Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
How many memorials exist for famine victims
A
we tend to have alot of memorials for wars but very little for famines
-people are not interested in deaths due to hunger
2
Q
what is an exception of the norm to not have famine memorials
A
the irish famine memorial in Dublin
3
Q
what was one of the greatest famines in history
A
The Chinese famine in 1958‐60 killed more
people than Holocaust, Vietnam War and Iraq
war combined!
-most people dont know about the chinese famine
4
Q
what seems to have happened to our compassion over time
A
there seems to be a compassion fatigue where it is is a condition characterized by a gradual lessening of compassion over time
Ex.
-there are currently famine like conditions in four countries but people dont seem to care much
-there are very few works of literature, films on hunger as a topic
5
Q
what is the exception in the lack of literature in famines
A
Knut Hamsun- “an attempt to describe the strange, peculiar life of the mind, the mysteries of the nerves in a starving body.
-an outstanding example of modern psychology driver literature
6
Q
who is kevin carter
A
he published the picture of the little girl next to the vulture. ( 1993)
- famine in sudan –> people started noticing famine
- The girl collapsed on her way to a feeding ground as a vulture lurks in the background
7
Q
What was the title of the picture that was published by the new york times of the girl and the vulture
A
‘Wanting a meal”
- kevin carter chased away the vulture until the girl made it to the feeding grounds
- he then sat under a tree and cried while smoking a cigarette
- he always carrier around the of the work he did
8
Q
what are some examples of famine
A
- India (bengal) - 1943 caused y monsoonal delays
- Sudan- 1988- man stealing corn from starving child at the feeding center
9
Q
what famines were created by the free market
A
the irish potatoe famine 1840
free market - is an economic system based on supply and demand with little or no government control.
10
Q
what famines were created by government policies
A
The Ukrainian Famine, 1932-1933 (result of Joseph Stalin’s policy of forced collectivization.)- quota paid first and they peasants get food
The Chinese Great leap Forward Famine, 1958-1961 (Mao za dong- introduced drastic changes in farming policy which prohibited farm ownership)
gov policy: A government policy is a rule or principle that hopefully better guides decisions, resulting in positive outcomes that enhance the community or unit
11
Q
war and famine in the 20th century
A
- famines are aften triggered war
* war does not determine who is right, war determines who is left
12
Q
direct death vs indirect death
A
about 5x more people die from displacement nd hunger than directly from wars ( bullets)
13
Q
what is the worst 20th century war and famine
A
china because of their government policies
30 million
14
Q
describe the current famine in yemen
A
the famine in yemen is currently caused by war (man made)
-cause by Houthi rebels vs. SaudI Arabia
-in 2007 it worsened– saudi ith the help of US tightened their sea, air and land blackage. Food not getting to devastated areas.
-worst famine in the last 100 years
-We cannot separate international politics from
international hunger
15
Q
which famine did Amartya Sen Study
A
-ethiopian famine (1972-1974)
16
Q
Most of the people tat dies during the ethiopian famine were
A
-pastoralist or animal herders
17
Q
Describe the deaths in Ethiopia ( general)
A
- people had to walk long distances to reach the main highways beging for food
- a large number of people that dies were in Wollo province
- a major national highway runs through the Wollo province
18
Q
Deaths in Ethiopia ( run through of everything beginning to end)
A
- Ethiopia had a good road system
- crop production was only 7% below normal in Ethiopia -per Capita calorie intake were not significantly down
- the price of animals in terms of food (sorghum and maize) fell drastically
19
Q
What was the main problem for the pastoralist in ethiopia
A
- the price of animals in terms of food (sorghum and maize) fell drastically
-Pastoralists saw deteriorating terms of trade as grain prices skyrocketed in Ethiopia and
animal pricesfell.
20
Q
What was the sens conclusion
A
-decline in aggregate food availability is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for
famines to occur
-Famines can occur if rising food prices prevent poor from being able to purchase food by selling the items that they produce.
-People who have direct access to food – farmers – do not generally suffer from famines
-People who produce non‐food items, such as baskets, garments etc. may find that prices of
those items are falling- lower supply of food
-If the “price” of “teaching”falls, professors who do not have farmland, may starve.
- artisans and traders are affected by generalized
recession
21
Q
Why did pastoralist starve to death and not kill their animals for food
A
- animal protein does not help people who starve for log periods of time
- animal protein is very expensive and no enough.
