Exam 2 Flashcards
Epidemiology
The study of distribution and determinants of states of health and illness in human populations
Rate
Primary measurement used to describe either the occurrence or the existence of a specific state of health or illness
Risk factor
Characteristics or events that have been shown to increase the PROBABILITY that a specific disease or illness will develop
Epidemiologic triad
Model based on the belief that health status is determined by the interaction of the characteristics of the HOST, AGENT, and ENVIRONMENT
In researching cases of West Nile virus in the community, the nurse explores how the interactions among people infected with this virus, mosquitoes, and the environment they share contribute to outbreaks of this disease. Which epidemiologic model is used in this case?
Epidemiologic triad
Epidemiological model
Model based on the belief that health status is determined by the interaction of the characteristics of the HOST, AGENT, and ENVIRONMENT
Web of causation
Epidemiologic model that strongly emphasizes the concept of multiple causation while de-emphasizing the role of agents in explaining illness
What epidemiologic model de-emphasizes the agent as the sole cause of disease while emphasizing the interplay of physical, biological, and social environments?
Web of causation
John Snow
Best known epidemiologist of the 19th century and used population data and personal observations to investigate the epidemic of cholera
Florence Nightingale
Used statistics to improve the health of England
William Farr
Considered the founder of modern statistics and developed mortality surveillance systems & addressed basic epidemiologic concepts
What was the leading cause of death in the United States in 1900?
Major cardiovascular-renal disease
Modifiable risk factors
Lifestyle, smoking, nutrition
Non-modifiable risk factors
Age, gender, genertics
Morbidity
A departure from a state of physiologic or psychological well-being
Mortality
The probability of death from any cause among the entire population within a given time frame
Incidence rate
Measure of the probability that people without a certain condition will develop that condition over a period of time
Prevalence rate
Measures the number of people in a given population who have an existing condition at a given point of time
Relative risk ratio
The ratio of the incidence rate in the exposed group and the incidence rate in the non-exposed group
Sensitivity
Ability of a test to correctly identify people who have a health problem; the probability of testing positive if the health problem is truly present
Specificity
ability of a test to correctly identify people who DO NOT have a health problem; the probability of testing negative if the health problem is truly absent
Which rate measures the number of people in a given population who have influenza at a given point in time?
A) Adjusted
B) Incidence
C) Prevalence
D) Specific
Prevelence
Formula used to calculate sensitivity
Number of true positives /
Number of true positives + number of false negatives
Incidence rates for groups exposed to a secondhand smoke are compared with the incidence rates for people who are not exposed to secondhand smoke. This will measure the:
A) Incidence density
B) Prevalence rate
C) Relative risk ratio
D) Specific rate
Relative risk ratio
The nurse wishes to calculate the probability of persons in your county developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease over the course of a year. Which measure should the nurse use?
A) Incidence density
B) Incidence rate
C) Relative risk ratio
D) Specific rate
Incidence rate
Infant mortality rate
Number of fetal deaths in one year /
Number of live births plus fetal deaths in the same year x 1000
