Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

inhibitory cells in horns of spinal cord
enhance fluidity of limb movement

sensory neurons
anterior motor neurons
interneurons
renshaw cells

A

renshaw cells

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2
Q

most numerous of the neurons
responsible for most of spinal cord integrative function

sensory neurons
anterior motor neurons
interneurons
renshaw cells

A

interneurons

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3
Q

neurotransmitter of UMN to LMN

GABA
acetylcholine
epinephrine
glutamate
glycine
A

glutamate

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4
Q

lower motor neurons terminate at effectors with _______ as neurotransmitter

GABA
acetylcholine
epinephrine
glutamate
glycine
A

acetylcholine

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5
Q

cranial nerves are unique ______

UMN
LMN

A

LMN

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6
Q

interneurons are mostly inhibitory, using ______ as the neurotransmitter

GABA
acetylcholine
epinephrine
glutamate
glycine
A

GABA

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7
Q

renshaw cells are inhibitory cells using ______ as the neurotransmitter

GABA
acetylcholine
epinephrine
glutamate
glycine
A

glycine

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8
Q

inhibit antagonist muscle

Ia inhibitory interneurons
Ib inhibitory interneurons

A

Ia

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9
Q

responsible for smooth contraction and protects muscle from tears

Ia inhibitory interneurons
Ib inhibitory interneurons

A

Ib

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10
Q

detect both dynamic and static changes in muscle length

muscle spindle (group Ia and II afferents)
golgi tendon organ (group Ib afferents)
pacinian corpuscles (group II afferents)
free nerve endings (groups III and IV afferents)
A

muscle spindle

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11
Q

detect vibration

muscle spindle (group Ia and II afferents)
golgi tendon organ (group Ib afferents)
pacinian corpuscles (group II afferents)
free nerve endings (groups III and IV afferents)
A

pacinian

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12
Q

detect noxious stimuli

muscle spindle (group Ia and II afferents)
golgi tendon organ (group Ib afferents)
pacinian corpuscles (group II afferents)
free nerve endings (groups III and IV afferents)
A

free nerve endings

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13
Q

detect muscle tension
prevents tears

muscle spindle (group Ia and II afferents)
golgi tendon organ (group Ib afferents)
pacinian corpuscles (group II afferents)
free nerve endings (groups III and IV afferents)
A

golgi tendon organ

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14
Q

somatic/myelinated fibers

A
B
C

A

A

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15
Q

lightly myelinated fibers
preganglionic fibers of ANS

A
B
C

A

B

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16
Q

unmyelinated
found in somatic and autonomic systems

A
B
C

A

C

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17
Q

which of the A nerve fiber types is largest?

alpha
beta
delta
gamma

A

alpha

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18
Q

sensory group _____ afferents send signal to excitatory interneurons that send ipsilateral and contralateral signals

I
II
III
IV
V
A

III

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19
Q

innervated by group Ia and II afferents

muscle spindle
golgi tendon organ
pacinian corpuscles
free nerve endings

A

muscle spindle

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20
Q

innervated by only group Ib afferents

muscle spindle
golgi tendon organ
pacinian corpuscles
free nerve endings

A

golgi tendon organ

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21
Q

innervated by only group II afferents

muscle spindle
golgi tendon organ
pacinian corpuscles
free nerve endings

A

pacinian corpuscles

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22
Q

innervated by group III and IV afferents

muscle spindle
golgi tendon organ
pacinian corpuscles
free nerve endings

A

free nerve endings

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23
Q

t/f

intrafusal fibers of the muscle spindle are contractile

A

f

intrafusal fibers are sensory only

24
Q

detect static change in muscle length
innervated by group II afferents

nuclear bag fibers
nuclear chain fibers

A

nuclear chain

25
Q

detect rate of change in muscle length
innervated by group Ia afferents

nuclear bag fibers
nuclear chain fibers

A

nuclear bag

26
Q

alpha and gamma motor neurons use which neurotransmitter?

GABA
acetylcholine
epinephrine
glutamate
glycine
A

acetylcholine

27
Q

innervates intrafusal fibers
keeps muscle spindles taut

alpha motor neuron
gamma motor neuron

A

gamma motor neuron

28
Q

what would result from improper muscle spindle function?

