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Environmental Science > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

IPAT Model

A

Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology

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2
Q

Demography

A

study of population ecology, human population change, etc.

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3
Q

Total Fertility Rate

A

Average number of children born per woman

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4
Q

Biocapacity

A

Amount of biologically productive land & sea available to us

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5
Q

Cropland (12% of land)

A

Food and fiber for humans

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6
Q

Rangeland (26% of land)

A

“pasture” for livestock

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7
Q

Traditional Agriculture

A

~Muscle Power~ (hand tools)

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8
Q

Industrial Agriculture

A

Synthetic fertilizers, chemicals pesticides

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9
Q

Monocultures

A

“one type” growing a single crop. susceptible to pests

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10
Q

Polycultures

A

“many types” growing many different crops

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11
Q

Sustainable Agriculture

A

Maintains healthy soil, clean water, pollinators, etc.

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12
Q

Parent Material (Soil)

A

base geologic material of a specific location

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13
Q

Bedrock

A

Solid rock that makes up earth’s crust

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14
Q

Weathering

A

Process that breaks down rock. (physical, chemical, and biological)

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15
Q

Humus

A

Partial decomposition of organic matter

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16
Q

Soil Horizon

A

Each layer of soil

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17
Q

Soil Profile

A

Cross section from surface

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18
Q

Soil Layers:

A 
Litter Layer
Topsoil
Leaching Layer
Subsoil
Weathered Parent Material
Rock
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19
Q

Leaching

A

liquids transport minerals

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20
Q

Topsoil

A

Mainly inorganic (sand, silt, and clay)

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21
Q

Loam

A

even mixture of sand, silt, and clay

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22
Q

Irrigation

A

Artificial crop watering (70% of fresh water use)

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23
Q

Waterlogging

A

Over irrigation –> water table drowns plant roots –> plants are suffocated from gases

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24
Q

Salinization

A

Build up of salt in in soil

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25
Q

Effects of Salinization

A

Inhibits crops, hard to get rid of

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26
Q

Fertilizer

A

contains essential nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus)

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27
Q

inorganic fertilizer

A

mined or manufactured mineral supplements… *runoff

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28
Q

organic fertilizer

A

wastes of organisms

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29
Q

compost

A

mixture of decomposers breaking down organic matter

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30
Q

over fertilizing effects

A

nitrates leech into aquifer, phosphate & nitrogen runoff damage ecology, airpollution

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31
Q

pollination

A

Plant reproduction

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32
Q

Degradation (soil, land, ect.)

A

decline in quality, productivity, biodiversity

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33
Q

Erosion

A

removed material is transported

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34
Q

Desertification

A

land degradation where 10%+ of productivity is lost (erosion, deforestation, overgrazing, drought, etc.)

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35
Q

crop rotation

A

alternating the crop grown in a field. restores nutrients, reduces pests

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36
Q

contour farming

A

plowed parallel slopes. reduces erosion

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37
Q

terracing

A

turns slopes into steps. minimizes erosion

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38
Q

intercropping

A

mixing the arrangement of crops. reduces soil loss and maintains fertility

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39
Q

shelter belts / wind breaks

A

field surrounded by trees rows or trees. minimizes wind erosion

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40
Q

conservation tillage

A

reduces amount of tilling

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41
Q

no-till farming

A

ultimate conservation tillage

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42
Q

crops depend on:

A

healthy soil (nutrients), organic matter, water retention, and proper root growth

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43
Q

undernutrition

A

receiving fewer calories than the minimum dietary energy requirement

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44
Q

food security

A

guarantee of adequate, safe, nutritious, and reliable food

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45
Q

overnutrition

A

eating too many calories each day… obesity

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46
Q

malnutrition

A

shortage of needed nutrients… can lead to disease

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47
Q

Green Revolution

A

mid/late-20th century. introduced new tech, crops, and farming methods in the developing world

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48
Q

Feedlots

A

“factory farms”. huge pens that deliver energy-rich food to animals living at high densities

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49
Q

aquaculture

A

aquatic farming

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50
Q

colony collapse disorder

A

mysterious destruction of 1/3 of US honey bees

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51
Q

causes of bee problem:

A

insecticides, introduced parasites, loss of habitat, *industrial agriculture

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52
Q

pollinator conservation method

A

planting a native flower buffer strip

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53
Q

pest

A

organism that damages crops

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54
Q

weed

A

any competing plant

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55
Q

pesticides

A

synthetic chemical poisons for insects, plants, and fungi

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56
Q

Cycle of pesticides:

A 
pests attack
pests are poisoned but a few survive
those survivors breed and the offspring attack
poison has little effect
a more toxic pesticide is created
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57
Q

biological control

A

using pests’ natural enemy to oppose the pest

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58
Q

steps to creating a GMO

A
  1. isolate plasmid from bacteria.
  2. DNA is removed from organism.
  3. gene is inserted to the plasmid.
  4. bacteria creates many copies of DNA/ desired gene.
  5. gene is transferred to target organism.
  6. expressed by GMO
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59
Q

transgenic

A

organism that contains DNA from another species

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60
Q

transgene

A

gene transferred between species

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61
Q

organic agriculture

A

using no synthetic fertilizers, antibiotics, hormones, or pesticides

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62
Q

GMO benefits

A

Increase food production… reduce hunger/poverty.
Less forests cleared.
Drought tolerance crops reduce irrigation.
Nutrition crops fight malnutrition.
Some cut down on fossil fuels/ CO2.
Insect resistant crops reduce use of insecticides.

