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Bio 305 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The male sperm process

A 
Testis / seminiferous tubles 
⬇️
Epididymis
⬇️
Vas deferenus / ductus deferns
⬇️
Ejaculatory duct 
⬇️
Urethra
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2
Q

Male process of aim to fertilization

A 
Testis / seminiferous tubles 
⬇️
Epididymis
⬇️
Vas deferenus / ductus deferns
⬇️
Ejaculatory duct 
⬇️
Urethra 
⬇️
Vagina 
⬇️
Cervix
⬇️
Uterus 
⬇️ 
Uterine tube / oviduct
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3
Q

Cleavage

A 
• period of frequent miotic divisions 
ZYGOTE 
⬇️.  Mitosis 
BLASTOMERES (early cells) formed through mitosis 
⬇️
Morula (solid ball of 16+ cells) 
⬇️
Blastocyst (hallow ball of cells)
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4
Q

What’s blastocyst

A
  • differentiation of cells
  • 2 parts
  • inner cell mass (ICM)
  • forms embryo
  • trophoblast
  • forms placenta
  • secretes human chronic gonadotropin (HCG)
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5
Q

HCG

A

Key player in letting the body know that development going to start (to let the body know that one pregnant) fertilization happens
- communication w/ corpus luteum produces progesterone to support pregnancy
• tells corpus luteum to keep the hormones going cuz fertilization happen
- can find out in 8 days blood ; cuz HCG rise faster in blood stream than in urine
* takes 1 week when fertilization occurs

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6
Q

Implantation

A
  • Blastocyst implants on endometrium

- Occurs in 7 days

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7
Q

Implantation

A
  • Blastocyst digests the mucous layer

- Endometrium grows over it

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8
Q

Gastrulation

A

Week 2
Primary germs layers form
ECTODERM: gonna give rise to skin, neuron, pigments ( outer layer of tissue )
MESODERM: red blood cells, kidney, cardis muscle, skeletal muscle cells
ENDODERM: middle layer of tissue , lung, panacreatic, thyroid cell
NOW A GASTRULA

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9
Q

Organogenesis

A

Formation of the organs
• germ layers begin to form distinct organs ( 3rd week )

Primitive streak along back of the embryo
⬇️
Notochord, neural tube, heart, limbs, & digestive ( rise of central nerve system like spinal cord)
⬇️
All the organs have begun to develop 8 weeks - fetus

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10
Q

1st Trimester week 1-12

A
  • heart beat detectable around 3rd week ( the heart not yet function can detect its starting to form but not yet capable to function properly)
  • sexual differentiation begins

• at the end :
- all organs present & function to some degree

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11
Q

2nd trimester week 13-36

A
  • 3rd & 4th month: Muscle forms
  • at the end of 4th month: heart pumping blood
  • week 16- 20 gender can be determined by ultrasound
  • 5th month : eyes are opened ( can see light & follow light )
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12
Q

3rd Trimester

A

•7th month: significant brain growth
•8 th month: gaining fat
- digestive & respiratory systems last to develop

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13
Q

Extrambryonic membranes

A

•Allantois
• Yolk Sac
• Amniotic Sac
Water break is the embryonic sac like the fluid of the amniotic sac
- chronic vill
Forms in 3rd week
Extensions from chorion onto the uterine wall ( fingerlike extensions )
Used exchange nutrients & wastes
( extending off the placenta )

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14
Q

What is Allantois?

A

Gives rise to blood vessels in umbilical cord

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15
Q

What is Yolk Sac ?

A

Manufactures blood cells

- shrinks by the end of embryonic period

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16
Q

What is Amniotic Sac ?

A

Inner membrane

  • Cushions ( protective membrane like bubble wrap)
  • Maintains temperature
  • Contains fluid, urine, & cells
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17
Q

Placenta

A

Fully formed by 10th week
Arises from the trophoblast
Secretes hormones to support pregnancy

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18
Q

Umbilical cord

A

Connects fetus to placenta

Belly button is embyiocial scar

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19
Q

Process of giving birth

A

First stage of labor
- Early active labor
• Active labor: when cervix is stretching, opening, contractions frequently
• Translation: ( 8-9 min of cervix opening up contractions become closer )
- Second Stage is expulsion
• when the head comes out first, to avoid tangle from umbilical cord
- Third Stage is placenta separating from wall of uterus
• placenta has to be left out of the women body separation of the placenta

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20
Q

Dizygotic Twins ( Fraternal)

A
  • Arise from 2 fertilized ova
    2 eggs, 2 sperms; come from 2 sets of egg & 2 sperm
  • same genetic relationships as 2 siblings
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21
Q

Monozygotic Twins ( Identical )

A
  • 1 single egg by 1 sperm
  • Arises from a single fertilized Ovum
  • Embryo splits early during development
  • Twins may share supportive structures
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22
Q

Fertilization

A

Occurs in the oviducts
Must occur in 12-24 hrs after ovulation
Takes sperm 30min - 2hr to reach
Speed can survive 3-5 days

23
Q

Ovulation

A

Release of oocyte & support cells from ovary
• Triggered by spike in luteinizing hormone ( L H )
• women are born w/ 1 mill primary oocytes
( paused during Prophase 1 ) 400,000 remain at puberty
• a handful will restart mitosis every month
• one secondary oocyte in metaphase 2 will be released
• Empty follicles become CORPUS LUTEUM
- Manufacturers hormones necessary for pregnancy

24
Q

Oogenesis

A
  • egg of female process
    Only produces 1 gamate egg polar body produced in meiosis 1 ( polar bodies incomplete cells contain genetic info)
  • discontinuous process
  • begins meiosis when a fetus
    • oocyte arrest at Prophase 1 until puberty
  • After puberty, meiosis 1 continues in one or several oocytes each month but halts again at metaphase 2
  • meiosis is only completed if the ovum is fertilized
25
Q

Spermatogenesis

A
  • The formation of sperm

- Mitosis one of those cells go on to mitosis while the other goes back to replace the origin

26
Q

What are the sperm function names

A

Tail
Midpiece / neck
Head / nucleus
Acrosome

27
Q

What’s the function of the male tail?

