. All of the statements are true.
D. All of the statements are true.
142
H6 If one lesions the primary auditory cortex of a cat, the cat will:
A. not be able to respond to any tones.
B. be able to respond only to a particular tone.
C. not be able to discriminate between different tones.
D. not be able to generalize different tones.
C. not be able to discriminate between different tones.
143
```
H6 Damage to the basal forebrain can cause what type of disorder?
A. dissociative fugue
B. anterograde amnesia
C. retrograde amnesia
D. cortical remapping
```
B. anterograde amnesia
144
```
H6 _____ is a neurotransmitter that has many functions in the brain, including the promotion of neural plasticity.
A. Acetylcholine
B. The nucleus basalis
C. The amygdala
D. Serotonin
```
A. Acetylcholine
145
```
H6 The hippocampus and associated brain regions, including the entorhinal cortex and dentate gyrus, are known as the:
A. amygdala.
B. hippocampal region.
C. parahippocampal region.
D. perirhinal cortex.
```
B. hippocampal region.
146
```
H6 The medial surface of the temporal lobe that contains the hippocampus, the amygdala, and other structures important for memory is referred to as the:
A. medial temporal lobe.
B. hippocampal region.
C. parahippocampal region.
D. perirhinal cortex.
```
A. medial temporal lobe.
147
H6 Suppose a person lesions the hippocampus of a rabbit. The person presents a blue light and a yellow light together for several trials, and then presents just the yellow light followed by a shock until the rabbit is startled by the yellow light alone. How will the lesioned rabbit respond if the person now presents just the blue light?
A. It will startle to the blue light, but not as strongly as it does to the yellow light.
B. It will startle just as strongly to the blue light as it does to the yellow light.
C. It will startle even more strongly to the blue light than it does to the yellow light.
D. It will not startle to the blue light at all.
D. It will not startle to the blue light at all.
148
H6 Lesions of the hippocampal region lead to:
A. enhanced acquired equivalence.
B. impaired acquired equivalence.
C. increased generalization between stimuli that have co-occurred in the past.
D. enhanced latent inhibition.
B. impaired acquired equivalence.
149
H6 Gluck and Myers have proposed a model of the hippocampal region in which the hippocampus:
A. compresses useful or predictive information.
B. expands redundant or unimportant information.
C. stores the stimulusñresponse associations that control motor outputs.
D. selects what information enters the memory and how it is to be encoded.
D. selects what information enters the memory and how it is to be encoded.
150
H6 According to Gluck and Myers' model, the hippocampal region should be MOST active:
A. throughout training.
B. at the end of training.
C. early in training.
D. after an association has been learned.
C. early in training.
151
H6 Which characteristic is seen in people with schizophrenia?
A. increased activity in the hippocampus
B. smaller volume of the hippocampus
C. normal shape of the hippocampus
D. overgeneralization of learned associations
B. smaller volume of the hippocampus
152
H6 On an acquired-equivalence task, people with schizophrenia:
A. perform as well as controls but take more time.
B. cannot perform any part of the task.
C. perform normally only in the third phase.
D. can learn the initial discrimination but cannot generalize in the third phase.
D. can learn the initial discrimination but cannot generalize in the third phase.
153
H6 EXTRA CREDIT: In people with schizophrenia, antipsychotic medications appear to:
A. remove the enhanced acquired-equivalence effects that are normally present.
B. increase even more the enhanced acquired-equivalence effects that are normally present.
C. remove some of the acquired-equivalence deficits.
D. increase some of the acquired-equivalence deficits.
C. remove some of the acquired-equivalence deficits.
154
```
H6 _____ is a tendency to ignore information that conflicts with prior belief and focus on information that is consistent with that belief.
A. Discrimination
B. Stereotypes
C. Confirmation bias
D. Racism
```
C. Confirmation bias
155
H6 Which statement is TRUE of stereotypes?
A. They are problematic mainly when they are not applied rigidly enough.
B. They are rarely useful for guiding behavior.
C. They reflect one's basic tendency to generalize in order to predict future events.
D. All of the statements are true.
C. They reflect one's basic tendency to generalize in order to predict future events.
156
```
H6 _____ and _____ are fundamental tools for one's survival.
