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Aural Rehab > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the visual modes of communication?

A

Speech reading and Manual Communication

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2
Q

What used to some extent by the majority of the HI population?

A

Speech Reading

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3
Q

What is the most important component of speech reading?

A

Lip reading

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4
Q

Which components of speech reading provide considerable information?

A

Facial expressions, posture, context, and gestures

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5
Q

What is context in regards to speech reading?

A

The setting, topic, and linguistic context (utterances)

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6
Q

Which two factors influence the visual perception of speech?

A

Visibility of speech sounds and homophemes

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7
Q

How does the visibility of the articulators influence the visual perception of speech?

A

Sounds that are produced near the front of the mouth are more visible than those produced in the back

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8
Q

Which speech sounds are the most visible?

A

P, B, M, F, V, O

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9
Q

Which speech sounds are least visible?

A

K, G, H, Y

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10
Q

What is a homopheme?

A

Phonemes or sounds that look alike

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11
Q

What is a viseme?

A

A group of sounds which look alike (p, b, m)

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12
Q

What percentage of English consonants are homophenous in nature?

A

Approximately 50%

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13
Q

How does rapidity of speech affect speech reading?

A

Extremely slow speech distorts speech reading, a moderate rate with frequent pauses is helpful

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14
Q

What should you avoid in order to increase intelligibility for a speech reader?

A

Avoid extraneous gestures (hand in front of mouth, gum chewing)

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15
Q

How are lip reading skills assessed?

A

There is no acceptable test or battery due to a lack of validation. Tests are available but informal.

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16
Q

What two categories do traditional lip reading training methods fall into?

A

Analytic methods (Bruhn, Brauckmann, Bunger), and Synthetic methods

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17
Q

What is the analytic method of lip reading training?

A

One which focuses on the phonemic level (segments) before larger constituents

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18
Q

What is the synthetic method of lip reading training?

A

One which focuses on whole utterance recognition

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19
Q

Is lip reading a major form of aural rehab?

A

No, little is known on how skills are developed, and there is little evidence to document the benefits.

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20
Q

What is the current priority in aural rehab in regards to training?

A

To work on integration of auditory and visual cues

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21
Q

Who uses manual communication?

A

Severe to profound population

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22
Q

History of sign: Italy 1500s

A

Geronimo Cardano - physician who taught his deaf son

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23
Q

History of sign: Spain 1500s

A

Benedictine monk Pedro Ponce De Leon educated deaf children of Spanish aristocracy - developed early system

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24
Q

History of sign: Spain 17th century

A

Pries Juan Pablo Bonet published “Reduction of Letters and Art for Teaching Mute People to Speak”

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25
Q

History of sign: France 18th century

A

Abbee Charles-Michel de l’Epee alphabet based on Bonet’s. “Father of Sign Language”

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26
Q

What are the origins of ASL?

A

Originated early 19th century in the American School for the Deaf. Founded by Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet in 1817.

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27
Q

What is ASL most closely related to?

A

French sign language

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28
Q

Which forms of sign language are mutually intelligible?

A

ASL, British SL, and Australian SL.

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29
Q

Where is ASL used?

A

N. America, parts of Africa, SE Asia, and S. America.

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30
Q

What are the two sign types?

A

Finger spelling, sign systems

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31
Q

What are the features of finger spelling?

A

Relatively easy to produce but difficult to read, mainly used as an adjunct to sign

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32
Q

Which three elements contribute meaning in ASL?

A

Shape of hand or hands, position of hand, movement that is executed

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33
Q

What is an iconic symbol?

A

One that can be recognized by anyone because it looks like the thing it stands for.

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34
Q

What is a non-iconic sign?

A

One that does not resemble it’s referent.

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35
Q

What does it mean to say that human languages are strongly non-iconic?

A

They use arbitrary signals.

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36
Q

Why is ASL a true language?

A

Because it has non-iconic signs and it is generative

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37
Q

ASL has it’s own _______ and ________.

A

grammatical structure and vocabulary

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38
Q

What do ASL signs represent?

A

Concepts

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39
Q

Do all ASL signs have English equivalents?

A

No

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40
Q

What are there no signs for in ASL?

A

Pronouns, articles, or function words

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41
Q

Around how many signs are there in ASL?

A

6000

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42
Q

How many people use ASL?

A

500,000 to 2 million

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43
Q

What does analog refer to?

A

The natural world

44
Q

What does digital refer to?

A

The artificial

45
Q

What is a pure tone?

A

Simple sine wave/energy at a single frequency

46
Q

Which signals are continuous in time and amplitude?

A

Analog

47
Q

Which signals are discontinuous in time and amplitude?

A

Digital

48
Q

What is an ADC?

A

Analog to digital converter - used to convert analog signals to digital ones

49
Q

What has discrete values that represent points along a continuous curve?

A

The time and amplitude of a digital signal

50
Q

What are the benefits of DSP?

A

Miniaturization and because there are many more signal processing options

51
Q

Why is miniaturization beneficial when it comes to hearing aids?

A

Allows for a very small chip instead of wires and transistors, and allows for easy controls for wearer and for audiologist making adjustments

52
Q

Prior to digitization, how were hearing aid controls adjusted?

A

With a screwdriver

53
Q

What remains an issue with hearing aids?

A

Ambient noise

54
Q

What are the parts of a hearing aid?

