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Bio psychology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

A- lions and K+ lions have _____ concentration inside the axon

A

Higher

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2
Q

CI- ions and Na+ ions are more concentrated ______ the axon

A

Outside

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3
Q

Inside the cell

A

Intracellular

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4
Q

Extracellular

A

Outside the cell

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5
Q

_______ can be produced by an influx of sodium ions and is produced by the opening of normally closed gates sodium channels

A

Depolarization

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6
Q

Large, brief reversal in polarity of an axon and lasts one millisecond

A

Action Potential

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7
Q

Voltage on a neural membrane at which an action potential is triggered via opening of the Na+ and K+ voltage sensitive channels

A

Threshold potential

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8
Q

The state of an axon in the polarizing period when an action potential cannot typically occur

A

Absolute Refractory Period

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9
Q

Increased electrical current is required to produce another action potential, potassium channels still open

A

Relative Refractory Period

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10
Q

Propagation of an action potential on the membrane of an axon. Size and shape of the action potential remain constant along the axon

A

Nerve impulse

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11
Q

Part of the axon that is not covered by myelin

A

Node of Ranvier

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12
Q

Propagation of an action potential at successive nodes of ranvier

A

Saltatory Conduction

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13
Q

how neurons integrate information

A

through dendritic spines, a neuron can establish more than 50,000 connections to other neurons.

Nerve impulses traveling from other neurons bombard the receiving neuron with all manner of inputs (excitatory and inhibitory)

The cell body, located between the dendritic tree and its axon, can receive inputs from many other neurons

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14
Q

Brief depolarization of a neuron membrane in response to stimulation. Neuron is more likely to produce an action potential

A

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

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15
Q

Brief hyperpolarization of a neuron membrane in response to stimulation–Neuron is less likely to produce an action potential

A

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

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16
Q

______ are associated with the opening of sodium channels: allows influx of Na+

A

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

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17
Q

______ are associated with the opening of potassium channels (allows an influx of K+) or with the opening of chloride channels (allows an influx of Cl−)

A

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

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18
Q

Pulses that occur at approximately the same time on a membrane are summed

A

Temporal Summation

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19
Q

Pulses that occur at approximately the same location on a membrane are summed

A

Spatial Summation

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20
Q

Junction of cell body and axon. Rich in voltage-sensitive channels. Where EPSPs and IPSPs are integrated. Where action potentials are initiated

A

The Axon Hillock

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21
Q

Reverse movement of an action potential from the axon hillock into the dendritic field

A

Back Propagation

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22
Q

How Sensory Stimuli Produce Action Potentials

A

We receive information about the world through–bodily sensations (touch and balance)–auditory sensations (hearing)–visual sensations (sight)–chemical sensations (taste and olfaction)•Neurons related to these diverse receptors all have ion channels on their cell membranes.•These ion channels initiate the chain of events that produces a nerve impulse

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23
Q

part of the muscle membrane that is contacted by the axon terminal

A

End Plate

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24
Q

Chemical transmitter that the axon terminal releases at the muscle end plate

A

Acetylcholine

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25
Q

NT that acts as a hormone to allow fight or flight during times of stress and as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system

A

Epinephrine (EP, or adrenaline)

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26
Q

Chemical released by a neuron onto a target with an excitatory or inhibitory effect

A

Neurotransmitter

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27
Q

The junction where messenger molecules (neurotransmitters) are released from one neuron to excite or inhibit the next neuron

A

Chemical Synapse

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28
Q

Where the action potential terminates to release the chemical message

A

Presynaptic Membrane (axon terminal)

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29
Q

The receiving side of the chemical message; EPSPs or IPSPs are generated

A

Postsynaptic Membrane (dendritic spine)

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30
Q

Small gap where the chemical travels from presynaptic to postsynaptic membrane

A

Synaptic Cleft (space between)

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31
Q

Small membrane-bound spheres that contain the neurotransmitter(s)

A

Synaptic Vesicle (presynaptic)

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32
Q

Membranous compartment that holds several vesicles containing the neurotransmitter(s)

A

Storage granule (presynaptic)

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33
Q

Site to which a neurotransmitter molecule binds

A

Postsynaptic receptor (postsynaptic)

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34
Q

Study of the ways drugs affect the nervous system and behavior

A

Psychopharmacology

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35
Q

Chemical compounds administered to produce a desired change

A

Drugs

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36
Q

Substance that acts to alter mood, thought, or behavior, used to manage neuropsychological illness

A

Psychoactive Drug

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37
Q

How the Body Eliminates Drugs

A

Drugs are broken down (catabolized) in the kidneys, liver, and intestines.
Drugs are excreted in urine, feces, sweat, breast milk, and exhaled air.
Some substances that cannot be removed may build up in the body and become toxic

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38
Q

Drug Action at Synapses

A

Most psychoactive drugs exert their effects by influencing synaptic chemical signaling

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39
Q

Substance that enhances the function of a synapse

A

Agonist

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40
Q

Substance that blocks or decreases the function of a synapse

A

Antagonist

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41
Q

Drugs affect the synaptic function via:

A

Synthesis, Packaging and storage, release, receptor interaction, inactivation by reuptake, degradation

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42
Q

When a response to a drug weakens with repeated use.

