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Health Psychology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define health

A

A complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being.

Not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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2
Q

Define Wellness

A

An optimum state of health involving balance among physical, mental and social well-being.

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3
Q

What do health psychologists do?

A

Devotion to understanding psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why they become ill, and how they respond when they get ill.

Focus on health promotion and maintenance

Study psychological aspects of prevention and treatment of illness

Focus on the etiology and correlates of health, illness, and dysfunction.

Analyze and attempt to the improve health care system and the formulation of public policy

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4
Q

What does Etiology refer to?

A

The origins and causes of illness

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5
Q

Why did health psychology develop?

A

As a response to the limitations of the existing biomedical model and the ability of the bio-psycho-social to address those limitations.

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6
Q

Describe the biomedical model

A

Illness can be explained on the basis of aberrant somatic bodily processes:

i.e. biochemical imbalances and neurophysiological abnormalities

assumes psychological and social processes are largely irrelevant to the disease process

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7
Q

What are some limitations to the biomedical model?

A

Reduces illness to low-level processes i.e. disordered cells or chemical imbalances

Assumes mind-body dualism and fails to recognize psycho-social influences

Emphasizes illness over health rather than focusing on behaviors that promote health

Cannot address many puzzles
i.e. if six exposed to flu virus why only three get sick?

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8
Q

What is dualism?

A

Dualism is a model of mind-body interaction that treats the two as separate entities. First advanced by Rene Descartes.

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9
Q

List some factors that gave rise to the bio-psycho-social model

A

Increase of chronic or life-style related illness

Expanding role if health care in the economy

Realization that psycho-social factors contribute to health and illness

Demonstrated psychological interventions improve peoples health

Rigorous methodological contributions of health psych researchers

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10
Q

Acute disorders ________

A

are short-term duration, often the result of viral or bacterial invasion and usually amenable to cure

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11
Q

Chronic Illnesses are ________

A

slow developing diseases that cannot be cured but are rather managed instead.

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12
Q

A theory is ________

A

a set of analytic statements that explain a set of phenomena

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13
Q

What are the advantages of a theory?

A

Theories provide guidelines for how to do research and interventions

Theories generate specific predictions, so they can be tested and modified as evidence comes in

Theories tie together loose ends

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14
Q

Why do we need Health Psychology?

A

Changing patterns of illness

Advances in technology and research

Expanded healthcare services

Increased medical acceptance

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15
Q

What us the most studied therapeutic intervention?

A

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

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16
Q

What are some areas where CBT is applied?

A

Eating Disorders

Depression

Anxiety

PTSD

Addiction

Living With Chronic Pain

17
Q

Describe the background model that informs CBT

A

WYSIATI

                   Situation
                  /                       \
Behaviors                   Thoughts
      |          Core Beliefs       |
Physical             
Reactions      -             Feelings
18
Q

What is the Cognitive piece of CBT?

A

Identifying self talk, personal narratives, internal monologues, and thought patterns through evidence gathering

Identifying catastrophizing

Evaluating those cogitations based on whether they are true or false, and whether they are helpful or hurtful

Prioritizing which is most important

19
Q

Describe the role of CBT in processing thoughts and emotions

A

patients identify links between thoughts and emotions, while helping to differentiate between thoughts and feelings.

CBT helps people identify their feelings

20
Q

What are some defense mechanisms patients my exhibit in response to CBT?

A

Resistance

Defensiveness

Hoop Jumping

21
Q

Describe the role of Cognitive Restructuring in CBT

A

Trains people to recognize and modify internal monologues to promote health behavior change.

Identify and dispute cognitive distortions in ones assessment of thoughts and feelings

Evaluate evidence in support of or counter to the thoughts which stimulate those feelings

Identify shifts in thoughts, feelings and physical changes as a result of expanding awareness and alternative interpretations.

22
Q

What is the Behavioral Piece of CBT?

A

Directly modify behavior

23
Q

How does CBT aid in behavior modification?

A

Change the focus to the behavior

Identify and modify conditions and triggers through:

Self-observation/Monitoring

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Modeling

Stimulus Control

24
Q

Describe Classical Conditioning

A

Classical Conditioning is the paring of an unconditioned reflex with a new stimulus to produce a conditioned response.

i.e. A Clockwork Orange

25
Q

Describe Operant Conditioning

A

Operant Conditioning pairs a voluntary behavior with systematic consequences.

i.e. positive and negative reinforcement, rewards and punishments.

26
Q

What is Cognitive Dissonance?

A

A discontinuity between actions and behaviors

27
Q

How is cognitive dissonance resolved?

A

Behavior change

Situational avoidance

Defensive processing

28
Q

What are some examples of defensive processing?

A

Changing cognitions but not behaviors

Optimism bias

29
Q

How are anti-smoking ads framed to influence smokers to quit?

A

Loss and Gain

30
Q

Which type of framing is most effective in terms of memory and attention: loss or gain? At what level of intensity?

A

High intensity loss framing is the most effective in terms of both memory and attention.

31
Q

What is one way anti-smoking advertisements get around cognitive obstacles such as cognitive dissonance among smokers?

A

By targeting the tobacco industry instead of smokers and indirectly sending the message that smokers are victims.

32
Q

Why is the Tobacco Master Settlement of 1998 a big deal?

A

It confirms the role of environment in behavior and sets a precedence for industry responsibility for the manipulation of environmental factors.

33
Q

What are some bio-psycho-social factors that contribute to obesity?

A

Heredity (Bio)

Stress and Mental Health (Psycho)

Social Economic Status and
Culture (Social)

34
Q

Why should we care about Obesity?

A

Amount of Obesity > Underfed people worldwide

More O treated in US than all other health conditions combined

67% Overweight 34% Obese in US

O related medical costs in US = $190billion

Leading cause of preventable death

Psychologically distressing

35
Q

What is BMI?

A

Body Mass Index provides an indicator based on height and weight

36
Q

What are some problems with BMI?

A

Does not account for muscle:fat ratio

Level of health

Location of weight: gut vs hips.

Norming based on data gathered from dominant groups

37
Q

What are some Social factors that contribute to obesity?

A

Family History

SES and Culture

Food Deserts and Govt Subsidies

Dieting roller coaster

Low activity levels

Availability: high fat foods and portion sizes

Advertising

38
Q

What are some psychological issues that contribute to Obesity?

A

Stress and eating more or less (usually depends on gender, men tend to eat less under stress, women more).

Beliefs and Motivation as they relate to Self-Control

Role of Cognitive Depletion

We are blind to our own blindness

Preferences and Perceptions

Mindless Eating

Cognitive Errors

39
Q

What are three types of health behavior change advertisement messages?

A

Message Appeal: Health/Social

Outcome Extremity: High/Low

Message Framing: Gain/Loss

Health Psychology (1 decks)

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