exam #2 Flashcards
four primary reasons to use supporting materials in your speech-
to clarify
to support clains
gain interest
and create impact
three chief forms of supporting materials
examples
statistics
and testimonies
elements of a competent speech style:
1) distinction between oral and written style
2) style in the electronic age
3) standards of competent style
Euphemism
an indirect or vague word or phrase used to numb us to or conceal unpleasant or offensive realities
slang-
highly informal speech no in conventional usage
metaphor-
implied comparison between two seemingly dissimilar thing.
cliche
is a once vivid expression that has been overused to the point of seeming commonplace
mixed metaphor
is the use of two or more costly different metaphors in a single expression
simile
explicit comparison of two seemingly dissimilar things using words the words like or as
alliteration
repetition of the same sound usually a consonant sound starting each word.
anti-thesis
a sentence composed of two parts with parallel structure but opposite meanings to create impact
claim
generalization that remains tp be proven with reasoning and evidence
primary purpose for chapter 12 is to explain and promote the process of skepticism in the service of competent public speaking
1) defines true belief, cynisicm and skepticism
2) examines the dangers of true belief
3) provide a comparative analysis of the process of true beliefs as wholly different from the process or skeptisim
skepticism
critical thinking process of inquiry whereby claims are elevated by engaging in a rigorous examination of evidence and reasoning using supporting claims
true belief
is a willingness to accept claims without solid reasoning or valid evidence
cynicism
nay-saying, fault finding and ridiculing
realization of disconfirmation
inventing superficial and even glib alternative explanations for contradictory evidence
burden of proof-
your obligation to present compelling reasoning and evidence to support your claim
Shifting the burden of proof-
inappropriately assuming the validity of a claim unless it is proven false by another person who never made the original claim.
Probability model-
possibility— plausibility— probability— certainty
Possibility- could happen but don’t bet on it
plausibility- making a logical case
probability- What are the odds?
certainty- without exception
Purpose of chat 13- us to explain ways to distinguish the degrees of strength or weakness in reasoning and evidence used to support informative or persuasive claims
1) the structure of an argument
2) the criteria for determining fact from fallacy in reasoning and evidence
3
reasoning-
the thought process of drawing conclusions from evidence.
evidence
consist of statistics, testimony of experts and credible sources
Toulmin Model of Argument
Data: The facts or evidence used to prove the argument
Claim: The statement being argued (a thesis)
Warrants: The general, hypothetical (and often implicit) logical statements that serve as bridges between the claim and the data.
Qualifiers: Statements that limit the strength of the argument or statements that propose the conditions under which the argument is true.
Rebuttals: Counter-arguments or statements indicating circumstances when the general argument does not hold true.
Backing: Statements that serve to support the warrants (i.e., arguments that don’t necessarily prove the main point being argued, but which do prove the warrants are true.)
fallacy-
any error in reasoning and evidence that may deceive your audience
credibility-
evidence refers to it believability as determined by consistency and accuracy.
non sequitur
a conclusion that does not follow from its premises
ad hominem fallacy-
a personal attack on the messenger to avoid the message
ad popular fallacy-
basing a claim unpopular opinion.