A

Tolerance

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43
Q

Increase in number of enzymes in the liver, blood, or brain used to break down a substance

A

Metabolic tolerance

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44
Q

Activities of brain cells adjust to minimize effects of the substance

A

Cellular tolerance

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45
Q

People learn to cope with being intoxicated. Context can be powerful: tolerance levels higher for places where drug is typically taken.

A

Learned tolerance

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46
Q

Increased effects from the drug from successive doses.

A

Sensitization

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47
Q

Most drugs that have psychoactive effects influence chemical reactions at neuronal ____.

A

synapses

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48
Q

People have been using drugs for therapeutic and recreational reasons throughout history

A

Psychoactive Drugs

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49
Q

The most widely consumed psychoactive drug, caffeine

A

Adenosinergic

50
Q

Nicotine is found in the leaves of the tobacco plant.

A

Cholinergic

51
Q

At low doses, ______ agonists reduce anxiety; at medium doses, they sedate; at high doses, they anesthetize or induce coma

A

GABAergic

52
Q

The _________ system has several receptors, such as NMDA, AMPA, and kainite

A

glutamatergic

53
Q

Dopamine agonists that are used recreationally: Cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine. Dopamine agonists that are medically prescribed: Dextroamphetamine (Adderall), methylphenidate (Ritalin), L-dopa

A

Dopaminergic

54
Q

Some _________ agonists are medically prescribed for the treatment of major depression.

A

Serotonergic

55
Q

Any endogenous or exogenous compound that binds to opioid receptors to produce morphine-like effects. Includes codeine, morphine, heroin, oxycodone, fentanyl.

A

Opioidergic

56
Q

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is one of 84 ________ and the main psychoactive constituent in cannabis

A

Cannabinergic

57
Q

Drugs prescribed for depression primarily exert their effect on the _____ system.

A

serotonergic

58
Q

Alcohol has a selective depressant effect on the cortex (the region of the brain that controls judgment), while sparing subcortical structures (areas responsible for more primitive instincts, such as desire). “Too drunk to know better”

A

Disinhibition theory

59
Q

Behavior under the influence of alcohol often differs with the context.

A

Limitation

60
Q

Behavior under the effects of alcohol is _____

A

Learned

61
Q

Under the influence of alcohol, people respond to a restricted set of immediate and prominent cues and ignore more remote cues and potential consequences

A

Behavioral Myopia

62
Q

A pattern of drug use in which people rely on a drug chronically and excessively, allowing it to occupy a central place in their life

A

Substance Abuse

63
Q

A complex brain disorder characterized by escalation, compulsive drug taking, and relapse; called substance use disorder per the DSM-5

A

Addiction

64
Q

Physical and psychological behavior displayed by an addict when drug use ends

A

Withdrawl

65
Q

Increased behavioral and cognitive activity so that at certain levels of consumption, the drug user feels energetic and in control

A

Psychomotor activation

66
Q

______ are associated with an increased risk of drug initiation and drug addiction. Can include emotional, physical, and sexual abuse or neglect, among other experiences

A

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)

67
Q

Females are ____ as sensitive to drugs as males, on average.

A

twice

68
Q

Who is more likley to abuse nicotine, alcohol, cocaine, amphetamine, opioids, cannabinoids, caffeine, and PCP.

A

Women

69
Q

habitual drug users initially experience pleasure but then endure psychological and physiological withdrawal symptoms as the drug wears off

A

Pleasure and Dependence

70
Q

Wanting (craving) and liking (pleasure) may be produced by different parts of the brain

A

Wanting-and-liking Theory

71
Q

Decision to take a drug is made in the _________

A

frontal cortex

72
Q

Wanting drugs springs from activity in the ____ system

A

dopaminergic

73
Q

The two most used drugs, ____ and ____, are legal.

A

Alcohol and Tobacco

74
Q

Many substances, even natural ones such as glutamate, can be ______

A

neurotoxins

75
Q

Does alcohol directly cause brain damage?

A

No

76
Q

______ use is related to the blockage of cerebral blood flow and other changes in blood circulation

A

Cocaine

77
Q

________ can be associated with damage to the thalamus and limbic system

A

Chronic alcohol use

78
Q

Produces neurohormones to stimulate the pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

79
Q

Secretes releasing hormones to influence target endocrine glands

A

Pituitary Gland

80
Q

Release appropriate hormones into the blood to act on target organs and tissues

A

Target endocrine glands

81
Q

Fat-soluble chemical messenger synthesized from cholesterol. Examples: gonadal (sex) hormones, thyroid

A

Steroid hormone

82
Q

Chemical messenger synthesized by cellular DNA that acts to affect the target cell’s physiology. Examples: insulin, growth hormone

