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Spinal anatomy Exam 2 questions > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what muscle attaches to the anterior arch of C1

A

longus colli muscle

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2
Q

what is the morphology of the superior articular facet of C1

A

they are ellipitcal, closer together in the front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividing the facet surfaces into two separate surfaces

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3
Q

what is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C1

A

backward, medial and down

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4
Q

what is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1

A

tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament

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5
Q

what muscle attach to the lateral mass of C1

A

levator scapula, splenius cervicis and rectus capitis anterior

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6
Q

what is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender?

A

males: about fifty millimeters, females:about thirty-seven millimeters

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7
Q

what attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1

A

rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae

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8
Q

with regard to ossification of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament, what is the gender bias, bone classification, amount of ossification and general percent in the population

A

male, accessory bone, complete ponticulus posticus, fifteen percent: female, accessory bone, partial ponticulus posticus, twenty-six percent

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9
Q

what is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1

A

males: 78 millimeters females: 72 millimeters

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10
Q

what is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender

A

alittle over 30 millimeters for both males and females

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11
Q

what joint classification are observed at C1

A

amphiarthrosis syndesmosis, diarthrosis ellipsodial, diarthrosis trochoid, diarthrosis arthrodia

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12
Q

what names are given to C2

A

axis or epistropheus

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13
Q

what is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies below the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed anterior

A

kyphotic dens

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14
Q

what joint classifications are present at the vertebral body of C2

A

amphiarthrosis sydesmosis, diarthrosis trochoid, modified diarthrosis sellar, and amphiarthrosis symphysis

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15
Q

what ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal about C2

A

membrana tectoria

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16
Q

what attaches to the lamina of C2

A

obliquss capitis inferior muscle, posterior atlanto-axial ligament, ligamentum flavum

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17
Q

what is the facet orientation of the superior articular facet of C2

A

backward, upward, and lateral

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18
Q

what is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2

A

males: fifty-seven millimeters and females: about fifty millimeters

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19
Q

what name is given only to C7

A

vertebra prominens

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20
Q

what is the segment and gender bias for vertebra other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence

A

C6 is more common in females and T1 is more common in males

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21
Q

how many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C7

A

eight

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22
Q

what is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C7

A

forward, medial, downward

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23
Q

the vertebral artery on which side is typically larger

A

left vertebral artery

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24
Q

what is the gender bias regarding size of the vertebral artery

A

men have larger vertebral arteries than women

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25
Q

what is the name of the physical exam used to determine vertebral artery patency

A

the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test

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26
Q

which side artery is tested during the course of the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam

A

the ipsilateral artery on the side of rotation

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27
Q

at what location will the vertebral artery form its first compensatory loop

A

the atlanto-axial interspace

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28
Q

at what segments will the vertebral artery be firmly attached to the transverse foramen

A

both C1 and C2

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29
Q

what is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between C1 and C2, and the occiput?

A

the increased length will accommodate the greater rotation at these locations

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30
Q

what happens to the vertebral artery after it enters the subarachnoid space at C1

A

the vertebral artery ascends along the medulla oblongata to the pontine-medullary junction where the right and left arteries unite to form the basilar artery

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31
Q

what artery is formed by the union of the right and left vertebral artery

A

the basilar artery

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32
Q

what forms the boundaries for the exit of the C1 nerve from the spinal canal

A

occipital condyle, superior articular process of C1, capsular ligament, arcuate rim, groove for the vertebral artery, posterior atlanto-occipital ligament

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33
Q

what forms the boundary for the exit of the C nerve from the spinal canal

A

inferior articular process of C, capsular ligament, superior articular process of C2, inferior vertebral notch of C1, superior vertebral notch of C2, posterior arch of C1, lamina of C2, posterior atlanto-axial ligament

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34
Q

what forms the anterior boundary for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal canal

A

the vertebral bodies, intervertebral discs, posterior longitudinal ligament, unciate process, lateral groove

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35
Q

what features will allow discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8

A

the vertebral body, transverse process, articular process, and spinous process

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36
Q

what is the aortic impression

A

flattening of the superior and inferior epiphyseal rims on the left side of the vertebral body of T5-T8 which give the vertebral body less scalloped or less indented appearance on that side

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37
Q

what is the principal cause of the posterior curve of the thoracic spine

A

the vertebral body height differences

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38
Q

what joint classifications are identified at the vertebral body of the typical thoracic

A

aphiarthrosis syndesmosis, aphiarthorsis symphysis, and diarthrosis arthrodia

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39
Q

how many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic

A

four

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40
Q

how many joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic

A

typically ten; fourteen if the rib ligaments are included

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41
Q

what is the name given to the joint formed between the vertebral body and rib

A

costocentral joint

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42
Q

what ligaments support the costocentral joint

A

the radiate costocentral or stellate costocentral ligament and the interarticular or intra-articular ligament

