Exam 2 Flashcards
First Wave of Immigration Frontier Expansion (1820-1870)
who?: Northern Europeans and Asians
REASONS: irish potato famine, German political turmoil, Louisiana purchase, Mexican-American War, compressing native people
how many?: 7.4 millions
2nd Wave of Immigration
Industrialization and Urbanization (1880-1925)
Who?: Southern/Eastern Europeans
How many?: 2.5 Million
-tutonic
-semitic
What are the 2 definitions of Racism according to Bonilla Silva ?
- Racism as a system of inequality (Bonilla Silva (2004): “Racialized social system”= societies in which economics, politics and social + ideological levels are partially structured by the placement of actors in racial categories
- Discrimination Systems:
is a set of dynamically related subsystens (or domains) in which
a: disparities systematically favors certain groups
b: disparities across system are mutually reinforcing
c: one source of within system disparities is discrimination
structured culture
culture as shaped by host society
racial caste
stigmatized racial group locked into an inferior position by law and custom
Ethnoraciality by Claudia Kim
goal: detail the ethnoracial systems of distinction + primers for introduction of white/black hierarchy
methodology: interviews
primers:
1. Japanese/Korean color hierarchies based on proximity to whiteness
2. lack of anti-racist movements
3. Confucianist ideas of groups’ proper places
4. blood-based construction of the nation (?)
5. white missionaries–convinced they are there to do good, also giving women opportunities
New Immigration and Ethnicity in the US by Douglas Massey
3 waves of immigration
- classic
- hiatus (1930-1970)–WWI + Great Depression decreased immigration from other places
- new regime–lots of immigration from other place ie Chinese Exclusion Act
gathering secondary data sources, focusing on immigration flows and immigration polices
findings:
- unlike the first wave that faced a hiatus, immigration of today is continuous
- immigration increased due to political climates
- under new regime –> fragmentation of ethnicity along class, generation lines
Whitewashing Academic Mediocrity by Jimenez & Horowitz
Method: he studies the perceptions of students acheivements based on race in a predominantly white + Asian suburban areas
Findings:
-academic hierarchy with whites at the top, proving to be less of model students/ambitious than Asians
-white response: resentment
proves that Assimilation goes both ways
Symbolic Ethnicity by Herbert Gans
Goal: argue against straight-line assimilation models that 3rd+ generation European immigrants practice symbolic ethnicity (expressive purpose)
they are not living in ethnic enclaves, don’t have the same needs for support as 1st/2nd gens. did
low cost examples of ethnic revival, of which they have the opportunity to choose
food, holidays, ceremonies, philanthropy, visitation
I Never Think About My Race by Dotolo + Stewart
in depth interviews to examine how middle-aged white people in the midwest talk about their racial identity
23 adults in their 50's 4 main responses: 1. not understanding the question as it applies to them 2. experience(S) of white privilege 3. witnessing white privelege 4. white guilt
New Approaches in Prejudice + Discrimination by Quillian
Goal: Assess study of prejudice and discrimination by identifying 4 questions:
- how to measure discrimination?
- has prejudice/discrimination declined/transformed?
- Can discrimination be unconscious (implicit bias)
- How do we understand prejudice/discrimination in America’s ongoing diversification
by measuring
- audit studies
- statistical analysis
- reports
new theories:
- prejucice is transforming to be more subtle/even non-racial
- colorblind racism
- symbolic racism
- laissez-faire racism
prejudice
- affective
2. cognitive
discrimination
actions/behaviors causing unequal outcomes
disparate impact discrimination
policies that affect certain racial groups more than others (War on Drugs)
Stigmatization
assault on worth
Racism
system of domination within a society that upholds racial hierarchy
The Linguistics of ColorBlind Racism by Bonilla-Silva
Goal: describe 5 stylistic components of colorblind racism
4 dominant frames:
- principle of liberalism (meritocracy) –> hard work should pay off, shouldn’t be about race
- cultural explanations> biological reason
- naturalization Racial Phenomena–> segregation is natural
- discrimination disappeared after the Civil War
- Avoidance
- Rhetorical
- Projection
- Diminutives
- total incoherence
The Missing Link by Massey + Denton
Goal: argue that segregation is fundamental to racial inequality and the origin of the urban underclass
- integration until the 1800’s –> backlash (Sundown Towns + urban housing)
- Fair Housing Act (1968)DOES NOT mean racism is not over though it seems that way
–> consequences of segregations-= economic/social isolation
4 Causes of Black Poverty
- culture of poverty
- racism
- economic changes
- gov’t welfare
The New Jim Crow by Michelle Alexander
Goal: mass incarceration creates a racial caste system through “racialized systems of control”
The Beautiful White American: White Saviors by Vero and Gordon
argue that films portray “sincere fiction of the white self”
Look Out New World, Here We Come by Richard, Lugo, and Bloodsworth-Lugo
analyze 4 animated films: “cultural artifacts” to show that films reinforce ideologies about race and sexuality–keep the status quo
Defining Difference + Sexuality something something by Ferber
Goal: discuss how race, gender and sexuality are understood/practiced by white supremacists
race and gender are dichotomous, essentialized, inherently have a hierarchy
Love is Colorblind: Asian Americans in White Universities by Chou, Lee, Ho
Goal: understanding strategies Asian Americans use to cope with and negotiate racialized experienced
model minorities
forever foreigners
women’s response to hegemonic white male
- avoidance
- flattery
- colorblind
Kaleidoscope: New Forms of Race Membership by Ann Morning
goal: assessing new types of membership claims of belonging to a racial group they typically wouldn’t be assigned to
4 new types of group membership
- genetic
- cosmetic
- emotive
- constructed
findings:
- growing # of incongruence across all forms of membership
- truth/authenticity
The Deep Story by Hochschild
Goal: to establish the “waiting in line for the Am. dream deep story used to explain racial ideology
- the people waiting in line
- the line cutters
- the betrayal
- The Am dream/cultural honor
- underlying “squeeze”
White Fragility by DiAngelo
Goal: most people live insulated state of racial comfort
Factors that inculcate white fragility:
- segregated environments
- universalism + individualism
- entitlement to racial comfort
- racial arrogance
- racial belonging
- psychic freedom
- constant messages of superiority
