Exam 2 Flashcards
willingness to exert effort/perform work for a desired outcome
motivation
in addiction, drugs of abuse take on _________ __________ properties
primary reinforcer
max # of operant responses a trained animal will engage in for drug delivery
breakpoint
repeatedly pairing 2 stimuli until the conditioned stimulus elicits the same response as the unconditioned stimulus
classical conditioning
classical conditioning requires no work and therefore is
difficult to use as an index of motivation
changing the occurrence, frequency, or magnitude of behavior through the use of reinforcements
operant conditioning
by definition, operant behaviors are __________ behaviors because they require effort/work
motivated
administration of short bursts of electrical activity directly into targeted neural structures
ICSS (intracranial self-stimulation)
projections from the VTA to NAcc is referred to as the
medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
drugs of abuse ____________ ICSS thresholds (less elec. stim needed for reinforcement)
decrease
DA antagonists ____________ ICSS thresholds (more elec. stim needed for reinforcement)
increase
reinforcement delivered after a constant, or “fixed”, # of correct behaviors
fixed ratio
reinforcement delivered after unpredictable, or “variable”, # of correct behaviors that avg. to a specific #
variable ratio
reinforcement becomes available after specific period of time
fixed interval
reinforcement becomes available after periods of time that are “variable”, but avg. to a specific interval
variable interval
reinforcement is delivered for every correct behavior
continuous
_________ ______ schedules are hardest to extinguish (which suggests greater motivation)
variable ratio
_________ __________ schedules are easiest to extinguish
continuous reinforcement
administration of virtually all drugs of abuse __________ ICSS reward thresholds
decreases
anxious and fearful behaviors are mediated by
amygdala and hippocampus
drugs that increases activity of the sympathetic nervous system through direct action on adrenergic receptors
direct sympathomimetics
drugs that mimic direct sympathomimetics by increasing availability of monoamines in the synapse
indirect sympathomimetics
increasing availability of monoamines in the synapse can occur through these 3 ways
- increased neurotransmitter release
- blocking neurotransmitter reuptake
- blocking neurotransmitter metabolism
many direct sympathomimetics have medical uses but have few
abuse potentials
all CNS stimulants induce ___________ nervous system arousal (an artificial F/F response)
sympathetic
______________ (reward) effects are meditated by release of DA in the mesolimbic system, regardless of the specific mechanisms
psychostimulant
____________ (motor activity) effects are mediated in large part through the nigrostriatal pathway
locomotor
crawling sensation under the skin that leads to obsessive skin picking of the face and body
(meth use)
formication
amphetamine and cocaine administration increase dendritic spine branching in both the mesolimbic and mesocortical DA systems, thereby
altering neural structure directly
some meth-induced damage to midbrain DA neurons (both striatal and nigrostriatal) is PERMANENT , conferring vulnerability to
Parkinson’s Disease later in life
drugs derived directly from the opium poppy
opiates
opium use in the US contributed to the _________ ___________ ____ ____ in 1914 , which outlawed production, use, possession, and distribution of opiate and coca products, except for medical purposes
Harrison Narcotics Tax Act
________ was 1st isolated from dried opium poppy resin in the early 1800s & was named after Greek god of dreams
morphine
comprises 10% raw opium
heroin 1
obtained by converting morphine to heroin base
snorted not smoked
heroin 2
20-30% pure
smokable form of heroin
heroin 3
80-90% pure & injectable
heroin 4
semi- & fully- synthetic opiates that are manufactured chemically
opioids
both opiates and opioids are now often referred to as
opioids
neuropeptides produced by the body that have morphine-like actions
endogenous opioids
endogenous opioids bind to the same receptors as opioid drugs of abuse, just
not as powerfully
dilemma of exogenous opioids:
nothing relieves pain as well, but nothing is more addictive
heroin is a prodrug, meaning
it has no pharmacological activity, but its active metabolites do
opioid drug taking induces intense intoxication/euphoria; this promotes repeated use via
positive reinforcement mechanisms
drug taking is maintained through strong
negative reinforcement mechanisms
___________ shortens the duration of drug action
tolerance
opioid withdrawal symptoms peak at
48-72 hours