- one can easily store grains but hard to store ( or keep animals alive ) will require large amount of feed and water
22
Q
sen focused on entitlements
A
entitlements: the bundle of commodities‐‐and
ultimately rights‐‐that individuals can command, including ex. exchange, sharecropping)
-sen believed that entitlement failures cause famines and starvation not shortage of food
* ex. food output was actually high during the great chinese famine
23
Q
what is an example of exchange failure according to sen and why is causes famines (describe how it applied to the famine i ethiopia)
A
speculation and hoarding lead to
spiraling food prices and bubbles
ex. demand for animals fell
-people started storing food grain
-animal herders started stress selling their cows
-animal hearders dies because they could not buy food grain
24
Q
What was a striking find by sen regarding famines and democracy
A
Democracies do not have famines because a free press in democratic countries tend to make people aware of famines and the governments are forced to take action. Free press, however, tend to ignore chronic hunger because such stories become boring
over time.
25
should rich countries intervene with military force if these is a famine -- who studied this
Martin Ravallion
26
Ravallion draws the following lessons
| for policies in response to famine:
• Better governance. Greater democratization and freer flow of information in a society make it more difficult for a government to ignore famines.
• Early warning and rapid response. Policy interventions are more effective if they take place before famine conditions are firmly entrenched.
• Increased aggregate food availability. Policies to increase the total amount of food available in famine areas include food aid, policies to discourage hoarding in private or public storage, and policies domestic food production.
• Distribution policies. Cash or coupon payments to potential famine victims can provide more effective relief than the usual policy of importing and distributing food.
• Stabilization policies: Buffer stocks are
programs in which the government purchases food in periods when it is plentiful and sells food out of their stocks when shortages occur.
* other policies: credit programs, improved infrastructure, and
assignment of property rights
27
how many children die unecesaily every hour
1000
28
which is worse famine or chronic hunger
chronic hunger
29
what determines the global hunger index
• First, values for each of the four component indicators are determined from the available data for each country
30
what are the four indicators for the global hunger index
* the percentage of the population that is undernourished
* the percentage of children under five years old who suffer from wasting (lowweight for height),
* the percentage of children under five years old who suffer from stunting (low height for age), and
* the percentage of children who die before the age of five (child mortality).
31
what is wasting
low weight for height
32
what is stunting
low height for weight
33
how much does undernourishment and child mortality contribute to GHI
1/3 EACH
34
how much does the child nutrition indicators contribute to GHI
- child nutricion ( wasting ,stunting)
| * 1/6 of the score
35
what is the scale of GHI
100 Point scale where zero is the best score with zero hunger and 100 is the worst
36
are the threshhold standards set above or below the highest observed values
they are set above to allow for the possibility that these values migt increase int he future
37
how would you calculate the standardized # for undernurishment
take the result you and divide it by the max * 100
38
is id the GHI calculated?
1.) take the percentage of each category
2.) ex. # you have/ Max for that category * 100
3.) aggregate the numbers based on how much each contrinutes to the overall GHI
1⁄3 Standardized PUN + 1⁄6 Standardized CWA
+ 1⁄6 Standardized CST+ 1⁄3 Standardized CM = GHI
39
which are has the worst GHI
sub-saharan africa
40
which dollar values are used to meaure extreme poverty
$1/day, $1.90/day or $2/day are often used to
| measure extreme poverty
41
describe the world bank numbers in regard to poverty
- the % of wolrd poverty has been decreasing but not evenly
- most of the extreme poor live in sub-sahara africa
- the number of poor regions in africa has increased by 9 million ( 413 million ppl in total lett than 1.90)
- by 2023 9/ 10 extreme poor will be in sub africa
42
why is chronic hunger so bad
famine is an isolated terrible episode of
food shortage, chronic hunger first makes
children vulnerable and stunted, adults weak
and sick; then kills them
43
what are the four types of malnutricion
* overnutrition,
* secondary malnutrition,
* micronutrient malnutrition and
* protein-calorie malnutrition
44
what is overnutricion
percent of adults worldwide were overweight,
| and 13 percent were obese.
