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Biology 3401 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Stain blood smear, count parasites manually through a microscope- usually more parasites means a more severe infection

A

Diagnosis

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2
Q

Detects Plasmodium proteins in blood; some detect only falciparum, some detect other species

A

Rapid Diagnostic Rest (RDT)

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3
Q

Invade mosquito salivary gland cells, human hepatocytes–motile

A

Sporozoites

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4
Q

Invade human erythrocytes, non-motile

A

Merozoites

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5
Q

Packets of hundreds of merozoites surrounded by hepatocyte membrane
-Disintegrate in capillaries, release merozoites into bloodstream

A

Merosomes

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6
Q

Invade erythrocyte, grow into many merozoites, invade more erythrocytes

A

Merozoite Plan

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7
Q
  1. ) Initial attachment of parasite to erythrocyte
  2. ) Parasite reorientation (apical end faces erythrocyte)
  3. ) Junction forms between 2 cells
  4. ) Invasion: Parasite pulls itself into erythrocyte
  5. ) Vacuole forms: Parasite surrounded by specialized membrane
A

Merozoite Invasion

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8
Q

Vacuole membrane begins to extend to RBC surface to transport proteins from Plasmodium
Waste from hemoglobin digestion visible in food vacuole

A

Ring Stage

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9
Q

Continues to feed; volume, food vacuole increase

Knobs form on RBC surface

A

Trophozoite Stage

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10
Q

Infected erythrocytes from some parasite isolates bind multiple uninfected erythrocytes
Released merozoites are close to new erythrocytes

A

Rosette

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11
Q

Eggs laid singly, have floats
Larvae parallel to water surface
Proboscis, body in straight line

A

Anophele Eggs

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12
Q

Eggs laid singly, no floats
Larvae at angle to water surface
Proboscis, body at angle

A

Aedes Eggs

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13
Q

Eggs in rafts
Larvae at angle to water surface
Proboscis, body at angle

A

Culex Eggs

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14
Q

Bulb of sensory cells at base antennae, sensitive to vibration of other mosquito buzzing

A

Johnston’s Organ

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15
Q

Chemicals produced by one species, used by another, often to track them

A

Kairomones

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16
Q

Preference for non-human animals for nourishment

A

Zoophilia

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17
Q

Preference for human blood over animal blood

A

Anthrophilia

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18
Q

Feeds indoors

A

Endophagic

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19
Q

In mosquito hemocoel, releases sporozoites

A

Oocyst

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20
Q

Ingested by mosquito, gametes in midgut form ookinete

possible developmental path #2 for ring

A

Gametocyte

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21
Q

Mitosis within RBC, ~16 merozoites develop

-rbc ruptures, released merozoites invade more rbcs

A

Schizont

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22
Q

In rbcs, feeds on Hb

A

Trophozoite

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23
Q

Leaves liver to invade RBCs

  • ring stage: earliest form established within rbcs
  • possible developmental path #1 for ring: trophozoite
  • Schizont
A

Merozoite

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24
Q

Glides from mosquito to hemocoel to mosquito salivary glands, injected into human

A

Sporozoite

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25
Q

Chemically related to quinine
Acts on trophozoite, mechanism same as chloroquine
Active against chloroquine–sensitive as well as resistant P. vivax and falciparum

A

Mefloquine

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26
Q

Only genus that transmits malaria among humans

A

Anopheles

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27
Q

Not useful for acute attack as blood stages not targeted
Targets hypnozoites and falciparum gametocytes
Increased risk of hemolysis especially among G6PD deficient individuals

A

Primaquine

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28
Q

Primary host in plasmodium life cycle?

A

Anopheles

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29
Q

All have apical complex: organelles near anterior end that penetrate host cell tissues

A

Phylum Apicomplexa

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30
Q 
Single celled eukaryote, intracellular parasite 
#1 parasitic disease of humans
A

Plasmodium

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31
Q

Infection in pregnant women can be more severe than in non-pregnant women, with increased risk of anemia and death
Increased risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes including
?, ?, ?, ?

A

Low birth rate, miscarriage, stillbirth, prematurity

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32
Q

Rests indoors

A

endophilic

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33
Q

Feeding period for A. gambiae?

A

night time

34
Q

How many days does it take Plasmodium to develop in mosquito?

A

10-21 days

35
Q

Readily soluble in fat, insoluble in water
Poorly absorbed across animal skin, but readily crosses insect cuticle
Low to moderate acute mammalian toxicity, if eaten
Persistent: 10-15 year half-life, so it’s long lasting insecticide

A

DDT characteristics

36
Q

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
Example: Malathion
Used in anti-malarial campaigns after DDT phased out

A

Organophosphate

37
Q

Derived from chrysanthemums

Low mammalian toxicity

A

Pyrethrins

38
Q

Clinical symptoms: modified red blood cells clog capillaries, low functionality
Life expectancy:
1973: 14 years
Now: 50+ years

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

39
Q

Which has the advantage?

a) homozygous wild-type (AA) malaria
b) homozygous sickle (SS) sickle cell anemia
c) Heterozygous (AS)

A

c) heterozygous

40
Q

Used to

  • prevent malaria
  • treat malaria
  • prevent relapse from latent liver infection
A

Malaria Drugs

41
Q

Pharmaceutical chemist and educator, discovered references to an ancient, effective drug

42
Q

Secondary host in plasmodium life cycle?

43
Q

Introduced in the 1940’s
Cheap, non-toxic
Acts on trophozoite, gametocyte to some extent
Side effects: nausea, blurred vision, headaches, sleep disturbance

A

Chloroquine

44
Q

Earliest effective treatment known to western countries
From bark of cinchona tree
Drug of choice until 1940’s
Synthesis possible, but not economical
Side effects: tinnitus, nausea, blurred vision, headaches

45
Q

Severe ? due to hemolysis (erythrocyte destruction)

46
Q

Infections complicated by serious organ failures or abnormalities in blood metabolism

  • Cerebral malaria
  • Severe anemia
  • Pulmonary edema or acute respiratory distress syndrome
A

Severe complicated malaria

47
Q

Infection in pregnant women can be more severe than in non-pregnant women, with increased risk of anemia and death
Increased risk for miscarriage, prematurity, low birth rate, and stillbirth infants

A

Placental Malaria

48
Q

Causes about daily fevers, most virulent

A

P. falciparum

49
Q

Tertian fever, hypnozoites (dormant stage which persists in liver) (2)

A

P. vivax, ovale

50
Q

Quartan fever

A

P. malariae

51
Q

Causes malaria among monkeys, occur is southeast Asia, has infected humans

A

P. knowlesi

52
Q

Responsible for most cases of severe malaria

A

P. falciparum

53
Q

More difficult to control, eliminate than because hyponozoites lead to relapse

54
Q

Abnormal behavior, impaired consciousness, seizures, coma or other neurologic abnormalities

A

Cerebral malaria

55
Q

Extract from leaves, Artemisia annual (sweet wormwood)
Called qinghaosu in China, known for over 1000 years, used as anthelmintics; rediscovered 1970s
Western world didn’t accept until 1990s

56
Q

When artemisinin given along, 7-day regimens required to maximize cure rates
Adherence with 7-day treatment courses poor, so artemisinin combined with slowly eliminated partner antimalarial drug
Complete treatment course takes 3 days

A

Artemisinin Combined Therapy (ACT)

57
Q

What 2 things allows drug resistance to happen?

A

excessive use, incorrect use

58
Q

?=ma^2bp^n/-rln(p)

A

Rsub0 formula

59
Q

Derived from chrysanthemums

Low mammalian toxicity

A

Pyrethrins

60
Q

Non-specific response, present from birth

  • External defenses interface with environment
  • Internal defense within body
A

Innate Immunity

61
Q

Specific response, acquired after exposure (B, T cells)

A

Acquired Immunity

62
Q

Ingest pathogens, cellular debris

A

Phagocytic Cells

63
Q

Recognize cancer cells, infected cells

A

Natural Killer Cells

64
Q

Released upon infection by cells of innate response enhance blood flow, attract more immune cells to site

A

Signal Molecules

65
Q

Employ reactive O2 species, proteases to destroy pathogen, however, damage to body’s own tissue often results

A

Immune Species

66
Q

Compounds from white blood cells that raise ‘set point’

67
Q

? release induces malarial fever

68
Q

Foreign molecule that induces immune response

69
Q

Activated B cells produce, secrete antibodies

A

Humoral Immune Response

70
Q

Activated cytotoxic T cells directly destroy target cells

A

Cell-Mediated Immune Response

71
Q

Climate consistently favors mosquito development; routine exposure leads to some immunity against more severe infection
Nature’s “vaccine” paid for with high childhood mortality

A

Stable Transmission

72
Q

Climate, less efficient vectors cause sporadic episodes spread across age-groups; epidemics may occur

A

Unstable Transmission

73
Q

Epithelial covering of embryonic placental villi; invades uterus wall to establish circulation between embryo, mother

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

74
Q

Invades mosquito midgut epithelium–motile

75
Q

“bad air”

Disease caused by protist, Plasmodium, of which 4-5 species infect humans; spread by mosquito vector

76
Q

Placental Malaria: Women in first pregnancy ? susceptible, likely due to lack of specific immune response to placental parasites

77
Q

Harmless variant or derivative of pathogen that stimulates immune system to fight pathogen
-Particles of pathogens that have been inactivated by physical or chemical means

78
Q

Vaccines should…

  1. Be ?
  2. Be ? and ?
  3. Have ? immunity
A

safe, manufacture and administer, lifelong/longterm

79
Q

Symptoms of malaria via CDC (9)

A

Body aches, fever, chills and sweating, headaches, nausea and vomiting, general malaise, confused with flu in non-malarial countries, enlarged spleen, mild anemia, jaundice

80
Q

Attack lasting 6-10 hours includes

  • Cold Stage: Sensation of cold, shivering
  • Hot Stage: Fever, headaches, vomiting; seizures in young children
  • Sweating Stage: Sweats, return to normal temperature, tiredness
A

Classic, Uncomplicated Malaria

Biology 3401 (2 decks)

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