A. Discrimination; stereotypes
B. Generalization; categorization
C. Confirmation bias; risk association
D. Racism; concept formation
```
B. Generalization; categorization
157
```
H6 _____ is a set of beliefs about the attributes of the members of a group.
A. Discrimination
B. Stereotype
C. Confirmation bias
D. Racism
```
B. Stereotype
158
```
H3 The Milwaukee police noticed a putrid smell in Jeffrey Dahmer's apartment. But because they had experienced many smelly apartments in the past, they did not investigate the source of the smell. This is an example of:
A. sensitization.
B. habituation.
C. perceptual learning.
D. priming.
```
B. habituation.
159
```
H3 Suppose a person never buys eggs because he doesn't like them. One weekend, he has guests who love eggs, and so he decides to buy some at the store. Even though he has never bought eggs at this store, he knows exactly where they are in the store from all the times he has shopped there before. The fact that he has learned where the eggs are during those past trips is an example of:
A. sensitization.
B. habituation.
C. perceptual learning.
D. latent learning.
```
D. latent learning.
160
```
H3 A decrease in the strength or occurrence of a behavior after repeated exposure to the stimulus that produces the behavior is called:
A. sensitization.
B. habituation.
C. perceptual learning.
D. priming.
```
B. habituation.
161
```
H3 When Michelle and Patrick met, she was bothered by his height, but after 15 years of marriage she barely notices it anymore. This is an example of:
A. habituation.
B. sensitization.
C. priming.
D. dishabituation.
```
A. habituation
162
H3 Which statement is an example of habituation?
A. If one has seen a particular person before, it is easier to remember that person's physical features.
B. On a long car trip, one's brother keeps kicking the back of one's seat. It becomes progressively more bothersome.
C. When one first enters a bakery, one notices all of the wonderful smells, but after a few minutes it is unnoticed.
D. At a scary movie, a person screams as a monster jumps out suddenly. From then on, every little movement someone or something makes in the film seems frightening.
C. When one first enters a bakery, one notices all of the wonderful smells, but after a few minutes it is unnoticed.
163
```
H3 If a loud noise is presented repeatedly to a rat, the rat's acoustic startle reflex will:
A. increase.
B. decrease.
C. decrease and then increase.
D. stay the same.
```
B. decrease.
164
```
H3 Jessie is lying down when suddenly a firefly moves across her room. It disappears after 10 seconds. When it reappears, she stares at it again. The duration of time in which she looks at it is known as:
A. an orienting response.
B. latent learning.
C. fixation time
D. sensory identification.
```
C. fixation time
165
H3 Habituation to a stimulus:
A. can carry risks.
B. occurs only in animals that have brains.
C. usually involves an increase in the response to a stimulus.
D. lasts forever.
A. can carry risks
166
H3 Suppose a baby is presented repeatedly with the color yellow. Which statement would demonstrate that habituation is stimulus specific in this case?
A. The baby's orienting response to yellow increases, and then the baby responds vigorously to the color red.
B. The baby's orienting response to yellow increases, and then the baby has no response to the color red.
C. The baby's orienting response to yellow decreases, and then the baby responds vigorously to the color red.
D. The baby's orienting response to yellow decreases, and then the baby has no response to the color red.
C. The baby's orienting response to yellow decreases, and then the baby responds vigorously to the color red.
167
H3 Which statement has been found to be TRUE regarding sexual arousal in humans?
A. Only males habituate to sexual arousal.
B. Only females habituate to sexual arousal.
C. Females habituate more strongly than males to sexual arousal.
D. Males habituate more strongly than females to sexual arousal.
D. Males habituate more strongly than females to sexual arousal.
168
H3 If one is feeling bored with one's romantic partner, which approach would be expected to improve one's feelings by bringing about dishabituation?
A. doing something new and exciting together
B. spending time together just relaxing
C. doing more of the favorite activities together
D. downplaying the importance of the problem
A. doing something new and exciting together
169
H3 Which would be the MOST difficult to habituate to?
