Exam 2

Question 1

What are the types and locations of traditional flower retailers?

Answer 1

Professional, Full service flower shops-implies all employees are trained in flowers. Offers full service

“SPECIALTY FLOWER BUSINESSES”-“Targeting a particular need in the marketplace, a specialty flower business concentrates on a profitable aspect of floral design.

“LIMITED-SERVICE FLOWER STORES” -“In contrast to the full-service shop, the limited-service flower store is designed for customers who purchase lowers or gifts on impulse.

“FLOWER MERCHANDISERS”-Often called stem shops, bucket shops , or cash-and- carry shops , these floral operations are generally located in heavy-trafic areas.
Locations:

-“FREE-STANDING FLOWER SHOP A floral business in a single unit building is a free- standing flower shop.

• “STRIP-CENTER FLOWER SHOP A strip-center in a small shopping complex”
• Others: Shopping malls, business complexes, downtown locations

Question 2

The majority of floral shops are considered what type of floral shop?

Answer 2

Full service

Question 3

What are some of the common names for flower merchandisers?

Answer 3

Stem shops, bucket shops, cash-and-carry shops

Question 4

What are hardwoods vs. perishables?

Answer 4

Hardgoods are the vases, containers, baskets, foam, wire, and ribbons while perishable are fresh flowers, potted plants, greenery, etc

Question 5

What does wire service mean and where does that term come from?

Answer 5

In the early days of the floral industry, flower orders were transmitted using telegraph or wire transmission, now we use computers but the idea is the same. So basically a wire company helps flowers get across the country.

established primarily to facilitate order exchange and fulfillment between local florists and/or third-party sales agents of floral products.

Question 6

Name the two original wire service companies that are still in business today

Answer 6

FTD-Florists Transworld Delivery Association and Teleflora

Question 7

Besides the “cost of goods” what are the 3 other categories of expenses of a floral shop that must be remembered and included in determining the selling price of products?

Answer 7

Labor, operational expenses, profit margin

Question 8

Describe a specialized or a freelance designer?

Answer 8

a knowledgeable and experienced person who designs floral arrangements for individual buyers

Question 9

What is a trade association and what are the advantages to being a member?

Answer 9

An organized group set up by individuals, merchants, or business firms for the unified promotion of their common interests, is generally a non-profit corporation, a trade association assists the industry in educating its members and promoting the products and services in the community. provides education, marketing materials, business products, and publications at little of no cost to its members and helps promote positivity and awareness in the community

Question 10

Know the following important trade organizations for retailers and what they emphasize: SAF and AIFD

Answer 10

Established in 1884, the Society of American Florists (SAF) is the only national trade association that represents all segments of the floral industry in the United States. has 10000 members. SAF provides many services, technologies, and products that help businesses become more successful and eficient. SAF offers marketing materials, business products, and publications at little or no cost to members

The American Institute of Floral Designers (AIFD) , established in 1965, is the premier organization that accredits floral design as a profession. The purpose of AIFD is to establish high standards in professional floral design. Membership in AIFD is stringent, often requiring several years to achieve.

Question 11

How do the concepts of harmony and unity differ in floral design?

Answer 11

Harmony-“the parts are more important than the whole.”

Unity-“the whole is more important than the parts”

Question 12

What are style, composition, and design?

Answer 12

Style- the distinct theme or expression of the design, it can relate to the time period, the occasion, or the purpose-can ask self, what mood am I going for? to help determine style
Composition-basically the arrangement
Design- a planned organization of elements to suit a specific purpose

Question 13

Generally, what 3 parts make up the design process?

Answer 13

Thinking, observing, and practicing

Question 14

How do flowers, foliage, containers, accessories, and placement relate to harmony and unity?

Answer 14

The designer must select things that go together and are harmonious so that the design flows, size, colors, textures, lines, and forms must be considered.

Question 15

Name some man-made accessories and also some from nature.

Answer 15

Manmade-bows, ribbons, candles, signs, plush toys
Natural-Pinecones, feathers, weeds, sticks, bamboo, berries, fruits, vegetables
Manufactured and natural- “mosses, rocks, gravel, sand, seashells, and beads.”

Question 16

What are some ways unity may be expressed?

Answer 16

proximity, repetition, and transition

Question 17

What is a Mille de flour design?

Answer 17

Incorporates many diverse flower varieties and colors into one composition yet somehow blends together to make a unified whole, means thousands of flowers

Question 18

What is the simplest way to achieve unity when using repetition?

Answer 18

Repetition of the same color in the design

Question 19

Color is a property of what? How can colors change?

