Exam 2 Flashcards
What can probiotics do for you?
• Help your immune system function properly
• Aid digestion by breaking down some of
the food we can’t digest
• Keep harmful microorganisms in check
• Produce vitamins and aid in nutrient absorption
What are prebiotics?
Substrates that are selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a
health bene t. Simply put, they are food for bene cial microbes that live on or in us
Prebiotics dietary fiber?
Most prebiotics are dietary bers, but not all
dietary bers are prebiotics.
What do you
look for on the label for a prebiotic?
The word ‘prebiotic’ is seldom used on the label. Look for: • Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) • Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) • Oligofructose (OF) • Chicory ber • Inulin
Prebiotics have the potential to:
• Improve digestive function (bowel regularity)
• Support the body’s natural defenses
• Improve mineral absorption
• Help regulate your desire to eat, energy
balance, and glucose metabolism
Prebiotics in food
Some prebiotics (oligofructose and inulin) can be found
in onions, garlic, bananas, chicory root, Jerusalem
artichokes, but typically are present at low levels. Prebiotics may be added to yogurts, infant formula, cereals, breads, biscuits/cookies, desserts or drinks.
Try to get at least 5 grams everyday
Probiotic dose?
The dose should match studies
demonstrating their benefit(s), which typically ranges from 100 million – 10+ billion cfu/dose.
What to look for on a product label:
Microbe. What probiotic microbe is inside? The genus, species and strain should be specified,
such as Bifidobacterium lactis Bb‐12.
CFU (Colony Forming Units). How many live microorganisms are in each serving or dose through
the expiration date (not at time of manufacture)?
Suggested serving size. How much do I take?
Health benefits. What health benefits are claimed for this probiotic? If claims seem too good to
be true, they most likely are.
Proper storage conditions. Where do I keep it to ensure maximum survival of the probiotic?
(Although in general refrigeration in a dry environment promotes stability, not all probiotics
need to be refrigerated to remain stable.)
Corporate contact information. Who makes this product? Where can I get more information or
report any product‐related problems I am experiencing?
What makes a good prebiotic?
- Resistance of the prebiotic to degradation by mammalian enzymes, absorption or hydrolysis;
- A selective stimulation of the growth and/or activity of beneficial indigenous microorganisms;
- A demonstrable beneficial health effect.
When is an ingredient NOT a prebiotic?
When it is fermented but not selectively so. To be selectively fermented, only a small number of beneficial
bacteria should metabolise the prebiotic – not a large number of microbes with ill-defined, or no, health
effects. There should also be an absence of undesirable side effects such as excessive gas in the gut.
Are prebiotics dietary fibre?
Both fibre and prebiotics are typically non-digestible carbohydrates, and both are
fermented by gut bacteria. However, a prebiotic differs from fibre in that it needs to be selectively used in the
gut – by only beneficial members of the existing gut microbial community. Some manufacturers refer to
prebiotics as fibre, because the latter is more familiar to consumers.
Most widely researched gut bacteria?
