exam #2

Question 1

four primary reasons to use supporting materials in your speech-

Answer 1

to clarify
to support clains
gain interest
and create impact

Question 2

three chief forms of supporting materials

Answer 2

examples
statistics
and testimonies

Question 3

elements of a competent speech style:

Answer 3

1) distinction between oral and written style
2) style in the electronic age
3) standards of competent style

Question 4

Euphemism

Answer 4

an indirect or vague word or phrase used to numb us to or conceal unpleasant or offensive realities

Question 5

slang-

Answer 5

highly informal speech no in conventional usage

Question 6

metaphor-

Answer 6

implied comparison between two seemingly dissimilar thing.

Question 7

cliche

Answer 7

is a once vivid expression that has been overused to the point of seeming commonplace

Question 8

mixed metaphor

Answer 8

is the use of two or more costly different metaphors in a single expression

Question 9

simile

Answer 9

explicit comparison of two seemingly dissimilar things using words the words like or as

Question 10

alliteration

Answer 10

repetition of the same sound usually a consonant sound starting each word.

Question 11

anti-thesis

Answer 11

a sentence composed of two parts with parallel structure but opposite meanings to create impact

Question 12

claim

Answer 12

generalization that remains tp be proven with reasoning and evidence

Question 13

primary purpose for chapter 12 is to explain and promote the process of skepticism in the service of competent public speaking

Answer 13

1) defines true belief, cynisicm and skepticism
2) examines the dangers of true belief
3) provide a comparative analysis of the process of true beliefs as wholly different from the process or skeptisim

Question 14

skepticism

Answer 14

critical thinking process of inquiry whereby claims are elevated by engaging in a rigorous examination of evidence and reasoning using supporting claims

Question 15

true belief

Answer 15

is a willingness to accept claims without solid reasoning or valid evidence

Question 16

cynicism

Answer 16

nay-saying, fault finding and ridiculing

Question 17

realization of disconfirmation

Answer 17

inventing superficial and even glib alternative explanations for contradictory evidence

Question 18

burden of proof-

Answer 18

your obligation to present compelling reasoning and evidence to support your claim

Question 19

Shifting the burden of proof-

Answer 19

inappropriately assuming the validity of a claim unless it is proven false by another person who never made the original claim.

Question 20

Probability model-

Answer 20

possibility— plausibility— probability— certainty

Possibility- could happen but don’t bet on it
plausibility- making a logical case
probability- What are the odds?
certainty- without exception

Question 21

Purpose of chat 13- us to explain ways to distinguish the degrees of strength or weakness in reasoning and evidence used to support informative or persuasive claims

Answer 21

1) the structure of an argument
2) the criteria for determining fact from fallacy in reasoning and evidence
3

Question 22

reasoning-

Answer 22

the thought process of drawing conclusions from evidence.

Question 23

evidence

Answer 23

consist of statistics, testimony of experts and credible sources

Question 24

Toulmin Model of Argument

Answer 24

Data: The facts or evidence used to prove the argument
Claim: The statement being argued (a thesis)
Warrants: The general, hypothetical (and often implicit) logical statements that serve as bridges between the claim and the data.
Qualifiers: Statements that limit the strength of the argument or statements that propose the conditions under which the argument is true.
Rebuttals: Counter-arguments or statements indicating circumstances when the general argument does not hold true.
Backing: Statements that serve to support the warrants (i.e., arguments that don’t necessarily prove the main point being argued, but which do prove the warrants are true.)

Question 25

fallacy-

Answer 25

any error in reasoning and evidence that may deceive your audience

Question 26

credibility-

Answer 26

evidence refers to it believability as determined by consistency and accuracy.

Question 27

non sequitur

Answer 27

a conclusion that does not follow from its premises

Question 28

ad hominem fallacy-

Answer 28

a personal attack on the messenger to avoid the message

Question 29

ad popular fallacy-

Answer 29

basing a claim unpopular opinion.