A

Peptide hormone

83
Q

Maintain internal metabolic balance and regulation of physiological systems

A

Homeostatic hormones

84
Q

Control reproductive functions, sexual development, and behavior

A

Gonadal (sex) hormones

85
Q

Secreted in times of stress; important in protein and carbohydrate metabolism

A

Glucocorticoids

86
Q

Caused by a failure of the pancreas to secrete enough (or any) insulin

A

Diabetes mellitus

87
Q

High blood glucose levels; cells are not using glucose and therefore cannot function properly

A

Hyperglycemia

88
Q

Low blood glucose levels

A

Hypoglycemia

89
Q

A class of synthetic hormones related to the male sex hormone testosterone that have both muscle-building (anabolic) and masculinizing (androgenic) effects

A

Anabolic–Androgenic Steroids

90
Q

A stimulus that challenges the body’s homeostasis and triggers arousal

A

Stressor

91
Q

Physiological and behavioral arousal; any attempt to reduce the stress

A

Stress Response

92
Q

A device that serves as a sensitive voltmeter. Used to record voltage changes on an axon

A

The Oscilloscope

93
Q

A set of electrodes small enough to place on or into an axon

A

Microelectrodes

94
Q

Movement of ions from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

A

Diffusion

95
Q

Level of concentration of ions from one side of the membrane compared to the other.

A

Concentration Gradient

96
Q

Difference in charge between two regions that allows a flow of current if the two regions are connected

A

Voltage Gradient

97
Q

Crossing a Cell Membrane

A

1) Ions can cross a cell membrane through the appropriatly shaped channel
2) A gated channel changes shape to allow the passage of substances when gates are open and to prevent passage when one or both gates are closed.
3) a pump transported changes shape to carry substances across a cell membrane

98
Q

Increase in electrical charge across a membrane (more negative). Usually due to the inward flow of chloride ions or outward flow of potassium ions

A

Hyperpolarization

99
Q

Steps of the Action Potential

A

The voltage across the membrane suddenly reverses, making the intracellular side positive relative to the extracellular side (Na+ entry) then it abruptly reverses (K+exiting) to restore the resting potential (shown in (A))

100
Q

a long-term neuromuscular disease that leads to varying degrees of skeletal muscle weakness.

A

Myasthenia gravi

101
Q

Otto Loewi (1921)

A

Frog heart experiment. Role of the the vagus nerve and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) in slowing heart rate

102
Q

The neurotransmitter must be

A
  1. Synthesized and stored in the axon terminal
  2. Transported to the presynaptic membrane and released in response to an action potential
  3. Able to activate receptors on the target-cell located on the postsynaptic membrane
  4. Inactivated in synaptic gap or reuptake to presynaptic neuron
103
Q

What effect does calcium influx have on NT release?

A

Calcium influx leads to NT vesicles to be brought down and then released into the synapse

104
Q

Protein embedded in the membrane of a cell that has a binding site for a specific neurotransmitter

A

Transmitter-Activated Receptors

105
Q

On postsynaptic side, neurotransmitter may

A
  1. Depolarize the postsynaptic membrane causing excitatory action on the postsynaptic neuron (EPSP)
  2. Hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane causing inhibitory action on the postsynaptic neuron (IPSP)
  3. Initiate other chemical reactions that modulate either the excitatory or inhibitory effect, or influence other functions of the receiving neuron
106
Q

Deactivation of the Neurotransmitter is Accomplished in at Least Four Ways

A

1.Diffusion away from synaptic cleft2.Degradation by enzymes in the synaptic cleft3.Reuptake into the presynaptic neuron for subsequent reuse4.Taken up by neighboring glial cells

107
Q

the variety of NT’s

A

over 50, some inhibitory AND excitatory, more than one active at synapse for some, no simple behavioral effects from NTs

108
Q

How does an electrical synapse differ from a chemical synapse?

A

Electrical synapses are fast. Chemical synapses are more flexible (amplify or diminish signal).

109
Q

Three Classes of Neurotransmitters

A
  1. Small-molecule transmitters
  2. Peptide transmitters
  3. Transmitter gases
110
Q

Act as hormones that respond to stress. Example: a mother bonding with her baby.

A

Peptide Transmitters

111
Q

Active in maintaining waiking electroencephalographic pattern of the cortex. Alzheimers

A

Cholinergic System

112
Q

Active in maintaining normal motor behavior. Parkinsons

A

Dopaminergic System

113
Q

Active in maintaining emotional tone. Depression and Mania

A

Noradrenergic System

114
Q

Active in maintaining waiking electroencephalographic pattern. Schizophrenia

A

Serotonergic System

115
Q

Injecting into the brain

A

allows it to act quickly in low doses

116
Q

orally taking drugs

A

safest option

117
Q

drugs that are weak acids:

A

Pass from the stomach to the bloodstream

118
Q

Drugs that are weak bases:

A

Pass from the intestines to the bloodstream

119
Q

drugs Injected into muscle

A

encounter more barriers than inhaled drugs

120
Q

Drugs inhaled:

A

Encounter few barriers to the brain

121
Q

drugs injected into the bloodstream

A

encounter fewest barriers to the brain

122
Q

Drugs contained into adhesive patches:

A

are absorbed through the skin into the bloodstream

Bio psychology (1 decks)

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