lactobacillus, bifidobacterium, streptococcus, and the yeast saccharomyces boulardii
Two types of fungi
Molds and yeasts (unicellular)
Foods high in protein offer a _____
buffering effect so microorganisms are able to live and grow in the food even if the pH is low
Poising effect
prevents a change in the redox potential of the food in spite of the oxygen level changing such as sugars
HACCP is on the top of the pyramid whats underneath it/
SSOPs (sanitation standard operating procedures
Spoilage organisms
Organisms”that”are”responsible”for”deleterious”alterations “in”a”
food’s”appearance,”texture,”or”flavor
Characteristics of Protozoa
Living”vertebrate”host”required”to”complete”a”complex”lifecycle”
- Cryptosporidium
• Toxoplasma
• Giardia(
Characteristics of Molds
Most"associated"with"food"are"non" pathogenic,"however,"molds"can" produce"potent"toxins"" " 20#to#30%#of#World’s#food#supply#is# lost#to#fungal#spoilage#(really?)# "##Can#produce#mycotoxins# """Can"produce"antibiotics
Characteristics of Yeasts
” Easily killed by heating, for example 58˚C (136˚F)
for 15 minutes
“ Ferment sugars to alcohol and CO2
“ Several food uses
• Serotype:
based”on”antigens”that”occur”on”the”surface”
Strain:
closely”related”(genetically)
Bacterial growth curve
Lag (flat line), log (increasing), stationary (flat), decline
Top Five bacteria that lead to illness
Norovirus • Salmonella • Clostridium"perfringens • Campylobacter • Staphylococcus"aureus"(Staph)"
Most likely bacteria to lead to hospitalization
- Clostridium botulinum (botulism)
- Listeria
- Shiga (toxin producing) Escherichia coli (E.coli) O157
- Vibrio
Intrinsic Factors
- Those”that”are”integral”to”the”food”
- Acidity”(pH”or”TA)”
- Water”Activity”(aw)”
- Oxida0ve”State”(Eh)”
- Nutrient”Content”
- Naturally occurring”Inhibitors”
- Biological”Structure”
Where food prep leads to hospitalization
Sit down restaurant, catering/banquet, private home, fast food
External factors
- Time
• Temperature
• Relative Humidity
Naturally-Occurring Inhibitors
Spices and herbs
• Allicin (garlic/onions), thymol (sage), eugenol (cloves), sulfur compounds
(mustard), cinnamic acid (cinnamon)…
Essential oils
• Orange oil
Organic acids
• Benzoic acid (cranberries), lactic acid (fermented dairy products), free fatty acids
Lysozyme –
degrades bacterial cell walls
Avidin
binds biotin, a microbial nutrient
Ovotransferrin / Lactoferrin –
chelates iron, a microbial nutrient
Inhibitors in eggs
lysosome, avidin, ovotransferrin
TCS
Time and Temperature Control for Safety
Psychrophiles
Mesophiles
Thermophiles
Optimum: 10 – 15C (50 – 60F)
Optimum: 15 – 43C (60 – 110F)
Optimum: 43 – 54C (110 – 130F)
Hyper danger zone
72-90 degrees
Temperature danger zone
41-135 degrees
at the fork what can be controlled?
acidity, moisture, time, oxygen
The Big Six
• Shigella spp. • Salmonella Typhi • Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) • Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) Viral • Norovirus • Hepatitis A
FoodNet
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
infections diagnosed by laboratory testing of
samples from patients
10 state health departments, the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety and inspection service, and the FDA
Pulse Net
DNA fingerprinting, or patterns of bacteria making
people sick, to detect thousands of local and multistate outbreaks.
Foodborne Infections
Live organisms are ingested; colonizes in and invades the gut
• Transmission: fecal-oral
• Infectious dose
• Infectious Carrier
Intoxication
- The organism produces a toxin in the food
• Food is ingested
• Toxin causes illness
Toxicoinfection
- Live organism is ingested
- The organism produces a toxin in the digestive tract
- The toxins cause the illness
Foodborne Illness and Long Term Health
Implications
- Arthritis
- Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)
- Reiters Syndrome
- Guillian-Barre
- Cardiac manifestations
Salmonella species
• Non-sporeformer • Infection • Natural habitat is the intestinal tract • Transmission is fecal-oral Infective Dose • Very low: as few as 15-20 cells Characteristics • Heat and sanitizer sensitive
Food vehicles for Salmonella
Ready-to-eat food
• Don’t require cooking
Beverages (water)
(Nontyphoidal) • Poultry and Poultry Products • Eggs • Meat • Milk and Dairy products • Produce
Symptoms for Salmonella
•Onset: 12-24 hours after consumption Symptoms • Nausea and vomiting • Diarrhea • Headache, chills, fever Severity and Long Term • Low mortality • Reiter’s Syndrome: joint pain, eye irritation
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Titles that Relate to Food
- Title 7 Agriculture (GAPs)
- Title 9 Animal and animal products
- Title 15 Commerce and Trade
- Title 21 Food and Drugs (GMPs)
- Title 27 Alcohol, tobacco and firearms
- Title 49 Transportation
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)
the codification of the general and permanent rules and regulations (sometimes called administrative law) published in the Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies of the federal government of the United States.