A

spastic muscle contraction

29
Q

adjusts sensitivity of muscle spindle

alpha motor neuron
gamma motor neuron

A

gamma motor neuron

30
Q

supply small intrafusal fibers in middle of muscle spindle

gamma dynamic
gamma static
A-gamma

A

a-gamma

31
Q

excite nuclear bag intrafusal fibers

gamma dynamic
gamma static
A-gamma

A

gamma dynamic

32
Q

excite nuclear chain intrafusal fibers

gamma dynamic
gamma static
A-gamma

A

gamma static

33
Q

opposes sudden changes to muscle length
transmitted by primary (Ia) nerve endings only

dynamic stretch reflex
static reflex

A

dynamic

34
Q

causes degree of muscle contraction to remain relatively constant
transmitted by both primary (Ia) and secondary (II) nerve endings

dynamic stretch reflex
static reflex

A

static reflex

35
Q

upper motor neurons that decussate in the pyramids form the _____

anterior corticospinal tract
posterior corticospinal tract
medial corticospinal tract
lateral corticospinal tract

A

lateral corticospinal tract

36
Q

upper motor neurons that DO NOT decussate in the pyramids form the _____

anterior corticospinal tract
posterior corticospinal tract
medial corticospinal tract
lateral corticospinal tract

A

anterior corticospinal tract

37
Q

innervate postural and girdle muscles

medial activation system
lateral activation system
nonspecific activation system

A

medial

38
Q

associated with distally located muscles used for fine movements

medial activation system
lateral activation system
nonspecific activation system

A

lateral

39
Q

facilitate local reflex arcs

medial activation system
lateral activation system
nonspecific activation system

A

nonspecific

40
Q

arrange the pathway of the corticospinal tract in order

medullary pyramids
lateral columns of the spinal cord
internal capsule
site of origin
cross in lower medulla
A
site of origin
internal capsule
medullary pyramids
cross in lower medulla
lateral columns of the spinal cord
41
Q

supply all levels of spinal cord

anterior corticospinal tract
posterior corticospinal tract
medial corticospinal tract
lateral corticospinal tract

A

lateral

42
Q

supply neck and upper limbs

anterior corticospinal tract
posterior corticospinal tract
medial corticospinal tract
lateral corticospinal tract

A

anterior

43
Q

t/f

lesions on either the pyramidal or extrapyramidal tracts will cause complete paralysis?

A

false

44
Q

which one of these tracts may not even exist?

rubrospinal
vestibulospinal
reticulospinal
olivospinal
corticospinal
A

olivospinal

45
Q

t/f

stimulation of red nucleus results in stimulation of flexors and inhibition of extensors

A

true

46
Q

tract responsible for large muscle movement

rubrospinal
vestibulospinal
reticulospinal
olivospinal
corticospinal
A

rubrospinal

47
Q

lesion of this tract could result in intentional tremors similar to cerebellar lesions

rubrospinal
vestibulospinal
reticulospinal
olivospinal
corticospinal
A

rubrospinal

48
Q

main goal is to maintain balance/upright position

rubrospinal
vestibulospinal
reticulospinal
olivospinal
corticospinal
A

vestibulospinal

49
Q

paralysis of extensor muscles/lack of ability to maintain upright posture might indicate a lesion of which tract?

rubrospinal
vestibulospinal
reticulospinal
olivospinal
corticospinal
A

vestibulospinal

50
Q

controls activity of both alpha and gamma motor neurons (in the muscle spindle)

rubrospinal
vestibulospinal
reticulospinal
olivospinal
corticospinal
A

reticulospinal

51
Q

can modulate pain information

rubrospinal
vestibulospinal
reticulospinal
olivospinal
corticospinal
A

reticulospinal

52
Q

t/f

the pontine reticulospinal tract is in the lateral column

A

false

anterior

53
Q

t/f

the medullary reticulospinal tract is in the lateral column

A

true

54
Q

stimulatory effect on both extensors and flexors but especially extensors

pontine reticular nuclei
medullary reticular nuclei

A

pontine

55
Q

inhibitory effect on both extensors and flexors but especially extensors

pontine reticular nuclei
medullary reticular nuclei

A

medullary