A

Flaggera function to help move

28
Q

What’s the function of the midpiece / neck ?

A

Function DNA mitochondria power to move

29
Q

What’s the function of the head / nucleus ??

A

Contains 23 chromosomes

30
Q

What’s the functions of the Acrosome ?

A

Contains enzyme w/ fusing of egg & combing chromosomes

31
Q

What is the sperm influence by ?

A
  • Sperm influence by temperature

- it’s takes 72 days for sperm to be mature

32
Q

Female reproduction UTERUS

A

Has a thick wall for when fetus is & where the baby forms & ; stretches out

33
Q

Female reproduction ENDOMETRIUM

A

Blood rich tissue layer in the inner layer thickness is tied to ( the relation of ovulation )
* the release of menstruation when pregnancy doesn’t occur ( tissue thickens & then detaches menstruation )

34
Q

Female Reproduction CERVIX

A

Opening connect of Viginia & uterus ( opening size of a dot )
- has to accomulate great to the (labor )

35
Q

Female Reproduction VAGINAL

A

What’s used for intercourse where speed has to go through. Passageway of menstruation.
- the vaginal wall is stretchy for the size of the guy penis & for the baby to come out.
- vaginal acid environment is a protection in the female system
• to protect female from infections
• home to natural bacteria vaginal flora and ex can survive in the vagina acidic environment
• yeast & bacteria live in a nice balance & protect the vagina for no bad bacteria

36
Q

Female Reproduction URETHRA

A

Just passes urine

37
Q

Female Reproduction CLITORIS

A

Stimulation & arouse & penation

38
Q

Female Reproduction OVARY

A

Are held by by fimbria which Frimbriae finger like and surround the ovary and when the egg comes out it try’s to catch it

39
Q

Female Reproduction FIMBRIAE

A

Fingerlike projection of Fallopian tubes in which surrounds the egg from the ovaries through uterus

40
Q

Identify the stages of birth to fetal stage

A 
Gametes
⬇️
Zygote 
⬇️
Blastomeres 
⬇️
Morula 
⬇️
Blastocyst 
⬇️ 
Gastrula 
⬇️
Organogenesis
⬇️
Fetus
41
Q

Process of female fetus

A 
Inherit an X from Dad and X from mom 
⬇️
DAX 1 & Wnt 4 genes are expressed 
⬇️
No testis - determining factor produced 
⬇️
Gonads become the ovaries 
⬇️
No anti Müllerian ducts develop 
⬇️
No/ very little testosterone production 
⬇️
External Structures develop into labis, Clitoris, etc.
42
Q

Process of Male fetus

A 
Inherit Y from dad and X from mom 
⬇️
SRY is expressed 
⬇️
Testis- determing factor produced 
⬇️
Gonads become the tests 
⬇️
Anti- Mullerian hormone 
⬇️
Müllerian ducts degenerate/ Wolffian ducts develop 
⬇️
Testosterone produced and converted to DHT 
⬇️
External structures develop into penis, scroteum etc.
43
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

The failure of chromosomes to separate normally during meiosis 1 or 2

Produces gametes within

  • extra chromosomes
  • Missing Chromosomes
44
Q

What’s aneuploidy

A

Cells with extra or missing chromosomes

45
Q

Trisomy 18

A

Edwards syndrome

Most due to nondisjunction in meiosis 2 in oocyte and do not survive

Serious mental & physically disabilities

A distinctive feature: oddly- clenched fists

Either parent; most likely mom

46
Q

Trisonomy 13

A

Patau Syndrome

Very rare and generally do not survive 6 months

Serious mental & physical disabilities

A distinctive feature: Eye fusion

47
Q

Turner syndrome

A

-X0

Missing the second chromosomes

1 in 2,500 female births

Features include short stature, webbing at back of neck, incomplete, sexual development (infertile)

Either parent responsible

48
Q

Klinefeiter Syndrome

A

-xxy
1 in 500 male births

Phenotype include:
Incomplete sexual development 
Long limbs, large hands, & feet 
Some breast tissue development 
     * occurs when hitting puberty 
Some don't show until fertility issues

Either parents are responsible

49
Q

XXYY Syndrome

A

Likely arises due to unusual oocyte & sperm

More several problems than Klinefeiter’s

ADD , obsessive compulsive disorder, learning disabilities

Individuals are infertile

50
Q

XYY Syndrome

A

Jacobs Syndrome

1 in 1000 male births

96% are phenotypically normal

Modest phenotypes may include great height, acne, speech & reading disability

Male responsible

51
Q

Chromosomal structure abnormalities

A

Deletion
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation ( not homologous pair)

52
Q

Triplo - X

A

XXX

1 in 1,000 female births

Tallness, menstrual, irregularities, & slight impact on intelligence

Either parent responsible

53
Q

Trisomy 21 Down syndrome

A

Most come trisomy among newborns

Distinctive facial & physical problems

Varying degrees of developmental disabilities

Risk is increases w/ a turn all age

Can occur w/ male; more likely female

Either parent responsible

Bio 305 (1 decks)

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