Exam 2 Flashcards
what muscle attaches to the anterior arch of C1
longus colli muscle
what is the morphology of the superior articular facet of C1
they are ellipitcal, closer together in the front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividing the facet surfaces into two separate surfaces
what is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C1
backward, medial and down
what is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1
tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament
what muscle attach to the lateral mass of C1
levator scapula, splenius cervicis and rectus capitis anterior
what is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender?
males: about fifty millimeters, females:about thirty-seven millimeters
what attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1
rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae
with regard to ossification of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament, what is the gender bias, bone classification, amount of ossification and general percent in the population
male, accessory bone, complete ponticulus posticus, fifteen percent: female, accessory bone, partial ponticulus posticus, twenty-six percent
what is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1
males: 78 millimeters females: 72 millimeters
what is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender
alittle over 30 millimeters for both males and females
what joint classification are observed at C1
amphiarthrosis syndesmosis, diarthrosis ellipsodial, diarthrosis trochoid, diarthrosis arthrodia
what names are given to C2
axis or epistropheus
what is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies below the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed anterior
kyphotic dens
what joint classifications are present at the vertebral body of C2
amphiarthrosis sydesmosis, diarthrosis trochoid, modified diarthrosis sellar, and amphiarthrosis symphysis
what ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal about C2
membrana tectoria
what attaches to the lamina of C2
obliquss capitis inferior muscle, posterior atlanto-axial ligament, ligamentum flavum
what is the facet orientation of the superior articular facet of C2
backward, upward, and lateral
what is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2
males: fifty-seven millimeters and females: about fifty millimeters
what name is given only to C7
vertebra prominens
what is the segment and gender bias for vertebra other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence
C6 is more common in females and T1 is more common in males
how many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C7
eight
what is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C7
forward, medial, downward
the vertebral artery on which side is typically larger
left vertebral artery
what is the gender bias regarding size of the vertebral artery
men have larger vertebral arteries than women
what is the name of the physical exam used to determine vertebral artery patency
the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test
which side artery is tested during the course of the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam
the ipsilateral artery on the side of rotation
at what location will the vertebral artery form its first compensatory loop
the atlanto-axial interspace
at what segments will the vertebral artery be firmly attached to the transverse foramen
both C1 and C2
what is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between C1 and C2, and the occiput?
the increased length will accommodate the greater rotation at these locations
what happens to the vertebral artery after it enters the subarachnoid space at C1
the vertebral artery ascends along the medulla oblongata to the pontine-medullary junction where the right and left arteries unite to form the basilar artery
what artery is formed by the union of the right and left vertebral artery
the basilar artery
what forms the boundaries for the exit of the C1 nerve from the spinal canal
occipital condyle, superior articular process of C1, capsular ligament, arcuate rim, groove for the vertebral artery, posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
what forms the boundary for the exit of the C nerve from the spinal canal
inferior articular process of C, capsular ligament, superior articular process of C2, inferior vertebral notch of C1, superior vertebral notch of C2, posterior arch of C1, lamina of C2, posterior atlanto-axial ligament
what forms the anterior boundary for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal canal
the vertebral bodies, intervertebral discs, posterior longitudinal ligament, unciate process, lateral groove
what features will allow discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8
the vertebral body, transverse process, articular process, and spinous process
what is the aortic impression
flattening of the superior and inferior epiphyseal rims on the left side of the vertebral body of T5-T8 which give the vertebral body less scalloped or less indented appearance on that side
what is the principal cause of the posterior curve of the thoracic spine
the vertebral body height differences
what joint classifications are identified at the vertebral body of the typical thoracic
aphiarthrosis syndesmosis, aphiarthorsis symphysis, and diarthrosis arthrodia
how many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic
four
how many joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic
typically ten; fourteen if the rib ligaments are included
what is the name given to the joint formed between the vertebral body and rib
costocentral joint
what ligaments support the costocentral joint
the radiate costocentral or stellate costocentral ligament and the interarticular or intra-articular ligament
what does the intra-articlar or interarticular ligament connect to
the interarticular or intra-articular crest of the capitulum of the rib and the intervertebral disc
which x-ray view is used to see into the intervertebral foramen of a typical thoracic
lateral view
what ligaments support the costotransverse joint of a typical thoracic
superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments
the superior costotransverse ligament of the transverse process of T4 will attach which rib
the fifth rib
how can you distinguish T2-T4 from a T5-T8
T2-T4 superior articular process farther apart than the inferior articular process; T5-T8 the width is the same between the superior and inferior articular process
what is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic
the face forward, medial and down
imbrication will be more pronounced at which region of the thoracics
T5-T8
what is the angulation of the spinous process in the typical thoracic region
T2-T4 forty degrees; T5-T8 sixty degrees from horizontal plane
how many joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1
typically ten; fourteen if the rib ligaments are included
what ligament is absent at the costotransverse joint of T1
the superior costotransverse ligament
what ligaments attach to the transverse process of T1
intertransverse, capsular costotransverse, superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse
para-articular processes are more commonly observed on which segment
T10
a dimpling or depression of the skin in the thoracic region is often characteristic of the location of which segment
T10
what is the name given to T11
anticlinal vertebra
what muscle is attache to the vertebral body of T12
psoas major and psoas minor
what ligaments form the costotransverse joint of the twelfth rib
the superior costotransverse ligament from T11 and the lumbocostal ligament from L1
what is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of T12
they face forward down and lateral (Fold)
how many synovial joints are typically present at T12
six
what muscles attach to the spinous process of T12
trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, and interspinalis
which erector spinae muscle is unique in its attachment to the T12 spinous process
iliocostalis lumborum
what accounts for the direction of the lumbar curve
the vertebral body and intervertebral disc have a greater anterior height than posterior height
what muscles may attach to a typical lumbar vertebral body
psoas major and psoas minor
what is the name given to ligaments which attach vertebral body to articular process
transforaminal ligaments
what ligaments attach the vertebral body to the transverse process
corporotransverse ligaments
what is the proposed function of the Hofmann ligaments in the cervical-upper thoracic region
resist caudal movement of the dural sac, resist gravitational forces on the dura and cord
what is the proposed function of the lumbar Hofmann ligaments
resist cranial movement of the dural sac during flexion
what osseous conditions of lumbar vertebrae facilitate a spinal tap in this region
overlap of the laminae, shingling, diminishes; overlap of the spinous process, imbrication diminshes
a styloid process occurs with what frequency and as a result of what condition
7% occurrence as a result of congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process
what was believed to be entrapped by the mammillo-accessory ligament
the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a lumbar spinal nerve
what muscle attach to the lumbar accessory process
longissimus thoracis and intertransversarii
what names are given to the condition in which one zygopophysis of a vertebral couple lies in the coronal plane or position and the other zygopophysis lies in the sagittal plane or position
joint assymmetry or joint tropism
what is the name of the condition when the typical lumbar spinous process increases in length due to the aging process
Baastrup’s syndrome or “kissing Spines”
what ligaments attach to the transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra
the lumbosacral, iliolumbar, mammillo -accessory and intertransverse ligament
what is the name given to the congenital condition in which the fifth lumbar spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida, and dorsiflexion produces pain
Knife Clasp Syndrome
lumbar spondylolysis has not been reported in what groups of individuals
fetuses, newborns, rarely children under five years old, patients who have never walked and in non-erect species
what is the gender bias and locational bias associated with lumbar spondylolysis
men at L5/S1 women L4/L5
what is the appearance of a spondylolysis in a lumbar vertebra upon oblique xray view
a collared Scotty Dog
what characteristics are associated with cervical spondylolysis
rare, congenital, gender biased toward men, most common at C6 and linked to spondylolisthesis and spina bifida
what is ethnic, gender, and locational associated with sacral spondylolysis
the native alaskan (inuit) male at S1 level
identify all names given to type 1 spondylolisthesis
dysplastic spondylolisthesis, congenital spondylolisthesis