A. the pressure of a chair against the back
B. the accent of a foreign friend whom one has known for many years
C. the smell of just-baked cookies
D. the loud, banging sound that occurs every 5 minutes
D. the loud, banging sound that occurs every 5 minutes
170
```
H3 _____ exposure produces the fastest habituation, and _____ exposure produces the longest-lasting habituation.
A. Massed; spaced
B. Spaced; massed
C. Massed; massed
D. Spaced; spaced
```
A. Massed; spaced
171
```
H3 Susan's daughter was constantly calling "Mommy" throughout the day, until Susan eventually barely noticed her daughter's calls. The next day, when Susan's daughter called "Mommy" for the first time, Susan did hear her. This is an example of:
A. sensitization.
B. associative learning.
C. spontaneous recovery.
D. dishabituation.
```
C. spontaneous recovery.
172
```
H3 When experiences with an arousing stimulus lead to a stronger-than-normal response to a later stimulus, this is known as:
A. habituation.
B. sensitization.
C. dishabituation.
D. priming.
```
B. sensitization.
173
```
H3 If a person is nervous about climbing trees because of a tree fall in the past that resulted in a broken leg, the person may have become:
A. habituated.
B. sensitized.
C. dishabituated.
D. primed.
```
B. sensitized.
174
```
H3 James doesn't mind the smell of gas since he has worked at the gas station for 15 years. This is an example of:
A. habituation.
B. desensitization.
C. dishabituation.
D. priming.
```
B. desensitization.
175
```
H3 Which model suggests that both sensitization and habituation occur in response to every stimulus presentation, and that it is the summed combination of these two independent processes that determines the strength of responding?
A. dual process theory
B. comparator models
C. differentiation theory
D. priming theory
```
A. dual process theory
176
H3 According to dual process theory, when stimuli are highly arousing:
A. habituation processes determine the response.
B. sensitization processes determine the response.
C. habituation processes dominate on the early trials.
D. habituation processes dominate on the later trials.
B. sensitization processes determine the response.
177
```
H3 A rollercoaster ride elicits an initial feeling of fear followed by a feeling of exhilaration. After repeated experiences, the initial fear responses may become weaker, whereas the rebound responses grow stronger. This process is called _____ theory.
A. habituation
B. opponent process
C. dual process
D. emotional stability
```
B. opponent process
178
```
H3 Neophobia refers to:
A. the act of actively avoiding a novel object.
B. novel object recognition.
C. the fear of experimentation.
D. the fear of repetition.
```
A. the act of actively avoiding a novel object.
179
H3 Familiarity can be defined as:
A. the contextual framework of a situation.
B. perception of similarity that occurs from an event repetition.
C. conscious representation of an event.
D. exposure to novel object.
B. perception of similarity that occurs from an event repetition.
180
```
H3 The textbook describes a study in which blue jays were quicker and more accurate at detecting a particular species of moth if they had recently detected other members of that species. This result demonstrates:
A. habituation.
B. sensitization.
C. priming.
D. perceptual learning.
```
C. priming.
181
H3 In a word-stem completion task, people are:
A. more likely to fill in the blanks to form words they have previously seen.
B. less likely to fill in the blanks to form words they have previously seen.
C. more likely to fill in the blanks to form words they have previously seen, only if they consciously remember the words.
D. less likely to fill in the blanks to form words they have previously seen, only if they consciously remember the words.
A. more likely to fill in the blanks to form words they have previously seen.
182
```
H3 Learning in which repeated experience with a set of stimuli makes those stimuli easier to distinguish is known as:
A. habituation.
B. sensitization.
C. dishabituation.
D. perceptual learning.
```
D. perceptual learning.
183
H3 Which statement demonstrates perceptual learning?
A. People who live in a city have no trouble sleeping through all of the street noise.
B. Professional wine tasters can easily distinguish between subtly different wines.
C. A crying baby becomes increasingly more bothersome to her parents.
D. A phobic patient gets used to being around spiders during one therapy session, but is fearful again at the start of the next session.