Answer 19

-light; colors can change according to their juxtaposition and surroundings, light

Question 20

What are the properties of color?

Answer 20

hue (gives it its name), value (lightness or darkness), intensity (concentration of color)

Question 21

Be familiar with the basic color wheel.

Answer 21

“The basic color wheel of twelve hues can be divided into three categories.

Question 22

What are the foundation colors?

Answer 22

red, yellow, and blue- primary colors which all the other colors are created from

Question 23

Name the primary, secondary, and tertiary colors.

Answer 23

primary-red yellow and blue

secondary-combinations of 2 primary colors

tertiary-created by mixing a primary with an adjacent secondary color on the wheel(red orange)

Question 24

What is the difference between shade and tint?

Answer 24

shade is adding black to a color(darkens it), tint is done by adding white(lightens it)

Question 25

What are the characteristics of cool and warm colors?

Answer 25

warm colors-red, orange, yellow: they tend to dominate the arrangement, termed warm because of their association with warm and hot things (sun, fire), active and cheery and evoke warm and happy feelings cool colors-blue, green, violet: their association with cool things, restful, peaceful and soothing effects, are associated with quiet melancholy feelings and considered "less friendly", tend to recede and move away from the viewer, appearing smaller, can't be seen super far away

Question 26

Know about individual colors in floral design and the pros & cons to each color in floral arrangements.

Answer 26

White: lots of them, blend easy, makes things lively and clean, useful neutral adds brightness and contrast, portrays elegance and sophistication Red:lively and stimulating, embodies strength and dominance, because of its bold and dramatic characteristics it needs to be used carefully, red can tend to make things look overcrowded, intensifies with green Pink: good for combining with other colors, a delicate pink portrays romance and femininity, intensity and value levels greatly vary Orange: stimulating like red, but not as demanding, compels attention and adds brightness, generally intense orange is only used for halloween and autumn yellow: vibrant, highly visible, reflects light, suggests cheerfulness and sunshine, is viewed as a friendly color and dispels gloom, adding small amounts can perk up the design, combine with purple for springtime look Green: provides a natural background, cool color that is generally soothing and relaxing, green containers are the most used because they don't attract attention, although green flowers are available and popular they not as abundant as other colors of flowers." Blue: peaceful, quiet, and cool, varies greatly under different lighting, they recede and fade into the background when viewed from a distance, be careful- can have a depressing psychological effect Purple: a rich dramatic hue, can be cool or warm depending on many factors including lighting, background, juxtaposition with other colors and the percentage of red and blue that make it up Black: pure blacks do not appear in nature, but other very dark flowers appear black, black adds depth, is a versatile neutral and increase color value making other flowers look darker and richer, black containers make flowers stand out and pop

Question 27

How does color help achieve balance, depth, focal point, rhythm, harmony, and unity?

Answer 27

balance-arranging colors helps balance, darker near the rim, lighter bunched together depth-mixing warm and cool causes the warm colors to come forward more while the cool recede into the background this adds visual excitement focal point-color is the element that demands attention, bright and intense colors attract the eye as well as dark heavy colors, warm colors attract over cool colors, can create focal point by simply contrasting the colors rhythm-the use of similar colors throughout creates visual movement and rhythm in a design harmony- repetition unity-repetition

Question 28

What are related and contrasting color schemes?

Answer 28

Related-based on a common hue (achromatic, monochromatic, analogous) Contrasting (complelmantery, split complimentary, triadic)are from various distances on the color wheel and are exciting various colors. Discordant color schemes: uses 4 or more generally unrelated colors that are widely separated on the wheel (double complement, alternate-complement, tetrad, polychromatic)

Question 29

Which “colors” are considered neutral, and can be added to floral arrangements or color schemes without changing the name of the scheme?

Answer 29

White black and gray

Question 30

What is physical or mechanical balance?

Answer 30

physical-Tangible stability and actual weight equilibrium of all the physical parts of a design

Question 31

What are the types of visual balance?

Answer 31

Symmetrical Balance: Same on both sides Asymmetrical balance: is a more complex effort. unequal on both sides Radial balance: Spirals comes out of one point Open balance: lots of open areas and negative spaces, follows no rules

Question 32

Describe the golden rectangle, golden mean, and golden section?

Answer 32

"Another proportion discovery is called the golden section, involving the division of a form or line." The smaller section in comparision to the large section is the same as the larger section compared to the whole container to flowers flowers to whole Golden rectangle ratio 2,3,5,8, 13, 21 for example if the vase is 3 tall then the flowers should be 5 tall Golden mean- division somewhere between ½ and 1/3 example of the bow on the wrapped bouquet

Question 33

How do flowers, foliages, accessories, container, an surroundings relate to scale and proportion?

Answer 33

Container- its size and shape determines the design, if it is huge you don’t want to use little delicate flowers, if its small you aren’t going to use giant flowers Flowers- you can’t use giant and tiny flowers because they big ones will overshadow the small ones, flowers need to be scale to each other to look good, extreme size differences can be distracting Foliage-also needs to be scaled to the flowers, and the foliage sot each other, can be distracting if not Surroundings-scale is dependent on location, it needs to be proportionate to the surrounding and viewing distance (not going to use a tiny thing for an auditorium)

Question 34

What makes a flower or design element become a focal point?

Answer 34

Center of interest, calls attention

Question 35

Where is a focal point located in a traditional arrangement?

Answer 35

low in the design, near the container rim

Question 36

What are various ways to create a focal point?

Answer 36

Isolation, contrast, location, accents, contrasting texture, contrast in size, interesting flower shapes, spacing

Question 37

What is the simplest way to create a focal point?

Answer 37

color contrast

Question 38

What do line direction and directional facing refer to?

Answer 38

Line-direction of stems and other materials Directional facing-the direction the flowers are facing

Question 39

What do isolation and framing refer to?

Answer 39

framing is to circle the entire composition with branches/stems of foliage, or other linear materials draw the viewer in. isolation is when the main piece is isolated, sits alone, therefore drawing attention to it. they both refer to drawing the persons eye to the focal point

Question 40

What is rhythm in floral design?

Answer 40

rhythm creates a sense of sense of movement and stirs emotion, "The term rhythm , also called movement, is deined as a low or movement characterized by the regular recurrence of elements or features." a flow or movement characterized by the regular recurrence of elements or features. you must gain an awareness of the placement of flowers, foliage, and accessories in relation to the focal area.

Question 41

Describe line as it relates to floral design

Answer 41

Line: a continuous pathway for the eye to follow, provides shape and structure, increase rhythm and visual enjoyment

Question 42

Describe form as it relates to floral design

Answer 42

Form: "A design term synonymous with shape or outline."

Question 43

describe space as it relates to floral design

Answer 43

Space: 3 dimensional area that is in around, above, below, a form found within composition, gives lines and forms significance

Question 44

describe depth as it relates to floral design

Answer 44

Depth: the distance from the front to back of the design, prevents arrangements from looking flat or 2d

Question 45

What are actual, implied, and psychic lines?

Answer 45

Actual: the real existing lines, stems, flowers etc, easy for the eye to follow Implied: lines created by a series of repetitious elements Psychic: the lines we feel between 2 elements

Question 46

What do vertical, horizontal, curved, and diagonal lines suggest in design?

Answer 46

Vertical: stresses height, suggest power and strength Horizontal: stresses width, implies restfulness and stability Curved: suggests motion in a calm way Diagonal: energetic

Question 47

What is directional facing?

Answer 47

The direction the flowers are facing, put in a certain way to form a line

Question 48

Is there an advantage to having many shapes/forms in one design?

Answer 48

Yes, enhances visual success, same would be boring

Question 49

What are form flowers?

Answer 49

Speciality, focal point draw the attenion

Question 50

What are some ways to achieve increased visual depth?

Answer 50

Angled lines, overlapping, size, color and shape

Question 51

How do angling stems and overlapping materials help?

Answer 51

Exaggerate the angles it makes the design more full and balanced, makes something look more natural and adds depth

Question 52

What is emphasized when similar flowers are grouped?

Answer 52

Shapes and textures

Question 53

When is texture best noticed?

Answer 53

When viewed up close/color contrast helps too

Question 54

How can texture be emphasized?

Answer 54

By the juxtaposition of the surroundings, a variety of surfaces from the container, flowers, foliage, and accessories can be used to heighten it.

Question 55

Smooth, reflective surfaces portray what?

Answer 55

Wealth and high status, elegance and formality FORMAL

Question 56

In contrast what do rough, dull surfaces suggest?

Answer 56

Casual, rustic, natural, INFORMAL

Question 57

Why do spiky margins and various patterns suggest coarse texture?

Answer 57

they stir the senses and compel attention. they create or support a focal area

Question 58

What are the pros and cons to fragrance in floral design?

Answer 58

Can evoke feelings and good memories, can also annoy and remind people of sad or bad memories, it is different to different people, it could be sweet to one person and nauseating to another, sense can attract pollenators and repel insects

Question 59

Why should strong fragrances be avoided in hospital rooms?

Answer 59

because they can turn malodorous in small spaces and fragrances can affect allergies and this effects what kind of flowers you can use in your bouquet

Question 60

Know about containers- functions, sizes, shapes, styles, colors, common materials, pros/cons.

Answer 60

Functions-hold water, be large enough to hold arrangement, support arrangement, be heavy enough to hold it down Types:glass, ceramic, paper mache, wood, metal, baskets, and plastic check out lab assignment

Question 61

Which color from the color wheel is the most versatile for containers?

Answer 61

green

Question 62

What doe mechanics refer to?

Answer 62

Methods of construction in accordance with stability and quality

Question 63

Know about foundation

Answer 63

How to keep flowers sturdy and in the same position

Question 64

know about natural stem grids

Answer 64

natural stem grids-interlocking foliage and flower stems create natural base

Question 65

know about floral foam and best way to soak it, cut it and secure it

Answer 65

Floral foam- let it float in a sink of water with flower preservatives, a few minutes leave until stops bubbling, cut with a knife, leave room between foam and container for water, can use water proof tape to secure it

Question 66

What is lacing?

Answer 66

a natural method of crossing stems to form a grid to hold flowers in position within a vase. a technique for making hand-tied bouquets

Question 67

What are pin holders?

Answer 67

Needle point holders, or frogs, a device that has a heavy metal base with many closely spaced sharp ointed pins sticking upright and you stick the flowers on the little spikes

Question 68

Know about wire types, gauges, and uses.

Answer 68

Straight wire-strengthens weak stems and supports heavy flower heads Chicken wire creates grids topiary balls, cones and adds strength and support Spools and paddles: binds large materials and creates garlands Gauge: number related to diamtere of thickness, lower number is higher thickness, high number is thinner Most common range from 16-30 wire: the lower the number, the thicker the wire (#16 heavy->#30 delicate) straight wire: corsages, boutenierres, hair pieces, bridal bouquets (green) Covered wires: paper/fiber covered, give structural support while accessorizing and tying Aluminum wire and flat wire: available in bright colors and metallic hues, strong and malleable, ideal for heavy, structural work, good for creating armatures, grids, bows, spirals, and other designs. Metallic wire and bullion wire: finer gauge wire available on spools in rainbow of colors, adds sparkle and shine, good for intricate corsage/boutenierre work Beaded wire: add glam and sparkle and available in multiple colors. uses: strengthen stems, add additional support, add style

Question 69

What are the pros and cons with using green enameled (painted) wire in floral arrangements?

Answer 69

Blends in with stems, doesn’t rust very easy, more expensive

Question 70

Know about adhesives, tapes, clays, pins, picks, paints, and sprays

Answer 70

obvious, look in book

Question 71

What are popular accessories?

Answer 71

ribbon. bows, plush toys, candles, balloons

Question 72

What are the pros to satin acetate ribbon?