The Federal Food Code
Federal guideline that provides food control jurisdictions with a scientifically sound technical and legal basis for regulating the retail and food service segment of the industry (restaurants and grocery stores
and institutions such as nursing homes).
Food Safety Modernization Act Key provisions
• More authority for the FDA
• FDA can initiate food recalls
• New mandates for traceability
- FSMA Food Safety Plan
FSMA Food Safety Plan
Requirements
• Written Hazard Analysis
• Written and validated prevention controls
• Written corrective action procedures for each hazard
• Written supplier approval and verification program
• Written verification procedures that the risk is controlled by the supplier
• Written recall plan
Prerequisite Programs
Basic environmental and operating conditions that are necessary for production of safe food • GAPs in the Field • GMPs in the Plant • SOPs at the Fork Formulated from government regs, guidelines and industry standards • Title 21 of the CFR for example Facility specific and feasible
HACCP
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point.
It is a process of consecutive actions (hurdles) to ensure food safety to the highest degree through the identification and control of any point or
procedure in a specific food system where loss of control may result in an unacceptable health risk.
Focuses on hazards that are inherent to a food item
The 7 Principles of HACCP
- Conduct a hazard analysis
- Determine the CCPs
- Establish critical limits
- Establish monitoring procedures
- Establish corrective actions
- Establish verification procedures
- Establish record-keeping and documentation procedures
Step 1: Hazard analysis
• A scientific evaluation of food processing plants that determines where there is potential for food to become unsafe
Three categories of hazards
Biological hazards
• Pathogenic bacteria, mycotoxins, parasites, viruses
• Emphasis of HACCP is on microbiological issues
Physical hazards
• Foreign objects such as glass, metal, plastic, ect.
Chemical hazards
• Misused food additives, pesticides, antibiotics, cleaning/sanitizing agents, allergens etc.
HACCP PRINCIPLE #2
Identify the Critical Control Points
- Differentiate between Control Point and Critical Control Point
• Use CCP Decision Tree
• Use Decision Tree
Control Point
Any step at which biological, chemical, or physical factors can be controlled
CCP (critical control point)
Means a point or procedure in a specific food system where loss of control may result in unacceptable health risk
HACCP: Principle #3
Establish Critical Limits
Establish a criterion that must be met for each preventive measure associated with a CCP • Criteria: Time, Temperature, Etc. • Sources: – Regulatory Standards – Scientific Literature – Industry Guidelines
Critical limit
The maximum or minimum value to which a physical, biological, or
chemical parameter must be controlled at a CCP to minimize the risk that
the identified food safety hazard may occur
HACCP: Principle #4
Establish CCP monitoring requirements
Planned sequence of observations and measurements to:
• assess whether a CCP is under control
• produce an accurate record for use in verification
• Purpose: track trends and identify deviations
• Continuous vs. Interval Monitoring
• Responsibility
HACCP: PRINCIPLE #5
Establish Corrective Actions
To be taken when Monitoring shows that a Critical Limit has been Exceeded
• Purpose:
• determine disposition of food
• correct the cause and ensure that the CCP is under control
• maintain records of corrective action
• HACCP requires a corrective action for each CCP
Allergen Risk Reduction
• A comprehensive program designed to assess and control allergens
• Purpose: to minimize the risk of a person with an allergy being exposed
to an allergen
• Note: there is no cure for allergies. All one can do is avoid the allergen
Control????
