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Biosci 3313: Microbiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the major elements of the human body?

A

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and trace sulfur, iron, phosphorous, and potassium

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2
Q

What are the four major macromolecules?

A

Protein, RNA, DNA, lipids, carbohydrates

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3
Q

Who are Miller and Urey? What did they do?

A

They demonstrated that organic compounds may have originated naturally from inorganic compounds by replicating the environment of the early earth

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4
Q

Describe a synthesis reaction (ex: building sugars)

A

requires ATP and releases water

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5
Q

How do sugars preform different functions?

A

they branch differently

branched glucose is starch, branched cellulose for granules, lines of cellulose for fibers

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6
Q

Describe MacConkey Media

A

bacteria that metabolize lactose show up pink, media selects against gram positive

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7
Q

Describe Hektoen Media

A

indicates lactose fermentation and H2S production, selects against gram positive

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8
Q

Describe photoautotrophs

A

light and CO2

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9
Q

Describe photoheterotrophs

A

light and organic C

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10
Q

Describe chemoautotroph

A

inorganic C and CO2

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11
Q

Describe chemoheterotroph

A

organic C

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12
Q

What does obligate mean in terms of metabolism?

A

cannot choose method of metabolism

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13
Q

What does facultative mean in terms of metabolism?

A

can choose method of metabolism

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14
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The production of acids and alcohols as a way to partially oxidize glucose

A process that uses an organic molecule (pyruvate) as its final electron acceptor to regenerate NAD from NADH so that glycolysis can continue

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15
Q

What is respiration?

A

the ability to use an external electron acceptor to fully oxidize glucose and generate further ATP from oxidative phosphorylation

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16
Q

What is redox potential?

A

The tendency for a molecule to acquire electrons and become reduced; electrons flow from molecules with lower redox potentials to those with higher redox potentials

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17
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

Direct method of ATP production in which a high-energy phosphate group is removed from an organic molecule and added to an ADP molecule

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18
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

The flow of hydrogen ions (proton motive force) across the membrane that powers ATP synthesis

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19
Q

metabolism

A

primarily about carbon, energy, and electrons

contains both anabolism and catabolism

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20
Q

catabolism

A

break things down and release energy

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21
Q

anabolism

A

use energy to build things

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22
Q

What are the three steps of glycolysis?

A

preparation (Glucose is split, investment of 2 ATP), redox reactions (investment of inorganicP, reduction of NAD+ to NADH), and substrate level phosphorylation (4ADP to 4 ATP)

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23
Q

Summarize glycolysis

A

requires 2 ATP and glucose, produces 2 NADH, 4 ATP, and 2 pyruvate

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24
Q

Summarize fermentation (typical)

A

pyruvate is reduced to lactate, NADH is oxidized to NAD

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25
Q

Summarize respiration

A

pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA, producing CO2/NADH/FADH/ATP

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26
Q

How do you calculate the delta G naught of a reaction?

A

Delta G0 = Sum of Delta G0f (products) - Sum of Delta G0f (reactants)

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27
Q

What does exergonic mean? What does endergonic mean?

A

Negative Delta G0 is exergonic (release energy) and positive Delta G0 is endergonic (absorbs energy)

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28
Q

Summarize the Krebs/TCA cycle

A

Acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + FAD + GDP + P → 2 CO2 + 3 NADH + FADH + ATP

29
Q

Why can’t bacteria use the Krebs/TCA cycle?

A

They have an incorrect ratio of pyruvate to NADH (can only reoxidize so many NADH per pyruvate)

Bacteria cannot use this cycle because they cannot use the extra NADH/FADH because that would require a different ratio of pyruvate to NADH

30
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

A series of oxidation/reduction reactions linked to generation of a proton motive force and ending with reduction of a terminal electron acceptor

31
Q

Where are the proteins that are involved in electron transport?

A

Proteins involved in electron transport are in the cell membrane (innermost membrane of mitochondria)

32
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

The creation of ATP by linking electron transfer reactions to ATP synthesis. Oxidative phosphorylation uses chemiosmosis.

33
Q

How do electrons move in the electron transport chain? From molecules with ________ to molecules with ___-

A

Electrons flow from electron donors (with a more negative Eh/oxidation potential) to electron acceptors

34
Q

What is ATP synthase / ATPase? What drives it?

A 
ATP synthase (or ATPase) is a multisubunit complex that can make ATP from ADP and P or break down ATP to ADP and P
Driven by the return of protons to the cytoplasm across their gradient (proton motive force)
35
Q

How do purely fermenting bacteria use ATP synthase / ATPase?

A

Reverse direction creates H+ gradient (soley fermenting cells cannot create a gradient on their own, which is needed to acidify a vesicle or create a lysosome)

36
Q

Define anaerobic respiration

A

Not using oxygen as terminal electron acceptors

37
Q

NAD+, FAD+, FMN+, Cytochrome C, Iron-Sulfur protein, Quinone, Menaquinone, Chlorophyll, Cytochrome b, Cytochrome c. Which transfer electrons only?

A

Iron-Sulfur protein, Cytochrome b, Cytochrome c

38
Q

NAD+, FAD+, FMN+, Cytochrome C, Iron-Sulfur protein, Quinone, Menaquinone, Chlorophyll, Cytochrome b, Cytochrome c. Which transfer both electrons and protons?

A

NAD+, FAD+, FMN+, Quinone, Menaquinone

39
Q

NAD+, FAD+, FMN+, Cytochrome C, Iron-Sulfur protein, Quinone, Menaquinone, Chlorophyll, Cytochrome b, Cytochrome c. Which transfer protons only?

