Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Afferent
A
Carry info from sensory neurons to CNS
2
Q
Efferent
A
Carry info from CNS to motor neurons
3
Q
Pons
A
Sensory relay
4
Q
Cerebellum
A
Maintaining posture, balance
5
Q
Medulla
A
Controls basic life functions ex:breathing
6
Q
Tectum
A
Superior and inferior colliculus
7
Q
Tegmentum
A
Substantia nigra (release dopamine) and red nucleus(movement)
8
Q
Brain stem components
A
Hindbrain + midbrain
9
Q
Hypothalamus
A
Homeostatic control
10
Q
Pituitary gland
A
Involved in hormonal control
11
Q
Pineal gland
A
Involved in sleep wake cycle
12
Q
Limbic system
A
Governs emotions and involved in storage and retrieval of memories
13
Q
Basal ganglia
A
Connections to cortex and forebrain, voluntary movement..caudate nucleus,putamen, globus pallidus
14
Q
Striatum
A
Caudate nucleus + putamen
15
Q
Neocortex
A
Occipital lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal
Frontal
16
Q
Parietal lobe
A
Sensory info+spatial perception
17
Q
Temporal lobe
A
Auditory info + wernickes area
18
Q
Color vision mostly in
A
V4
19
Q
Outputs from V2 to parietal lobe
A
Dorsal stream
20
Q
Output from V2 to inferior temporal lobe
A
Ventral stream
21
Q
Output from V2 to superior temporal sulcus
A
STS stream
22
Q
Ventral stream functions
A
Object, face, and body analysis
Moving body analysis
23
Q
Dorsal stream functions
A
Voluntary eye movements, object-directed grasping, visually guided reach
24
Q
Scotomas
A
Blind spots
25
Describe primary visual cortex(v1)
Laminar organization and very distinct retinotopic mapping
26
Cortical blindness
V1 knocked out in both hemispheres
27
Possible places for unconscious vision?
Pulvinar nucleus and superior colliculus
28
Apperceptive agnosia
Deficit in ability to develops perception of a structure of an object..results from bilateral damage to occipital lobes
29
Associative agnosia
Can perceive objects, but can’t identify them, lesions in anterior temporal lobe
30
Proposopagnosia
Face blindness
31
Auditory processing: perception of frequency, amplitude, and complexity
Pitch, loudness, timbre
32
Cochlear nucleus
1st neurons in the medulla that receive neural messages from auditory receptors via the auditory Nerve
33
Superior olivary nucleus
Receives neural messages from the cochlear nuclei
34
Inferior colliculus
Receives info from both the cochlear nucleus and superior olivary nucleus
35
Primary auditory cortex(A1)
Area of temporal lobe that receives auditory input from the thalamus
36
Where are pitch loudness and timbre perceived
Secondary auditory cortex
37
Cortical deafness
Damage to primary auditory cortex, inability to hear despite intact ears
38
Auditory vernal agnosia
Pure word deafness, damage to posterior superior temporal lobes, can’t perceive words but can still speak, read and write
39
Amusia
Inability to recognize/reproduce music, can’t perform pitch discrimination
40
Perfect(absolute) pitch
Ability to identify or recreate musical notes, common in those with autism
41
Dorsal column to medial lemniscal somatosensory path
Transmits info about touch and proprioception to primary somatosensory cortex
42
Anterolateral system
Transmits info about temperature and pain to the brain stem, reticular formation, and primary and secondary sensory vortices
43
Spinocerebellar system
Transmits proprioceptive info to the cerebellum
44
Lesions to postcentral gyrus produce
Abnormally high sensory thresholds
Impaired position sense
Deficits in stereognosis, or tactile perception in the absence of visual info
45
Astereognosis
Inability to recognize an object by touch
46
Simultaneous extinction
2 stimuli are applied simultaneously to opposite sides of the body—>a failure to report a stimulus on one side is referred to as extinction
47
Blind touch
Can’t feel stimuli, but can report their location, form of unconscious sensing
48
Asomatognosia
Loss of knowledge or sense of ones own body