- Keep them out
- Keep them from growing
- Kill them
Common Food Allergies
The “Big” Eight
- Milk/Dairy products
- Eggs/Egg products
- Fish
- Shellfish
- Wheat
- Soy/soy products
- Peanuts
- Tree nuts
Max temp for growth - salmonella
• Salmonella (46.2)
Min temp for growth - Listeria monocytogenes
• Listeria monocytogenes: -1.5
What is the formula to convert from C to F?
C= 5/9 (F-32)
Control$Measures$and$Prevention
Purchase)from)approved)sources)
• Purchase)a)form)where)risk)can)be)managed)
•Exclude)food)handlers)who)have)been)diagnosed)with)an)illness)caused)by)Salmonella)
Typhi
• Enforce)correct)hand)washing)
• Clean)and)saniLze)work)surfaces)
• Cook)food)to)minimum)internal)temperatures)(aka:))kill)step))
Listeria Monocytogenes Significance
- Relatively new
- Exceptionally)Sturdy)
- Immunocompromised)humans)are)particularly)susceptible)
- Few)cases;)high)mortality)
Listeriosis The Disease
• Slow Onset Pregnant Women • Miscarriage • Stillborn Newborns • Sepsis • Pneumonia • Meningitis
Listeria monocytogenes: The organism
- Infection
- Ubiquitous
- Temperature range: -0.4 C to 45 C
- Salt tolerant
- Heat and sanitizer sensitive
- Infectious dose:as few as 1000 cells but largely unknown
Listeria and Food
- Raw)Meat) • Unpasteurized)dairy)products) • Ready)to)Eat)(RTE))) • Deli)meats,)hot)dogs,)soi)cheeses)) • Post)processing/pasteurizaLon)is)a)challenge)
Viruses
- Easily)spread)person)to)person)through)contaminated)food)or)water)
- Viruses)are)shed)in)human)feces)
- Viruses)in)food)are)usually)from)fecal)contaminaLon)
- Spread)through)food)handling))
- Accounts)for)over)50%)of)cases)
- Mostly)in)retail)foodservice)(65-70%))
Norovirus symptoms
diarrhea nausea vomiting muscle pain low grade fever abdominal pain
Norovirus foods/prevention
Vast)majority)are)complex)foods)that)require)mixing)
• Prevention:
• Exclude)workers)
• Train)and)enforce)correct)personal)hygiene)
Clostridium botulinum
The Organism
- Sporeformer
- Strict anaerobe
- Inhibited at pH <4.6
- Most grows only between 10-50 C
- Some grows as low as 3.3 C so a concern with refrigerated food
- Produces a heat-labile (protein) neurotoxin
- Must boil for 10 minutes
Food Allergens on the rise?
Maybe bc • More diagnostics and reporting • GMOs • Hygiene Hypothesis • Age of food introduction • Cross-Reactions
Prevent Kross-Kontact
cross-contact
• Cross-contact occurs when a food allergen accidently
comes in contact with an allergen safe food
• As a result, small amounts of an allergen can render a
safe food unsafe
Cross-Contamination
The process by which bacteria or other microorganisms are unintentionally transferred from one substance or object to another, with harmful effect.
Recalls
- Once a product is in widespread use, unforeseen problems can sometimes lead to a recall.
- When an FDA-regulated product is either defective or potentially harmful, recalling that product—removing it from the market or correcting the problem—is the most effective means for protecting the public.
- Recalls are almost always voluntary. Sometimes a company discovers a problem and recalls a product on its own. Other times a company recalls a product after FDA raises concerns.
- FDA’s role is to oversee a company’s strategy and assess the adequacy of the recall.
Recall Classifications
Class I
- Dangerous or defective products that predictably could cause serious health problems or death
- Examples include: food found to contain botulinum toxin, food with undeclared allergens, a label mix-up on a lifesaving drug, or a defective artificial heart valve
Recall Classifications
Class II
- Products that might cause a temporary health problem, or pose only a slight threat of a serious nature
- Example: a drug that is under-strength but that is not used to treat life-threatening situations
Recall Classifications
Class III
• Products that are unlikely to cause any adverse health reaction, but that violate FDA
labeling or manufacturing laws
• Examples include: a minor container defect and lack of English labeling in a retail food.