A

Microphone, signal processor, receiver, battery, and earmold

55
Q

Which part of the microphone changes energy from one form to another?

A

the transducer

56
Q

What are the components of the signal processor?

A

The amplifier, filters, output-limiting circuits, and feedback limiting circuits

57
Q

What increases signal voltage by an amount determined by the gain control?

A

the amplifier

58
Q

What is the transducer that converts electrical signal to acoustic energy?

A

The receiver

59
Q

Why is the earmold always custom made?

A

Because it must fit snuggly to reduce feedback

60
Q

What is feedback?

A

Squealing or whistling sound produced when the output of the aid is picked up by the mic and reamplified - happens many times per second

61
Q

When does feedback occur?

A

When the earmold is loose and allows amplified sound to leak out of the ear canal

62
Q

What are the user controls on a hearing aid?

A

Volume control (Sometimes absent), on-off switch (sometimes just have to open battery), telephone switch

63
Q

What is a T-coil?

A

A component of a hearing aid that detects speech signals via electromagnetic waves (EMW)

64
Q

What does the mic on a hearing aid detect?

A

The speakers voice and the ambient noise around the listener.

65
Q

What does the T-coil detect?

A

Only the speakers voice, music, etc.

66
Q

Why can’t a T-coil detect ambient noise?

A

Because ambient noise is an acoustic signal, and t-coils only detect electromagnetic waves

67
Q

What does T-coil reception maximize?

A

Signal to noise ratio

68
Q

What is the signal to noise ratio?

A

The ratio of the signal to the ambient noise in a listener’s background

69
Q

What should the S/N ratio be for the hearing impaired?

A

At least 12 dB

70
Q

How are the internal controls set on a hearing aid?

A

By an audiologist using a computer program

71
Q

What are the hearing aid tone controls for?

A

Matching the frequency response of the aid to the users hearing loss

72
Q

In what frequencies does ambient noise tend to be?

A

The lower frequencies

73
Q

What type of filters do tone controls tend to be?

A

High-pass filters

74
Q

What two factors are important in regards to output limiting controls?

A
  1. Even a moderate hearing loss may require considerable gain
  2. Most people with a SN hearing loss exhibit some degree of recruitment
75
Q

What is recruitment?

A

An abnormally rapid growth of loudness

76
Q

What is the purpose of a compression circuit?

A

To reduce the amount of gain as the output signal becomes more intense

77
Q

What is an air conduction aid?

A

A hearing aid which is coupled to ear canal, amplified sound delivered acoustically to the ear drum

78
Q

What is a bone conduction aid?

A

An external BTE unit amplifies and transmits vibrations to a screw, bone conduction of vibration to inner ear fluid

79
Q

What is a bone conduction aid used for?

A

Conductive hearing loss, atresia, unilateral losses, or chronic otitis media

80
Q

What is a middle ear implant?

A

An electromagnetic (or other transducer) is affixed to the TM or one of the ossicles an dis driven by an external device

81
Q

What are middle ear implants used for?

A

SN or conductive losses

82
Q

What are the advantages of middle ear implants?

A

Very efficient, minimize feedback

83
Q

What are the disadvantages of middle ear implants?

A

They are extremely invasive

84
Q

What is a brainstem implant?

A

An electrode array that stimulates the cochlear nucleus and is wired to a body-worn processor

85
Q

When is a brainstem implant used?

A

When VIII is missing or damaged

86
Q

The higher the S/N ratio, the more ______ the listening environment.

A

Favorable

87
Q

What SN ratio is considered unfavorable for listening with amplification?

A

Less than 10 dB

88
Q

What is the ideal S/N ratio?

A

+12 dB

89
Q

What is the S/N ratio of a typical classroom?

A

0 to +6 dB

90
Q

What is the typical ambient noise level for a classroom and hotel meeting room?

A

63 dBa, 58 dBa

91
Q

What is the desirable ambient noise level for a classroom and hotel meeting room?

A

35 dBa, 45 dBa

92
Q

What are the two major problems with environmental acoustics for hearing aid users?

A

Signal to noise ratio and reverberation

93
Q

What is the optimal reverb time?

A

less than 0.5 seconds

94
Q

What is the typical reverb time?

A

avg up to 1.5 seconds

95
Q

What three factors minimize ambient noise and reverb in a room?

A
  1. Use of sound absorbing materials
  2. Seating the child away from noise systems
  3. Sealing windows and doors to minimize outside noises
96
Q

What is the best solution for S/N problems?

A

The listener uses an FM device

97
Q

What S/N ratio is possible with an FM device?

A

+15 dBa

98
Q

What is the FDA age requirement for cochlear implants?

A

12 mos, though some center do it younger

99
Q

What is the hearing loss level required for cochlear implants?

A

Profound

100
Q

What do you need to establish when considering cochlear implants for adults?

A

That performance with implants will be better than performance with hearing aids

101
Q

What is the avg SDT for implant patients?

A

24-40 dB HL

102
Q

What score do most adult implant users score on open set sentences in speech recognition testing?

A

70-80 %

103
Q

What score do most adult implant users score on monosyllables in speech recognition testing?

A

30 - 40%

104
Q

Does cochlear ossification preclude implantation?

A

No, but it may determine depth

105
Q

How long does the cochlear implant surgical procedure take?

A

2-5 hours

106
Q

What is recruitment?

A

The abnormal rapid growth of loudness

Aural Rehab (2 decks)

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