A

None

40
Q

Where is there a need for an iron source?

A

Electron transport chain

41
Q

Where are protons pumped across the membranes in the electron transport chain?

A

3 locations, NADH reductase, Cytochrome Reductase, Cytochrome Oxidase.

42
Q

Put the following in order for glycolysis:

ATP, Glucose, Pyruvate, Fructose-6-Phosphate, Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate, Fructose-1,6-diphosphate, Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP), , Glucose-6-Phosphat, 3-Phosphoglycerate, 2- Phosphoglycerate, 1,3-Disphosphate

A

Glucose + ATP-> Glucose-6-Phosphate -> Fructose-6-Phosphate + ATP -> Fructose-1,6-diphosphate ->

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate (production of NADH) -> 1,3-Disphosphate (production of ATP) 3-Phosphoglycerate -> 2- Phosphoglycerate -> Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP) (production of ATP -> Pyruvate (production of NADH)

43
Q

Put the following in order for the TCA Cycle:

Citrate, Malate, Oxaloacetate, a-ketoglutarate, NADH, succinyl-CoA, ATP, Succinate, FADH2, Fumarat, Isocitrate

A

Fumarate-> Malate-> NADH-> Oxaloacetate-> Citrate-> Isocitrate-> NADH-> a-ketoglutarate-> NADH-> succinyl-CoA-> ATP-> Succinate-> FADH2

SFMOCI

44
Q

If the electron transport chain was stopped, ATP synthesis would ….

A

stop

45
Q

If ATP synthase was stopped, the electron transport chain would…

A

slow down due to buildup of protons

46
Q

If a proton permeable pore was added to a microbe, ATP synthesis would… and the electron transport chain would …

A

stop, be unaffected

47
Q

What is proteomics?

A

all of the proteins that a microbe can make

48
Q

What is transcriptomes?

A

all of the messenger RNA a microbe can make

49
Q

How are genome sequences assembled?

A

Break genome into small segments, use algorithms/bioinformatics to look for overlapps and create a contiguous sequence, do detailed work with additional sequences to fill in gaps

50
Q

How are genes found in DNA sequences?

A

ORF: Open reading frame
Look for start codon (ATG) then go codon by codon to find possible stop codons, narrow down by minimum amino acids, look for RBS, look for codon bias

51
Q

What is genome annotation?

A

Computer goes through first and matches genes to similar genes in other organisms, then humans go through and check/add

52
Q

Describe transformation

A

Some cells are naturally competent and can take up DNA from their environment and incorporate it into its chromosome

53
Q

Describe the two subtypes of transduction

A

Virus mediated
Sometimes virus accidentally packages chromosomal DNA

Generalized
Virulent/temperate phages, host cell DNA, any gene

Specialized
Temperate phages, phage+host DNA, genes close to insertion site

54
Q

Describe conjugation

A

Requires cell-cell contact
F plasmid wants to spread, enables its host to exchange DNA
DNA can be plasmid or chromosome (with plasmid inside)
Usually low efficiency unless plasmid is permanently part of the chromosome and brings along beneficial genes (F plasmid has no beneficial parts on its own)
High frequency recombination

55
Q

How can conjugation be used in genetics?

A

Can be used to map chromosome, genes are transferred in the order they are in the chromosome

56
Q

What is a prototroph?

A

Organism can grow on minimal medium without any supplements

57
Q

What is a auxotroph?

A

A mutant strain which requires a specific supplement to grow on a minimal medium

58
Q

Oxidation is the …. of electrons while reduction is the … of electrons

A

removal, addition

59
Q

If glucose was only fermented, how many ATP would be produced?

A

2

60
Q

Pyruvate is (oxidized/reduced) in normal respiration to acetyl CoA

A

oxidized

61
Q

When pyruvate is fermented, it is (oxidized/reduced)

A

reduced (so that NADH can be oxidized to NAD)

62
Q

What are the three methods of horizontal gene transfer?

A

conjugation, transduction, transformation

63
Q

When glucose is converted to CO2, it is being (oxidized/reduced)

A

oxidized

64
Q

What typically generates more ATP, substrate-level phosphorylation or chemiosmosis?

A

Chemiosmosis (during oxidative phosphorylation) is the movement of ions down their gradient. This includes the electron transport chain, which produces by far the most ATP

65
Q

What is the fate of pyruvate in a microbe that uses respiration?

A

It is oxidized in the Krebs cycle

66
Q

How is DeltaE(o) related to DeltaG(o)?

A

DeltaG(o) = -nFE(o)

inversely related

67
Q

Cellular membranes can become energized due to the formation of a proton motive force, what ways can bacterial cells use this potential energy?

A

produce ATP, create lysosomes, power flagella, pair with ion transport (Na+H+ antiporter), store partial energy (can produce 1.5 ATP instead of 1, because the other half is stored as protons)

68
Q

List some basic differences and similarities between fermentation and respiration using glucose as the carbon and energy source

A

fermentation: does not produce additional ATP during regeneration of NAD, does not require oxygen, can be used to produce a variety of products, pyruvate is final e- acceptor
(common) respiration:produces additional ATP, produces only CO2 and H2O, O2 is final e- acceptor, electron transport chain and citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
both: use pyruvate, regenerate NAD, redox reactions, include substrate-level phosphorylation

Biosci 3313: Microbiology (4 decks)

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