Steps to Investigating an Outbreak at Retail
- Establish the existence of an outbreak
- Verify the diagnosis
- Define and identify cases
- Describe the epidemiology and generate a hypothesis
- Evaluate and refine hypothesis as more information becomes available
- Implement control and preventive measures
What is an outbreak?
- An incident in which two or more persons experience a similar illness (symptoms) from the ingestion of a common food
- Each individual that gets ill represents a case
Microbiota:
total microbial communities
Microbiome:
total microbial genes
Bacteria in GI
In general: - Upper GI tract is restrictive to bacterial growth - Lower GI tract is conducive to bacterial growth - Most beneficial bacteria reside in the colon
Functions of a healthy gut microbiota
- Protection against pathogens:
- Colonization resistance
- Nutrient competition
- Anti-microbial compounds - Metabolic functions:
- Synthesis of vitamins
- Fermentation of non-digestible
carbohydrates
- Absorption of metals - Structural functions:
- Fortification of intestinal barrier
- Development of immune system
Gut microbiota is dynamic and subject to modulations by
many factors
Diet Antibiotics Exogenous microorganisms Others: - Delivery - Stress - Exercise
Diet affects gut microbiota
High-fiber diet - Provide energy for beneficial bacteria (example: Bacteroidetes) High protein/fat diet - Deprive beneficial bacteria of energy - Promote harmful bacteria
How fast and stable are the effects of diet?
- Microbiota and microbiome change rapidly (within days) in response to dietary perturbations
- Most changes are reversible
- Long-term diet may lead to irreversible changes in microbiota composition
Antibiotics alter gut microbiota
• In theory, antibiotics can kill both good and bad bacteria
- Broad spectrum drugs reduce microbiota number and diversity =reduced functions
- May promote certain “bad” bacteria = subsequent bacterial infections
- May select for or create antibiotic resistant bacteria in the gut
- Antibiotics are major risk factor for
C. difficile-mediated colitis
Pharmacokinetics
How do the drugs move into, through, and out of the body?
Consider pharmacokinetics of antibiotics: Routes of administration
- Oral administration directly delivered to the intestines
- Systemic administration may also reach the gut
Consider pharmacokinetics of antibiotics: Intestinal absorption
- Readily absorbed drugs are less concentrated in the intestinal lumen.
Example: metronidazole - Poorly absorbed drugs maintain high concentrations throughout GI tract.
Example: vancomycin
Consider pharmacokinetics of antibiotics: Excretion routes
- Bile: delivered to the GI tract
- Urine
- Feces
What makes effective probiotics?
• Safe for food and clinical use - Non-pathogenic - Susceptible to antibiotics • Survive intestinal transit - Acid and bile tolerant • Colonize intestines - Often temporary colonization • Protect against pathogens • Exhibit health benefits • Stable during processing and storage
What bacteria are currently marketed as probiotics?
Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium Bacillus Enterococcus Streptococcus Escherichia Many members of group of probiotics are lactic acid bacteria Often not of human origin (not commensal gut bacteria)
Any other considerations with probiotic consumption?
- Not all probiotics are the same - strain to strain variations
- Viability of commercial products
- How frequently do you need probiotics?
- Side effects
- Immuno-compromised people should ask doctors
- Allergies
Prebiotic examples
- Fructo- and galacto-oligosaccharides (FOS and GOS)
- Inulin
- Polydextrose
- Wheat dextrin
What makes effective prebiotics?
• Resist hydrolysis and absorption in the upper GI
tract
• Fermentable by intestinal bacteria
• Selectively stimulate growth or activity of
beneficial bacteria
• Often target Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria
Where can you find prebiotics?
- Sold as dietary supplements, sometimes included probiotic products
- Also present in fiber-rich foods