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43
Q

what does the intra-articlar or interarticular ligament connect to

A

the interarticular or intra-articular crest of the capitulum of the rib and the intervertebral disc

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44
Q

which x-ray view is used to see into the intervertebral foramen of a typical thoracic

A

lateral view

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45
Q

what ligaments support the costotransverse joint of a typical thoracic

A

superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments

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46
Q

the superior costotransverse ligament of the transverse process of T4 will attach which rib

A

the fifth rib

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47
Q

how can you distinguish T2-T4 from a T5-T8

A

T2-T4 superior articular process farther apart than the inferior articular process; T5-T8 the width is the same between the superior and inferior articular process

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48
Q

what is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic

A

the face forward, medial and down

49
Q

imbrication will be more pronounced at which region of the thoracics

A

T5-T8

50
Q

what is the angulation of the spinous process in the typical thoracic region

A

T2-T4 forty degrees; T5-T8 sixty degrees from horizontal plane

51
Q

how many joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1

A

typically ten; fourteen if the rib ligaments are included

52
Q

what ligament is absent at the costotransverse joint of T1

A

the superior costotransverse ligament

53
Q

what ligaments attach to the transverse process of T1

A

intertransverse, capsular costotransverse, superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse

54
Q

para-articular processes are more commonly observed on which segment

A

T10

55
Q

a dimpling or depression of the skin in the thoracic region is often characteristic of the location of which segment

A

T10

56
Q

what is the name given to T11

A

anticlinal vertebra

57
Q

what muscle is attache to the vertebral body of T12

A

psoas major and psoas minor

58
Q

what ligaments form the costotransverse joint of the twelfth rib

A

the superior costotransverse ligament from T11 and the lumbocostal ligament from L1

59
Q

what is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of T12

A

they face forward down and lateral (Fold)

60
Q

how many synovial joints are typically present at T12

A

six

61
Q

what muscles attach to the spinous process of T12

A

trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, and interspinalis

62
Q

which erector spinae muscle is unique in its attachment to the T12 spinous process

A

iliocostalis lumborum

63
Q

what accounts for the direction of the lumbar curve

A

the vertebral body and intervertebral disc have a greater anterior height than posterior height

64
Q

what muscles may attach to a typical lumbar vertebral body

A

psoas major and psoas minor

65
Q

what is the name given to ligaments which attach vertebral body to articular process

A

transforaminal ligaments

66
Q

what ligaments attach the vertebral body to the transverse process

A

corporotransverse ligaments

67
Q

what is the proposed function of the Hofmann ligaments in the cervical-upper thoracic region

A

resist caudal movement of the dural sac, resist gravitational forces on the dura and cord

68
Q

what is the proposed function of the lumbar Hofmann ligaments

A

resist cranial movement of the dural sac during flexion

69
Q

what osseous conditions of lumbar vertebrae facilitate a spinal tap in this region

A

overlap of the laminae, shingling, diminishes; overlap of the spinous process, imbrication diminshes

70
Q

a styloid process occurs with what frequency and as a result of what condition

A

7% occurrence as a result of congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process

71
Q

what was believed to be entrapped by the mammillo-accessory ligament

A

the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a lumbar spinal nerve

72
Q

what muscle attach to the lumbar accessory process

A

longissimus thoracis and intertransversarii

73
Q

what names are given to the condition in which one zygopophysis of a vertebral couple lies in the coronal plane or position and the other zygopophysis lies in the sagittal plane or position

A

joint assymmetry or joint tropism

74
Q

what is the name of the condition when the typical lumbar spinous process increases in length due to the aging process

A

Baastrup’s syndrome or “kissing Spines”

75
Q

what ligaments attach to the transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra

A

the lumbosacral, iliolumbar, mammillo -accessory and intertransverse ligament

76
Q

what is the name given to the congenital condition in which the fifth lumbar spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida, and dorsiflexion produces pain

A

Knife Clasp Syndrome

77
Q

lumbar spondylolysis has not been reported in what groups of individuals

A

fetuses, newborns, rarely children under five years old, patients who have never walked and in non-erect species

78
Q

what is the gender bias and locational bias associated with lumbar spondylolysis

A

men at L5/S1 women L4/L5

79
Q

what is the appearance of a spondylolysis in a lumbar vertebra upon oblique xray view

A

a collared Scotty Dog

80
Q

what characteristics are associated with cervical spondylolysis

A

rare, congenital, gender biased toward men, most common at C6 and linked to spondylolisthesis and spina bifida