what are the causes associated with type 5 spondylolisthesis
bone diseases such as Paget disease or osteogenesis imperfecta
what features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest
the mammillary process of S1 and the sacral cornu of S5
what features may be identified along the lateral sacral crest
S1 tubercle, sacral tuberosity of S2, transverse tubercles of S3, S4, S5
what is the name of the joint formed by the sacral tuberosity
the accessory sacro-iliac joint
what gender bias, location bias, and spinal canal dimensions are associated with type 2 spondylolisthesis
isthmic spondylolisthesis is common in men, lacated at the L5/S1 level and demonstrates an increase in sagittal diameter of the spinal canal
what is the gender bias, location bias, and spinal canal dimension changes often associated with type 3 spondylolisthesis
degenerative spondylolisthesis is more common in women, particularly at L4/L5, and demonstrates no change in sagital diameter of the spinal canal
what forms the posterior boundary for the first coccygeal spinal nerve intervertebral foramen
sacral cornu, coccygeal cornu, superficial dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament, intercornual ligament
what forms the inferior boundary for the spinal canal
the union of the superficial dorsal and deep dorsal sacrococcygeal ligaments
superior articular facets of which vertebrae will be oriented backward, upward, and medial
C1, C3-C7, L1-L5, S1
superior articular facets of which segments will be oriented backward, upward, and lateral
C2, T1-T12
inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented forward lateral and downward
C2-C6, T12, L1-L5
what is another way of implying occipitalization of C1
atlas assimilation
what joint is formed between the odontoid process ossification centers and the centrum of C2
subdental synchondrosis
what is the name given to the condition in which the joint formed between the odontoid process and centrum of C2 persists beyond age 7
os odontoedeum
what is the name given to the joint formed between the tip of the dens and the odontoid process centers of ossification
tip of the dens synchondrosis
if the joint formed between the tip of the dens and odontoid process centers of ossification persists beyond age 12, what is the condition called
terminal ossicle
what is the incidence of rib-related changes following dorsalization of C7
from one-half to two and one-half percent of the population
what is the gender bias suggested in dorsalization of C7
female
what C7 facet orientation changes may accompany cervicalization
the inferior articular facet may change from forward medial and down to foward lateral and down; the superior articular facet is unchanged
what is the gender bias associated with dorsalization of L1
males are two to three times more affected
what T12 facet orientation changes may accompany lumbarization
the superior articular facet may change from flat, back, up and lateral to concave back, up and medial; the inferior articular facet is unchanged
what is the characteristics of lumbarization of S1
the failure of synotosis between S1 and S2, squaring of the vertebral body of S1 and flaring of the sacral ala
which segment demonstrates the greatest morphological variation along the spine
L5
what developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult cervical curve
centers for vision and equilibrium will appear in brain. musculature attaching to the skull, cervical region, and upper thorax together develops. the head is held upright. the intervertebral disc height becomes greater anterior than posterior
what is the name given to the integration of visual and motor pathways associated with holding the head erect
the righting reflex
what development events are indicated in the formation of the adult lumbar curve
crawling will cause the abdomen to put tension on the lumbar region and pulls it forward, muscle development is promoted to compensate for the swayback of the lumbars, intervertebral disc height will become greater anterior compared to posterior, walking will further promote muscle and intervertebral disc development
what is the relationship between curve direction and handedness
a right handed person has a high probability for a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination
what clinical examples of abnormal curvatures along the vertebral column were stressed in class
military neck, humpback or hunchback, and swayback
what are the curve classifications for military neck
a kyphosis or hypolordotic curve
what are the classifications of scoliosis according to the scoliosis research society
magnitude, location, etiology, and structural/non-structural
what does idiopathic scoliosis infer
the scoliosis is unique to the individual, it has no known cause, unknown etiology
identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of infantile idiopathic scoliosis
left thoracic, male, less than 1%
identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis
right thoracic, females over 6 years old, 12-21%
identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
right thoracic or right thoracic and left lumbar, females, 80%
what is the relationship between curve deviation, incidence, and curve worsening
the greater the deviation, the lower the incidence, and more likely to worsen
which subdivision of the iliocostalis muscle appears to have a reversal origin - insertion?
iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum
