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Issues in Exercise, Nutrition and Fitness > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body

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2
Q

what is bioenergetics

A

metabolic process converting foodstuffs like carbs, fats and proteins into energy in a biologically usable form

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3
Q

what are three forms of energy?

A

electrical, mechanical, chemical

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4
Q

what is atp

A

energy stored in the form of a phosphate bond

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5
Q

what is atpase?

A

breaks the phosphate bond which liberates energy to do work, resulting in the formation of ADP and P

ATP -> ADP + P + energy

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6
Q

what is the synthesis of atp? hint: arrows

A

ADP + P -> ATP

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7
Q

how does metabolism work?

A

protons and electrons move between the cytosol and mitochondria often by carrier proteins (NAD+, FAD+)

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8
Q

difference between oxidation and reduction?

A

coupled reactions

molecules that gain electrons or have their full compliment – reduced

molecules that lose or lack electrons –oxidized

molecule cannot be oxidized unless it donates electrons to another atom

  • *often involves transfer of hydrogen atoms rather than free electrons (hydrogen atoms contain 1 electron)
  • molecule losing hydrogen also loses electron ->oxidized
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9
Q

what is key to metabolism (coupled reactions)?

A

coupling of:

Oxidation of ADP to form ATP
Reduction of oxygen to form water

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10
Q

Oxidized and reduced forms of NAD and FAD?

A

O: NAD+
R: NADH

O: FAD
R: FADH2

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11
Q

what are enzymes?

A

catalysts that regulate speed of chemical reactions (lowers activation energy, the energy required to start a reaction)

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12
Q

what two factors alter enzyme activity?

A

temperature and pH

*optimal range exists, away from this range there is diminished enzyme activity

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13
Q

what is diagnostic value of enzymes?

A

damaged cells releases enzymes into the blood

many enzymes not normally found in blood
*enzyme levels in blood indicate disease or tissue damage

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14
Q

How many forms of oxidation of carbs, lipids, and proteins exist? How many kcal of energy?

A

carb: 3 // 1 g = 4 kcal
lipid: 4 // 1 g = 9 kcal
Protein: 1 // 1 g = 4 kcal

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15
Q

How are monosaccharides formed?

A

by gluconeogenesis – simple sugars such as glucose and fructose
synthesis of glucose from AA, lactate, glycerol and other short chain molecules

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16
Q

How are monosaccharides broken down (2 ways)?

A

glycolysis – breakdown of glucose into pyruvate and lactate; occurs in sarcoplasm of muscle cell

krebs cycle – breakdown metabolic pathway in the mitochondria in which energy is transferred from carbs, fats and AA to 3 NADH and 1 FADH for subsequent production of ATP in the electron transport chain

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17
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

combine 2 monosaccharides; mostly sucrose (table sugar)

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18
Q

Whatt are polysaccharides?

A

complex carbs containing three or more monosaccharides; mostly cellulose and starch

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19
Q

What is the storage from of glucose? How is it broken down?

A

glycogen stored in both the muscle and liver (a polysaccharide)

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20
Q

name the examples each of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.

A

mono – glucose, fructose
di – sucrose (table sugar)
poly – cellulose, starch

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21
Q

what is the prototype or carbohydrates and fats? Hint: Carbon and hydrogen and oxygen counts

A

Carbohydrates prototype: glucose C6H12O6

Fats prototype: palmitate C16H32O2

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22
Q

what are the 4 forms of fat?

A

fatty acids
triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids

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23
Q

fatty acids are broken down by what?

A

beta oxidation – breakdown of free FA to form acetyl-CoA; occurs in mitochondria

primary substrate for metabolism

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24
Q

what are triglycerides?

A

3 FAs linked by a glycerol backbone; broken down by lipolysis: breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue to FA and glycerol for subsequent transport to tissues for metabolism

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25
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

lipids with phosphoric acid unit

important structure of cell membranes
not used as as energy source by skeletal muscle during exercise

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26
Q

What are steroids?

A

most common is cholesterol
component of cell membrane;; sex hormone synthesis
not used an energy source during exercise

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27
Q

What are the number of amino acids in the body?

A

20 total but 9 cannot be synthesized by humans (essential aa) and must be consumed in food

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28
Q

how are amino acids formed?

A

by linking aa by chemical bonds called peptide bonds

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29
Q

How can proteins be utilized in two ways?

A

alanine can be converted into glucose in liver which can then be used to synthesize glycogen

liver glycogen can be broke n down to glucose and transported to working skeletal muscle via circulation

many AA can be converted into metabolic intermediates and directly used as fuel in bioenergetic pathways

30
Q

greatest to least amounts of primary nutrients used for energy during exercise?

A

fats
carbs
proteins contribute relatively small amounts

31
Q

fatty acids (primary form of fat) stored how in muscle and fat cells?

A

as triglycerides

32
Q

Why must metabolic pathways exist in the cell with the ability to produce ATP rapidly?

A

muscle cells store limited amounts of ATP. Therefore, because muscular exercise requires a constant supply of ATP, metabolic pathways must exist in the cell with the capability to produce ATP rapidly

33
Q

What are systems that generate ATP?

A

ATP-PCr (anaerobic)
glycolysis (anaerobic)
oxidation (aerobic)

34
Q

formation of ATP by PCr breakdown?

A

PCr +ADP —————————–creatine kinase—-> ATP + Cr

Donation of a phosphate group and its bond energy from PCr to ADP to form ATP

Intracellular source of “bond” energy to rebuild ATP

**LIMITED CAPACITY SYSTEM

35
Q

Why is ATP-PCr (phosphagen) system a limited capacity system?

A

provides energy for muscular contraction at the onset of exercise

Provides energy for 3-15 seconds of “all out” conditions like sprinting 50 meter, high jump

simple one enzyme reaction -> ATP

36
Q

Why does regeneration occur during exercise recovery?

A

PCr reformation requires ATP formation and occurs only during recovery from exercise

37
Q

What happens with depletion of PC?

A

may limit short-term, high-intensity exercise

38
Q

What happens with creatine monohydrate supplementation?

A

increased muscle PC stores
some studies showed improved performance in short-term, high-intensity exercise (inconsistent results may be due to water retention and weight gain)

  • *Does not appear to pose health risks
  • may be variant in supplement purity
39
Q

Breakdown of glucose or glycogen during glycolysis forms how many molecules of pyruvic acid or lactate?

A

2

40
Q

Glycolysis has how many net gain of ATP?

A

2 if using glucose
3 if using glycogen

If glycolysis begins with glycogen as the substrate, the addition of only 1 ATP is required

41
Q

The energy investment phase of glycolysis requires how many ATP?

A

2 ATP

42
Q

Energy generation phase produces what?

A

4 ATP
2 NADH
2 pyruvate
2 lactate

43
Q

How many reactions occur in glycolysis?

A

12 total reactions

First 5 involve conversion of C-6 units, requiring energy

Last 7 steps cause conversion of C-3 units, resulting in energy regeneration

44
Q

What happens during the first 5 steps involve conversion of C-6 units that require energy?

A

“energy investment phase” where ATP used to form sugar phosphates

45
Q

What happens during the last 7 steps cause conversion of C-3 units, resulting in energy regeneration?

A

“energy generation phase”
NAD and FAD: hydrogens and associated electrons are frequently removed from nutrient substrates and transported by “carrier molecules”; both NAD and FAD transport hydrogens and their associated electrons to mitochondria to be used to generate ATP aerobically

**for glycolysis to continue, need adequate amounts of NAD to accept hydrogen atoms

46
Q

Key reactions in glycolysis include formation of what?

A

**glucose-1-phosphate – split from glycogen

glycogen –(phosphorlyase)–> glucose-1-phosphate

**glucose-6-phosphate – common form of glucose and glycogen

glucose –hexokinase—-> glucose-6-phosphate
*requires ATP

**fructose-1, 6-biphosphate - important regulatory step

fructose-6-phosphate —-phosphofructokinase–> fructose-1, 6-biphosphate
*requires ATP

47
Q

What is the relationship between ATP, ADP, PC (phosphocreatine) and bond energy?

A

PC +ADP —(creatine kinase)-> ATP +C

donation of a phosphate group and its bond energy from PC to ADP to form ATP

Stored PC in muscle cells is small/limited, called ATP-PC system, at onset of short-term, high-intensity exercise, providing energy for the muscle contraction. PC reformation requires ATP and occurs only during recovery form exercise

48
Q

What are the two methods of ATP production rapidly without O2?

A

ATP-PC system and glycolysis

49
Q

how many molecules of pyruvate or lactate and net gain of ATP are formed from the breakdown of glucose or glycogen in glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate or lactate molecules + 2 net gain ATP

50
Q

Describe NADH conversion to NAD so that glycolysis can continue (sex metaphor).

A

see study guide

51
Q

what are the three anearobic, metabolic pathways that muscle cells can produce ATP?

A

atp-pc system
glycolysis
oxidative formation of ATP

52
Q

What are the two aerobic ATP production?

A

krebs cycle

electron transport chain

53
Q

one mole of ATP equal to how many kcal of energy

A

7.3 kcal

54
Q

32 moles of ATP form how many molecules of glucose?

A

32 moles of ATP = 1 molecule of glucose

55
Q

potential energy released from one mole of glucose is how many kcals per mole?

A

686 kcal/mole

56
Q

when exercise begins, the increase in ADP and Pi level increase which limiting enzyme? this increases glycolysis.

A

PFK (phosphofructokinase)

57
Q

which energy system has the greater contribution during short-term, high-intensity activities? anaerobic or aerobic?

A

anaerobic; aerobic contributes more to long-term, low-to moderate-intensity exercise

58
Q

what percent of metabolic energy is lost as heat?

A

60 to 70%

59
Q

What is BMR (basal metabolic rate)?

A

minimal energy expenditure following prolonged rest or sleep

60
Q

What is BMR affected by?

A

thermoregulation, age, stress, hormone

61
Q

what is calorimetry?

A

a device for measuring heat produced by the body; heat produced is removed by stream of cold water flowing through coils

H2o temp leaving – H2O temp entering = heat production

62
Q

what are the advantages to direct calorimetry?

A

measures heat directly

provide accurate measures of total body energy expenditure

63
Q

What are the disadvantages to calorimetry?

A

large
expensive to construct
slow to generate results
cannot follow rapid changes in energy releases; thus, energy metabolism during intense exercise cannot be studied

64
Q

How do you measure Indirect calorimetry (VO2) ?

A

All energy metabolism ultimately relies on utilization of O2. Direct relationship between O2 consumed and amount of heat produced in body – measuring O2 consumption to provide an “indirect” estimate of metabolic rate (your caloric expenditure can be estimated by measuring your respiratory gases”

65
Q

The oxygen consumption indicator of energy is supplied by which two possible things?

A

oxidative phosphorylation or index of aerobic ATP production

66
Q

O2 utilization and CO2 production are recorded as an estimate of what?

A

tissue use

67
Q

equipment required for indirect calorimetry (VO2)?

A

volume measurement

gas analysis

68
Q

Determination of substrates in indirect calorimetry are what 3 factors?

A

requires calculation of RER (RQ) [respiratory exchange ratio]
VCO2/VO2
RER varying according to fuel being used

69
Q

Fat and carbs differ in the amount of O2 used and CO2 produced during what? what are the statistics?

A

oxidation;

indicates fuel utilization

  1. 70 = 100% fat
  2. 85 = 50/50 fat, CHO
  3. 00 = 100% CHO
70
Q

During steady state exercise, VCO2 and VO2 are reflective of what?

A

O2 consumption and CO2 production at the cellular level

71
Q

Increased RER increased role of carbs. Decreased RER (respiratory exchange ratio) increases the role of what?

A

fats

72
Q

oxygen uptake increases linearly with increasing work rate until what is reached?

A

VO2max

Issues in Exercise, Nutrition and Fitness (2 decks)

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