81
Q

what is ethnic, gender, and locational associated with sacral spondylolysis

A

the native alaskan (inuit) male at S1 level

82
Q

identify all names given to type 1 spondylolisthesis

A

dysplastic spondylolisthesis, congenital spondylolisthesis

83
Q

what are the causes associated with type 5 spondylolisthesis

A

bone diseases such as Paget disease or osteogenesis imperfecta

84
Q

what features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest

A

the mammillary process of S1 and the sacral cornu of S5

85
Q

what features may be identified along the lateral sacral crest

A

S1 tubercle, sacral tuberosity of S2, transverse tubercles of S3, S4, S5

86
Q

what is the name of the joint formed by the sacral tuberosity

A

the accessory sacro-iliac joint

87
Q

what gender bias, location bias, and spinal canal dimensions are associated with type 2 spondylolisthesis

A

isthmic spondylolisthesis is common in men, lacated at the L5/S1 level and demonstrates an increase in sagittal diameter of the spinal canal

88
Q

what is the gender bias, location bias, and spinal canal dimension changes often associated with type 3 spondylolisthesis

A

degenerative spondylolisthesis is more common in women, particularly at L4/L5, and demonstrates no change in sagital diameter of the spinal canal

89
Q

what forms the posterior boundary for the first coccygeal spinal nerve intervertebral foramen

A

sacral cornu, coccygeal cornu, superficial dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament, intercornual ligament

90
Q

what forms the inferior boundary for the spinal canal

A

the union of the superficial dorsal and deep dorsal sacrococcygeal ligaments

91
Q

superior articular facets of which vertebrae will be oriented backward, upward, and medial

A

C1, C3-C7, L1-L5, S1

92
Q

superior articular facets of which segments will be oriented backward, upward, and lateral

A

C2, T1-T12

93
Q

inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented forward lateral and downward

A

C2-C6, T12, L1-L5

94
Q

what is another way of implying occipitalization of C1

A

atlas assimilation

95
Q

what joint is formed between the odontoid process ossification centers and the centrum of C2

A

subdental synchondrosis

96
Q

what is the name given to the condition in which the joint formed between the odontoid process and centrum of C2 persists beyond age 7

A

os odontoedeum

97
Q

what is the name given to the joint formed between the tip of the dens and the odontoid process centers of ossification

A

tip of the dens synchondrosis

98
Q

if the joint formed between the tip of the dens and odontoid process centers of ossification persists beyond age 12, what is the condition called

A

terminal ossicle

99
Q

what is the incidence of rib-related changes following dorsalization of C7

A

from one-half to two and one-half percent of the population

100
Q

what is the gender bias suggested in dorsalization of C7

A

female

101
Q

what C7 facet orientation changes may accompany cervicalization

A

the inferior articular facet may change from forward medial and down to foward lateral and down; the superior articular facet is unchanged

102
Q

what is the gender bias associated with dorsalization of L1

A

males are two to three times more affected

103
Q

what T12 facet orientation changes may accompany lumbarization

A

the superior articular facet may change from flat, back, up and lateral to concave back, up and medial; the inferior articular facet is unchanged

104
Q

what is the characteristics of lumbarization of S1

A

the failure of synotosis between S1 and S2, squaring of the vertebral body of S1 and flaring of the sacral ala

105
Q

which segment demonstrates the greatest morphological variation along the spine

A

L5

106
Q

what developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult cervical curve

A

centers for vision and equilibrium will appear in brain. musculature attaching to the skull, cervical region, and upper thorax together develops. the head is held upright. the intervertebral disc height becomes greater anterior than posterior

107
Q

what is the name given to the integration of visual and motor pathways associated with holding the head erect

A

the righting reflex

108
Q

what development events are indicated in the formation of the adult lumbar curve

A

crawling will cause the abdomen to put tension on the lumbar region and pulls it forward, muscle development is promoted to compensate for the swayback of the lumbars, intervertebral disc height will become greater anterior compared to posterior, walking will further promote muscle and intervertebral disc development

109
Q

what is the relationship between curve direction and handedness

A

a right handed person has a high probability for a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination

110
Q

what clinical examples of abnormal curvatures along the vertebral column were stressed in class

A

military neck, humpback or hunchback, and swayback

111
Q

what are the curve classifications for military neck

A

a kyphosis or hypolordotic curve

112
Q

what are the classifications of scoliosis according to the scoliosis research society

A

magnitude, location, etiology, and structural/non-structural

113
Q

what does idiopathic scoliosis infer

A

the scoliosis is unique to the individual, it has no known cause, unknown etiology

114
Q

identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of infantile idiopathic scoliosis

A

left thoracic, male, less than 1%

115
Q

identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis

A

right thoracic, females over 6 years old, 12-21%

116
Q

identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

A

right thoracic or right thoracic and left lumbar, females, 80%

117
Q

what is the relationship between curve deviation, incidence, and curve worsening

A

the greater the deviation, the lower the incidence, and more likely to worsen

118
Q

which subdivision of the iliocostalis muscle appears to have a reversal origin - insertion?

A

iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum

Spinal anatomy Exam 2 questions (1 decks)

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