B. Professional wine tasters can easily distinguish between subtly different wines.
184
```
H3 Rats that are exposed to circles and triangles for a month can learn to discriminate between these two shapes more quickly than rats not exposed to the shapes. This finding demonstrates:
A. learning specificity.
B. sensitization.
C. mere exposure learning.
D. priming.
```
C. mere exposure learning
185
```
H3 People are generally better at distinguishing individuals belonging to racial groups that they frequently encounter than individuals belonging to racial groups with whom they don't interact. This is an example of:
A. habituation.
B. priming.
C. mere exposure learning.
D. discrimination training.
```
C. mere exposure learning.
186
H3 In studies of rats learning to find their way through a maze, Tolman and Honzik found that rats that were:
A. rewarded every day learned the maze better than rats who started receiving rewards on day 11.
B. rewarded every day learned the maze as well as rats that were never rewarded.
C. rewarded every day learned the maze as well as rats who started receiving rewards on day 11.
D. never rewarded learned the maze better than rats who started receiving rewards on day 11.
C. rewarded every day learned the maze as well as rats who started receiving rewards on day 11.
187
H3 When rats learn to run through mazes, they:
A. make substantial use of the visual cues in the environment.
B. rely mainly on learning a sequence of motor movements.
C. rely entirely on their sense of smell to find their way to the food reward.
D. become confused if placed in a new starting position.
A. make substantial use of the visual cues in the environment.
188
H3 In Aplysia, the:
A. neural connections involved in the gill-withdrawal reflex have been well mapped out.
B. nervous system consists of just 24 neurons.
C. neurons are smaller than normal.
D. All of the answers are correct.
A. neural connections involved in the gill-withdrawal reflex have been well mapped out.
189
H3 In Aplysia, what accounts for the habituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex?
A. a decrease in the motor neuron's sensitivity to glutamate
B. an increase in the motor neuron's sensitivity to glutamate
C. a decrease in the amount of glutamate released by the sensory neuron
D. an increase in the amount of glutamate released by the sensory neuron
C. a decrease in the amount of glutamate released by the sensory neuron
190
H3 It is believed that the mechanisms of habituation documented in Aplysia occur in other species because:
A. scientists have been able to trace the entire neuronal circuit of habituation in the mammalian brain.
B. most mammals have the same number of neurons as do Aplysia.
C. repeated stimulation of sensory neurons in other species causes a reduction in neurotransmitter release.
D. All of the answers are correct.
C. repeated stimulation of sensory neurons in other species causes a reduction in neurotransmitter release.
191
```
H3 Sensitization is demonstrated in Aplysia when, after shocking the _____, touching the siphon causes a _____ gill-withdrawal reflex.
A. siphon; strengthened
B. tail; strengthened
C. siphon; weakened
D. tail; weakened
```
B. tail; strengthened
192
```
H3 Touching a patch of skin on the hand causes a particular neuron in the brain to fire. That particular patch of skin would be part of the neuron's:
A. homunculus.
B. receptive field.
C. priming field.
D. sensitization zone.
```
B. receptive field.
193
```
H3 Cortical neurons that are physically close together are tuned to similar stimulus features. This is known as:
A. a homunculus.
B. the sensory zone.
C. the receptive field of a neuron.
D. a topographic map.
```
D. a topographic map.
194
```
H3 The capacity for cortical receptive fields and cortical spatial organization to change as a result of experience is called:
A. perceptual learning.
B. cortical plasticity.
C. heterosynaptic learning.
D. homosynaptic learning.
```
B. cortical plasticity.
195
H3 If the visual input to the cortex is cut off during development:
A. visual acuity may be permanently degraded if sight is later restored.
B. cortical neurons that normally respond to visual input will be more sharply tuned to visual stimuli.
C. areas that normally respond to tactile or auditory stimuli will begin to respond to visual stimuli.
D. the visual area of the brain will increase in size.
A. visual acuity may be permanently degraded if sight is later restored.
196
H3 Research has shown that, in the cortexes of opossums blinded at birth:
A. area X, which exists in sighted opossums, was not present.
B. the visual area was smaller than normal, while the other sensory areas were of normal size.
C. within the visual area some neurons responded to auditory or somatosensory stimuli.
D. there were no multimodal neurons.
C. within the visual area some neurons responded to auditory or somatosensory stimuli.
197
H3 Neurons in the sensory cortices can:
A. be retuned in adults.
B. be retuned only in children.
C. take several months to become retuned.
D. be retuned only in situations involving drastic sensory deprivation.
A. be retuned in adults.
198
```
H3 Studies involving repeated presentation of two simultaneous touches on the finger have shown that the ability to discriminate the positions of the two touches:
A. stays the same.
B. improves.
C. gets worse.
D. improves, but only in children.
```
B. improves.
199
H3 The hippocampus:
A. has not received much attention in learning and memory research.
B. is known to exist only in primates and rodents.
C. is much larger in birds than in rodents.
D. lies just beneath the temporal lobe in primates.
D. lies just beneath the temporal lobe in primates.
200
```
H3 A neuron that responds only when a rat is in a particular location is called a _____, and the preferred location is called the _____.
A. place cell; place field
B. place cell; receptive field
C. place field; receptive field
D. receptive field; place cell
```
A. place cell; place field
201
H3 The behavior of rats navigating three-arm mazes before and after the mazes are rotated demonstrates that:
A. rats cannot navigate mazes when the mazes are rotated.
B. place cells do not respond when mazes are rotated.
C. place cell responses are based on visual cues in the environment.
D. visual cues are not important in navigation of mazes.
C. place cell responses are based on visual cues in the environment.
202
H3 The ability of rats to learn spatial layout declines when:
A. place fields shrink.
B. place cells become more selective.
C. place fields are prevented from shrinking.
D. place cells are active.
C. place fields are prevented from shrinking.
203
H3 Rats with hippocampal damage are impaired in the ability to:
A. recognize objects if the context and position of the objects are integrated.
B. navigate but not in the ability to recognize objects.
C. recognize objects in nearly all situations.
D. recognize objects that the rats had experienced just a few times.
A. recognize objects if the context and position of the objects are integrated.
204
```
H3 A stroke is:
A. when blood flow to a region of the brain stops.
B. a failure in the heart.
C. a heart attack.
D. None of the answers is correct.
```
A. when blood flow to a region of the brain stops.
205
H3 Which statement is TRUE regarding the use of constraint-induced movement therapy to treat learned non-use?
A. It exploits mechanisms of cortical plasticity.
B. It is less effective than encouraging people to use their affected limb.
C. It helps muscles to recover but has little effect on brain activity.
D. It is used when motor control is lost but sensation is retained.
A. It exploits mechanisms of cortical plasticity.
206
```
H3 In some situations, arousal can have severe consequences. In the most severe cases, a single highly emotional event can lead to life-long amplification of emotional responses to a wide range of stimuli. This is referred to as:
A. generalized anxiety.
B. post traumatic stress disorder.
C. depression.
D. phobias.
```
B. post traumatic stress disorder.
207
```
H3 Repeated exposures to high stress levels during development, for example, can increase chances for depression later in life and also puts children at risk of developing anxiety disorders such as:
A. depression.
B. post traumatic stress disorder.
C. bipolar disorder.
D. obsessive compulsive disorder.
```
D. obsessive compulsive disorder.
208
H3 A sensory prosthesis is:
A. a therapeutic technique used to assist stroke victims who have lost sensory input from parts of their bodies.
B. a mechanical device containing sensory detectors that interface with appropriate sensory areas of the brain.
C. an inability to identify location or to find one's way around the environment.
D. the area of space to which a place cell responds.
B. a mechanical device containing sensory detectors that interface with appropriate sensory areas of the brain.
209
H3 Cochlear implants:
A. work by amplifying external sounds.
B. cause slow, gradual improvement in speech perception during the initial months.
C. generate virtual sounds that are nearly identical to normal speech sounds.
D. lead to reorganization of the auditory cortex in cats.
D. lead to reorganization of the auditory cortex in cats.