Answer 72

``` The least expensive comes in vast spectrum of colors and widths can be used in a number of ways functional the most cost-effective ribbon type ```

Question 73

What are most common ribbon widths and uses?

Answer 73

"Popular ribbon sizes are #3, #9, and #40. Ribbon #3 is 15mm and is commonly used to accent corsages, bridal bouquets, small plants and planters, bud vases, and everyday floral arrangements. Ribbon #9 is 36mm is used to accent corsages and bridal bouquets, as well as decorate plants in 6-inch pots or larger. It is also used in everyday designs, larger deco- rations, and presentation bouquets. Ribbon #40 is 68mm and works well in large designs, such as casket sprays and those placed on funeral easels, and other larger scale designs and decorations."

Question 74

What are the 3 main types of candles?

Answer 74

Taper- slim cylinder candles that are narrower at the top and are traditionally placed in candle sticks. easily placed and secured in floral arrangements with a variety of candle holders, stakes, and spikes Pillar- column candles, wide and cylindrical and can also be anchored into floral designs with use of candle holders Votive- small molded candles generally placed in protective, decorative glass holders. often used in multiples surrounding adjacent to floral centerpieces and decorations to add luminescent accents throughout compositions

Question 75

Why are glowing lights used?

Answer 75

Some places don’t allow real candles, some places don’t allow fire or other factor like wind

Question 76

Why are flowers and foliages categorized by form/ shape?

Answer 76

For design and arranging purpose

Question 77

Name the 4 categories

Answer 77

Line-generally tall and long, set the framework, shape, and size of an arrangement, usually placed first because they are the skeleton of the design Form- have distinctive forms and shapes that are interesting or captivating, often used at or near rim to provide focal point, can use directional facing to guide the eyes throughout the design Mass-their purpose is to add mass to an arrangement, usually round flower head, Filler-generally have a complex branching system of stems and tiny flowers and usually smaller in size, used to fill empty spaces, generally put in last, should be placed behind other flowers and do not necessarily need to be used, can change a whole design because of added texture and color and stuff

Question 78

Describe each and how they function in a design.

Answer 78

.

Question 79

Why do some flowers fit into several shape categories?

Answer 79

"Factors such as the degree of openness of a blossom, the color value or intensity levels of a lower, interesting characteristics of texture or pattern, the spacing of lowers, the adjacent lowers, and the size of the lowers in proportion to the whole composition can all account for lowers being classified in several groups"

Question 80

Give some examples of flowers/foliage/accessories in each category.

Answer 80

Line: bells of Ireland, delphinium, larkspur, pussy willow, myrtle, bear grass, Hala leaf Form: roses, carnations, moneresta, cathea, umbrella palm, bird of paradise, lilies, and peacock plants Mass: leather leaf fern, salaal, carnations, roses, mums Filler: statice, babys breath, ming fern, plumosa fern, asparagus

Question 81

When using all four shapes in one design, what is the typical order of arrangement and why?

Answer 81

LINE FORM MASS FILLER Line flowers first to set the framework, shape, and size of design, then arrange form flowers to achieve emphasis, generally placed near rim to create focal point, can also be set at perimeter to emphasize individual silhouette, then arrange the mass flowers throughout the design to add bulk and weight, then add filler flowers last and behind flowers, choose flowers and foliage that will harmonize well with other flower types and other compositions.

Question 82

Know the various color schemes by definition and the pros & cons to each in floral design.

Answer 82

Related Achromatic color scheme- without color, all white, pros: eye doesn’t get distracted by other colors, bigger emphasis on texture cons: can be boring Monochramtic color scheme-uses a single hue cons: monotonous design Analogous color scheme- several colors next to each other, adjacent/neighboring hues on the color wheel, pro can be modified bc nature doesn’t always produce the exact color you need Contrasting complementary:uses colors that lie directly opposite of each other on the wheel, they are lively, they use complementary colors and both warm/cool colors split-complementary: "This is a three-color scheme composed of any hue, and instead of using the direct opposite color on the wheel, the colors on either side of the complementary color are used; thus, the complementary color is “split” by using its two adjacent hues" visually exciting triadic: uses 3 equidistant colors, uses unrelated colors and are difficult to work with, the softer hues can soften the harsh ones Discordant Double-complement color scheme: 4 colors, any 2 pairs of complements, offers diverse visual effects Alternate-complement color scheme: uses a triad plus one complement to any of the 3 hues used Tetrad: 4 hues equidistant from each other Polychromatic color scheme: involves the use of many colored hues, related and unrelated

Question 83

When determining color schemes with fresh flowers, what color portions of the plant materials are considered neutral?

Answer 83

The green already present in the foliage

Question 84

What is another name for transition and describe the technique?

Answer 84

gradation/sequencing passing from one condition or form to another a method of achieving visual rhythm by connecting one part of the composition to another. the materials in the design move in a progressing patterns of change

Question 85

Several factors that are necessary for a container/case to be functional and suitable for the arrangement:

Answer 85

- ability to hold water - large enough neck to hold the amount of flowers - base must be heavy enough to keep the arrangement from tipping

Question 86

Pros and cons of glass containers

Answer 86

Cons: | -heavy

Question 87

several factors that are necessary for a functional container

Answer 87

- ability to hold water - large enough neck toehold the amount of flowers - base must be heavy enough to keep the arrangement

Question 88

pros and cons of glassware

Answer 88

pros: versatile, common, affordable, vast selection of shapes, sizes, and colors, adds high quality and elegance, heavy so it doesn't tip, clear(lets light through), cons: can see through it so can't use many mechanical aids, can't use floral foam, heavy, fragile, common, gets dirty

Question 89

pros and cons of plasticware

Answer 89

pros: diverse options, affordable, unbreakable, theres a plastic container for most needs cons: lightweight/can tip easy, can look cheap maybe?

Question 90

pros and cons of baskets

Answer 90

pros: lots available, can be painted easily, homey/casual feel, can be used almost year round cons: need liner, not always stable base for arrangement,

Question 91

pros and cons of ceramic containers

Answer 91

pros: versatile, elegant (more so with glaze), also casual-terra cotta pot wide variety available cons: can look cheap, can be very heavy

Question 92

pros and cons of metal/brass containers

Answer 92

pros: reflective sufraces signify elegance cons: expensive, water can leak through, the container can rust, can't use floral food