45
what is secondary mal nutricion
```
When a person has a condition or illness that prevents proper digestion or absorption of food,
ex. anorexia
alteration of metabolism
prevention of nutrient absorption
diversion of nutrients due to parasites
```
46
what is Dietary deficiency or Micronutrient
| Malnutrition
- vitamin A deficiency (eyes)- xerophthalmia
- Iodine deficiency- goiter , reduced mental abilities
- Iron Deficiency - anemia
- Zinc deficinecy - impaired immune function-making the person more susceptible to disease
47
describe the calorie and protein nutrition
- calories- give you immediate energy and body fuctions
- protein - maintenance and growth
- calories come from sugars and carbohydrates
- protein comes from milk, soya, egg meats. it is needed to produce 20 essencial amino acids
48
what is protein-calories malnutrition (PCM)
In extreme forms, PCM manifests itself as the
potentially fatal nutritional disorders known as
kwashiorkor and marasmus.
-Nutritional Role of Calories and Proteins Calories are a
measure of the energy contained in food The body obtains energy from carbohydrates (e.g., sugar and starch) and fats (e.g., oil and butter)
49
what do calories do to our body
provide energy for various needs
- involuntary functions
- physical activity
- mental activity
- fighting disease
- growth
50
what do proteins do
body makes the millions of different proteins that it
needs from some twenty amino acids, which are the building blocks of the body's proteins
-• They are necessary for building the cells that make up muscles, membranes, cartilage, and hair.
• They carry oxygen throughout the body.
•They carry nutrients into and out of cells and help assimilate food.
•They contribute to the development of antibodies that fight disease.
•They work as enzymes that speed up the digestive process.
51
what happens if you consume more amino acids than needed
your body cannot use them for making proteins; instead, it burns the amino acids for energy. If you consume less of an amino acid than you need, a portion of other amino acids goes to waste for want of the "matching" part needed to manufacture protein molecules.
52
what two things would work well as amino acids (protein complementary)
- wheat and beans together.
- not wheat or beans alone - create shortage of some amino acids
ex. bean burrito
53
which is a biggest problem, protein deficiency or calorie deficiency ?
Recent data on food availability also indicate that
calorie deficiency is likely to present a bigger problem
than protein deficiency.
* Africa, food available per capita would provide 2,618
calories and 69 grams of protein per person per day in
2011.
54
what does kwashiorkor mean
-occurs in children between 1-4
-When a child is nursing, it receives certain amino acids vital to growth from its mother's milk.
- When the child is weaned, if the diet that replaces the milk is high in starches and carbohydrates, and
deficient in protein- the child may develop kwashiorkor.
-Second child takes over the milk of the mother (rejected one)
55
What are the symptoms of kwashiorkor
a swollen abdomen known as a pot belly, as well as alternating bands of pale and dark hair (flag sign) and weight loss. Common skin symptoms include dermatitis and depigmented skin.
-fluid retention - swollen limbs ( blood protein is so low that it leaks out into the body )
56
what is the main deficiency in kwashiorkor
Proteins
57
what happens to the body during kwashiorkor
when there are not enough proteins to mett all of the bodies needs, then it abandones the less vital parts. It starts digesting its own protein tissues in order to supply the amino acids it needs to maintain the internal proteins. Hair and skin pigmentation is not vital so they are not manufactured.
- skin fails to heel ( not as important as vital organs)
- amino acids are used for the heart and and brain instead of antibodies
- they then get disentry and loose all of their proteins and
58
what is marasmus
is a condition of both protein and calorie
deficiency. The term derives from a Greek word meaning "wasting away," and the physical effects are just that-low body weight, or emaciation.
children younger than 5 years
because this period is characterized by increased energy needs and increased susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections. Weaning, which occurs during this period, is often complicated by factors such as geography, economy, hygiene, public health, and culture and dietetics.
59
What makes a child marasmus
- unlike wariosker they are usually neglected by their mother and dont even get milk
- little old people
- need to be kept warm
- low body fat, low resistance to disease is low, impairs brain development
60
what are the symptoms of marasmus
- grossly underweight
- no body fat
- gross muscle wasting
- old mans face
- no oedema
- normal hair
61
main differences between kwashiorker and marasmus
- kwashiorker- lack of protein in their diet,
| - marasmus - severe nutricial defecience , lack of nutritional elements in the food over long periods of time
62
what are the different measures of malnutrition
* Low Height‐for‐Age (Stunting)
* Low Weight‐for‐Height (Wasting)
* Low Weight‐for‐Age (Underweight)
63
what are the different Anthropometric Measures
• Gomez Measure: find weight‐ for‐age
• Body Mass Index: find weight‐for‐height
• Shakir Measure: measure mid‐upper arm
circumference (MUAC) for pre‐school children.
• The Shakira measure is the easiest. One needs
a simple measuring tape. That’s all.
64
- describe the Bagbana Study
-Malnutrition does not allow a person to grow
because a taller body requires more
nutritional maintenance
-Solow model - lower saving = lower steady state
-showed the incidence of stunting in India
65
what is cognitive dimension
the age at which a child constructs first three- word sentence
66
Describe how the total BMI and mortality correspond
-if it is too low the mortality is higher and if the person or child
67
what did the hunger winter in the neatherland studies show
Dutch - impacts of maternal under-nutrition
| on unborn children --> had high rates of cardiovascular disease and diabetes during adulthood
68
what are some of the advantages of the potato
- potatoes produces three to four times as many calories as an acre of oats, wheat, or barley
- only half an acre of potatoes was needed as compared to 1.7 acres to produce grains
- the availability of potatoes also played an important role in spurring economic growth
- increase in old world population
69
Describe the hungry season in Zambia and malawi
- people would take poisonous fruit and boil it for three days.
- end of the season - 'ogumbi,' announcing that winged termites were fluttering through the fields
- hunger months - Decemeber- March
70
what is the cost of eradicating global hunger
102. 2 billion dollars can save 800 million lives a year
| - it would cost 128 per life saved
71
describe what peter singer gave as an example for saving a life
child draining in a pond
- mess up your shoes and and be late for work
- real life- child dying because of poverty ( had measels - it is treatable) diarreah, measels, hunger, no water
72
what are some Policies Aimed at Health‐Related
| Causes of Undernutrition
```
• Public Health.
• Food Fortification.
• Subsidizing Maternal and Child Health
Services.
• Measures to interrupt transmission of
pneumonia and diarrhea.
```
73
what is one of the most efficient ways to help
Rice, Wheat, Legumes, Beans, Soya, Cereals
can cure world hunger
-meat is too expensive in the poor countries
74
explain how animal products are expensive
• 11 plant‐derived calories to produce 1 calorie
from beef or mutton (goat meat)
• 4 plant‐derived calories to produce 1 calorie
from pork or poultry
• 8 plant‐derived calories to produce 1 calorie
from milk
• 4 plant‐derived calories to produce 1 calorie
from eggs
75
animal to feed ratio
1,094 calories (which converts to 460 calories
| -2 to 4 ratio
76
describe the Reutlinger Triangle
if food could somehow be
taken away from people who are overeating and
be given to people who are clinically
malnourished, both groups would be better off
-brazil had enough food for everyone yet alot of the population were undernourished
77
worlds Reutlinger Triangle
Worldwide requirement for food: 2,350 calories per capita per day
• World food supply in 2004: 2,807 calories per capita per day
• About 450 calories of surplus food
78
what is one crazy way to make up calories for poor countries
americans give up soda
79
what are the four P's that are looked into by leather and foster
population
prosperity
pollution
productivity in agriculture
80
How do you measure poverty
- headcount ratio
- total poverty gap
- foster-greek thorbeck meaure
81
how do you measure absolute poverty using the headcount index
Headcount index = H/n
H- number of people below the poverty line
n= population
82
what is the down side with headcount ratio
treats all poor as a homogeneous group
| -if there are alot of people just above the benchmark the index may underextimate the problem
83
How do you solve for the total poverty gap
(poverty line - an individuals income)/ poverty line
* people who are not under the poverty line are not counted
- add all of the value up and at the end divide by the total number of population
84
which line would represent a large poverty gap and what line would represent a short poverty gap
- small - straight light
| - curved- large
85
describe the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke measure
Formula is the same as the gap ratio BUT
when a = 0--> headcount ratio
a=1 --> poverty gap ratio
a=2 --> poverty gap squared ratio
86
What is the formula for the foster greek throwbecker measure?
same formula as the poverty gap formula but square each number before you divide them by the populatyion
-again dont consider numbers thatare above the poverty
87
is the POVERTY gap squared ration bigger or smalle that GAP ratio
bigger
88
describe role role of the foster greek thorbecke measure
having a squared gives a greater weight to those that fall far below the poverty lien than those that are closer to it .
-a is a sensitivity measure
89
what has happened to the percentage of people under extrememe poverty
has gone down but the total number of people has changed very little
-population adjusted poverty has gone down
90
which place has shown great imporovement in reducing poverty
china
91
what has happened in sub saharan africa in regard to the number of poor people
has increased substancially
92
which place has the largest number of poor people
south asia
93
is there a trickle down effect in poverty ?
• In about one in five cases of positive economic
growth, the income levels of the poor
decrease.
-latin america - 1/3 of the time
94
what is the excpetion to the trickle down effect in poverty
- if the overall growth rate is over 5% poor people definetly get less poor
* two expections - singapore and puerto rico
95
what are the two inequality measures for poverty
- Kuznets Ratio
| - Gini coefficient ( lorenz Curve)
96
what are the steps for the Kuznets Ratio
```
• Arrange all individuals by ascending personal
incomes and then divide the total population
into quintiles (20% interval) or deciles (10%
interval
```
97
what is the actual formula for the Zuznets ratio
Kuznets ratio = income received by top 20%
| divided by income received by bottom 40%
98
decribe the layout of the lorenz curve
Vertical axis - cummulative share of total income received by each percentage of population recepients
horizontal - cumulative number of income recepients
99
what would the gini coefficient be when looking at the lorenz curve
- Shaded are A/ total area BCD
* shades are A is twhat is inside the half circle between line of equality and lorenz curve
* total are BCD is triangle that is created by the lorenz curve
100
whata rethe formulas that are needed to know to solve for the gini coefficient
the area of a rectangle (B*H) /2
| and a trapezoid- H ( A+B) /2
101
what are some things that the lorenz curve tells us
the more the lorenz line corves away from the diagonal, the greater the degree of inequality
102
what are the steps to plot the lorenz curve
1) arrange numbers in ascending order
2) find total income for everyone
3) find the % of income = #/ toal income ( should equal 100)
4) find the cumulative % of income
ex. start with three and keep adding % until you get to the end ( should end wih 100%)
103
final formula for the gini coefficient
take the are of under the curve - .5
| -ten take than number and multiply by two
104
what does the gini number show
-it shows income disparity
-the higher the gini # - wealth is concentrated among fed.
the lower the gini # - for equtable distribution
105
which model predict inequality better
lewis model
106
What is kuznets hypothesis
economicgrowth growth first raises then lowers incomei nequality
-inverted U
107
what was john rawls famous saying
the principals of justice are chosen behind the veil of ignorance
-under a veil of justice, you donot know which society which one you will be born into
108
who saves more money the rich or the poor -- continues
the rich save more money than the poor
109
which investment has the highes return to investment
in education or human capital
110
which investment has a lower return to investments
stocks and bonds compared to the return on educations
111
what happens to education investment and pjysical capital over time
0 in the beginning education return is higher than return to physical capital
-with time however return on education falls and return to education becomes equal to return to capital. eventually it beomes lower than capital
112
what case is better for a country as whole in regards to money
ig the rich gives the poor alittle bit of money
| -the area for both underthe marginal product curve is greater in the second way
113
what is the corretalition between sociopolitical instability and inequality
Sociopolitical instability however does not
seem to be strongly correlated with inequality
(Gini Coefficient).
114
why did economist loose interest in income distribution issues - capital in the21st century
Kuznet’s inverted U, lulled them into the belief that
income distribution would not matter in the long
run – capitalism will be “fair” in the long run
-for a while they did become more equal but started becoming more unequal as time passed
115
what model supports Kuznets inversted U
the lewis model
116
according to piketty, why is there a hyper concentration of wealth in agrarian sociaeties
low- growth societies in which the rate of return on capital was markedly and durably higher than the rate of growth
117
what are the results of pIKETTYS VIEWS
these conditions lead to an inheritance society that has a high concentration of wealth that will pass from one generation to the enext
118
who critizied picckey
richard sutch
119
What was the malthusian theory
- there were diminishing marginal returns to labor in agriculture
- there is a positive relation between capital income and fertility
120
what is one interpretation of malthus
if income per capital is low, there would be high death rates and low birth ratesto income per population will rise
-if income per capita is high--> income per population will fall
121
what would be malthusians statedy state
when birth rate = death rate --> growth rate is zero
| -the two factors he looks at are labor and land
122
was malthusian correct in regard to fertility rates ?
no --> higher income lowers fertility rates
| -children are expensive (1/4of a million dollars)
123
what is our problem with population
-we not have have a high gertility issue, but the effects of the lowe fertility rate iss still not being shown. High capital; however, has decreased the death rate so population growth does go up an malthus predicted
124
is the world population increasing
yes, the total world population is increaseing although the fertility rate is decreading
125
what is the idea of neo malthusians
although fertility falls as per capita income rises, death rate falls, as Malthuspredicted.