49
Anosognosia
Unawareness or denial of illness
50
Anosodiaphoria
Indifference to illness
51
Asymbolia for pain
Absences of normal reactions to pain
52
Finger agnosia
Unable to point to the fingers or show them to examiner
53
Corticospinal tract
Controls fingers, hands, arms, legs, and feet
54
Vestibulospinal tract
Plays central role in posture
55
Tectospinal tract
Controls shoulder and neck movements
56
Primary motor cortex
Controls voluntary movement
57
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Sensorimotor integration
58
Supplemental motor area
Plans and sequences internally guided movements
59
Premotor cortex
Receives input from visual cortex, plans and sequences externally guided movements
60
Posterior parietal cortex
Integrates input from the visual, auditory, and skin senses and relays it to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
61
Damage to posterior parietal cortex results in
Difficulty responding to visual, auditory stimuli
62
Apraxia
Movement disorder characterized by missing or inappropriate actions not caused by paralysis
63
Constructional apraxia
Disorder characterized by difficulty drawing pictures or assembling objects
64
Limb apraxia
Impairment in voluntary use of a limb caused by damage to the left parietal lobe or the corpus callosum
65
Apraxia of speech
Disorder characterized by difficulty speaking clearly, caused by damage in Broca’s area
66
Mirror neurons
Neurons that fire both when an animal makes a movement or when it observed the movement
67
Ballistic movement function and definition
Habitual, rapid, well practiced movement that doesn’t depend on sensory feedback; controlled by cerebellum
68
Huntington’s disease
Inherited neurological disorder characterized by slow and progressive deterioration of motor control, cognition, and emotion, characterized by progressive neuronal loss in basal ganglia neurons
69
Huntington’s disease symptoms
Binvoluntary movements of whole limbs, interference with voluntary movements like walking
70
Parkinson’s disease
Motor disturbances are caused by degeneration of the dopamine-producing cells of the substantia nigra that synapse with the basal ganglia
71
Declarative memories formed in
Medical temporal lobe:hippo and surrounding cortices
72
EP
Damage only to mtl
73
Why do we forget
Encoding failure
Decay
Interference
Loss of retrieval avenues
74
Brain characteristics of HSAM people
Increased gray matter and increased white matter integrity
75
Cocktail party effect
Hear speech better in noisy environment if we see lips
76
Components of language
```
Phonemes
Morphemes
Lexicon
Semantics
Prosody
```
77
Phoneme and morphemes
Phonemes:fundamental language sounds
Morphemes:smallest meaningful units of words
78
Prosody
Vocal intonations
79
McGurk Effect
When we see and hear conflicting syllables, we hear the syllable that we saw
80
Broca’s area and wernickes area
Broca’s: produce words
| Wernickes:understand words
81
Supramarginal gyrus
Understanding words
82
Wernicke-Geschwind Model
Words sent to primary auditory cortex—>word meaning is represented in wernickes area—>word meaning sent to Broca’s area via the arcuate fasciculus—>Broca’s area sends instructions for speech articulation to the motor cortex
83
3 categories of aphasia
Fluent
Non fluent
Pure
84
Fluent aphasia
Impairment in reception of language
85
Wernickes aphasia
Deficits in classifying sounds
Can’t write
Word salad
86
Non fluent aphasia
Broca’s aphasia
| Can understand speech but can’t produce/difficulty producing speech
87
Global aphasia
Labored speech and poor comprehension
88
Pure aphasia
Alexia:inability to read
Agraphia: inability to write
Word deafness: can’t hear or repeat words
89
Hindbrain(rhombencephalon)
Metencephalon and Myelencephalon
90
Midbrain(mesencephalon)
Tectum and tegmentum
91
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
92
Telencephalon
Limbic system and basal ganglia