- so therefore, population DOES rise as per capita increases
- similar equilibrium
126
what is a current neo malthusian problem
US Social Security Problem
| -this iwll affect US prosperity in a negative way
127
describe the populationtrap
rising populationand diminishing returns to fixed factors ( low levels of living
A country can have a low level stable equilibrium at A or a relatively high level equilibrium at C. Point B is not stable.
128
what are the two lines that are looked at when looking the the population trap
income growth rate
| -population growth rate
129
what can get a country our of a population trap
high income growth
130
describe the population trap throughout history
-high income growth reached europe first
-dec. fert and mortality rates
- they started introduction vaccines which reached poor places
-death rates soon fell there too but popuation kept groing because their income did not increase
Result: population exploded
131
what are neo malthusians very concern about
population explosion
132
what has fertility become for people
a social issue where choises are important
| -people choose to have a kid just like people chose to buy a house or a car
133
what are the two views on fertility
- children are treated as consumptions goods of parents ( want to play with their kid)
- children are similar to stock and bonds. Help them when their are old (investment)
134
what ahs been the changing social value on children
in developed countries, children were investment goods before now they are consumption goods
- in poor countries they are prob. still treated as investment goods
135
what is the common misperception about contraceptives
common misperception that poor countries have high fertility rates because the do not know about contraceptives
-not trues, they know how contraceptives work but they choose to have more children
136
what were two places that were earl adopters of family planning but decided to not use them over time
china and india
137
what does houseold fertility depend on
1. womens education, role and status
2. female non agricultural wage employment
3. famliy income levels
4. infant mortality
5. development of old age pension and social security
6. expanded schooling oprtunities
138
what do educated women see taking care of child over working
an opportunity cost
139
why does lowering infant mortality reduce fertility
Because parents care about surviving children. If they
perceive that most children would survive, they
would have fewer children.
140
why would Development of old-age pensions and social security educe fertility
Because children are no longer treated as investment
goods. Parents turn to 401(K) or Social Security for
old-age support.
141
what is the household theory of fertility
It is possible that in the poor countries both
“investment” and “consumption” aspects of
children are relevant.First kids, investments , last childrens are consuption goods
142
if children are investment goods, how is the number of children determines
the number ofchildren you want to have under this scenariodepends on child survival rates and your risk
tolerance threshold
143
what is the formula for deciding how many kids to have if you are using them as investments
```
p= prob that at least one will take care of you
(1-P) = prob that a kid will not look afteryou
```
144
what has caused mortality rates to fall
```
simple inventions( vaccines)
higher income
higher survival rates
increased oprtunities for women
increase in human capital
old age pension fud
```
145
what are the three stages of demographic transition
1. ) high birthrates and deathrates
2. ) continued high birthrates , devclinic death rates
3. ) falling birthrates and deathrates, eventually stabilizing
146
what has gone up and down in term of life expectancy and fertility
life expectancy has gone up and fertility has gone down
147
what is the total fertility rate
average number of children that would be born to a women over her lifetime
148
what is the net rate of reproduction
number of girls born to a woman during her entire reproductive years
149
what is one group of people that have really low NRR
swedish. Not eough women to produce enough kids
- also japan fertility rates continue to fall
- eurapeans are also in decline
150
what are two factors that will make thejapanese population decline drastically
low fertility rates
| high deaths from natural disasters
151
what is the bangladesh miracle
bangladesh now having less kids because there is access to vaccines so less kids and lower mortality rates
152
what do population optimist think
- largest economies of scale
- favorable technological changes
- more people - creative people, entrepenours
153
what do population revisionist think
- the cost are not born by poor families alone
- can destroy common resources
- failure in the market of contraceptives
- high popultion will create income inequality
154
what was the argument between simon an echlirch
tha with growing population the price of goods would go up but it actually went down
155
what is the problem with age structure
as fertility falls, there are more older people than younger people and the averga epopulation becomes older
156
what problem will the age structure have on capital
it will reduce per capita growth rate