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63
Q

endangered

A

likely to become extinct

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64
Q

threatened

A

likely to become endangered

65
Q

biodiversity

A

variety of all life. unequally distributed

66
Q

species

A

individuals with shared characteristics and can reproduce

67
Q

species diversity

A

number/variety of species

68
Q

species richness

A

number of species

69
Q

evenness/relative abundance

A

Extinct that species differ. Greater evenness means less difference

70
Q

genetic diversity

A

differences in DNA

71
Q

more genetic diversity =

A

more likely to persist

72
Q

Ecosystem diversity

A

variety of ecosystems

73
Q

most living things are?

A

animals

74
Q

most animals are?

A

insects

75
Q

most insects are?

A

beetles

76
Q

most vertebrates are?

A

fish

77
Q

where are species most rich?

A

near the equator

78
Q

why is biodiversity important?

A

provides ecosystem services

79
Q

mass extinction events

A

there’s been 5 (current one is caused by humans)

80
Q

Red List

A

list of very endangered species

81
Q

causes of extinction

A

habitat loss, over harvesting, pollution, invasive species, climate change

82
Q

Habitat fragmentation

A

Human development breaks a habitat into patches

83
Q

which is more influential pollution or habitat loss?

A

habitat loss

84
Q

pollutions:

A

noise, light, air, water, chemical, and runoff

85
Q

conservation biology

A

study of the loss, protection, and restoration of biodiversity

86
Q

Endangered species act (ESA)

A

1973 US protection of endangered/threatened species. *Ban of DDT

87
Q

Biodiversity Hotspot

A

region with a lot of endemic species (must have 1500 endemic plants)

88
Q

canopy

A

upper level of leaves/branches

89
Q

subcanopy

A

middle

90
Q

understory

A

shaded lower level

91
Q

snags

A

dead/dying trees

92
Q

Forest layers:

A 
canopy
subcanopy
understory
shrub layer
floor
soil
93
Q

forests store:

A

carbon

94
Q

forests produce:

A

oxygen

95
Q

forests purify:

A

water and air (from pollution)

96
Q

primary forest

A

natural and uncut by people

97
Q

secondary forest

A

second-growth trees that are smaller

98
Q

(REDD+) Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation

A

wealthy nations pay poorer nations to conserve forests

99
Q

forestry

A

managing forests

100
Q

resource managment

A

use of strategies to manage the harvest of renewable resources

101
Q

Maximum Sustainable Yield

A

aims to achieve max resource extraction w/o depleting harvest

102
Q

ecosystem based managment

A

aims to minimize impact on ecosystems/processes that provide resources

103
Q

adaptive managment

A

systematically testing different approaches aimed to improve methods

104
Q

national forest

A

area of forest land managed by US

105
Q

clear-cutting

A

all trees are cut at once

106
Q

seed-tree

A

small numbers of mature and vigorous seed-producing trees are left standing to reseed

107
Q

shelterwood

A

uses small numbers of mature trees to shelter seedlings as they grow

108
Q

selection systems

A

allows uneven-aged stand management because only some trees are cut

109
Q

prescribed fire

A

clears away fuel loads, encourages new growth, nourishes the soil with ash

110
Q

national parks

A

public lands protected from extraction and development

111
Q

corridor

A

passage of protected land for animals to travel between fragmented land

112
Q

environmental hazards:

A

physical
chemical
biological
cultural

113
Q

physical hazards

A

come from natural processes and pose human risks. sunburn

114
Q

chemical hazards

A

manufactured/synthetic chemicals. pesticide

115
Q

biological hazards

A

ecological interaction among organisms. mosquitos bites

116
Q

infectious disease

A

disease where pathogen attacks a host. cigarettes

117
Q

vector

A

organism that transfers the pathogen to the host (mosquito)

118
Q

cultural hazards

A

human risks from social/cultural things (where we live, socioeconomic status, occupation, behavior)

119
Q

noninfectious disease

A

(cancer/heart disease) developed without another organism

120
Q

toxicology

A

study of chemical hazards and their effects

121
Q

toxicity

A

degree of harm a chemical substance can inflict

122
Q

toxicant

A

toxic substance

123
Q

polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)

A

group of hazardous, hormone disrupting chemicals that provide fire-retardant properties. used in electronics, plastics, and furniture.

124
Q

mutagens

A

substances that cause genetic mutations

125
Q

teratogens

A

chemicals that cause harm to unborn

126
Q

neurotoxins

A

chemical toxins that harm the nervous system

127
Q

allergens

A

cause an immune response when one is not needed

128
Q

endocrine disruptors

A

toxicants that interfere with endocrine system

129
Q

bioaccumulation

A

buildup of toxicants in tissues of an animal

130
Q

biomagnification

A

magnification of toxicant in an organism caused by its consumption of other organisms which have bioaccumulated toxins in them

131
Q

risk assessment

A

scientific, quantitative measurement of risk

132
Q

risk managment

A

process of considering info through economic, social, and political needs/values

133
Q

carcenogen

A

substance/radiation that causes cancer

134
Q

surface water

A

water on surface

135
Q

groundwater

A

beneath the surface within soil or rock pores

136
Q

aquifers

A

sponge-like rock formations that hold water

137
Q

water table

A

boundary between the aquifer’s upper and lower layer

138
Q

recharge zone

A

any area where water infiltrates earth’ surface and reaches an aquifer below

139
Q

confined aquifer/”artesian” aquifer

A

aquifer trapped between layers

140
Q

unconfined aquifer

A

open upper layer

141
Q

runoff

A

water flows over land surface

142
Q

tributary

A

small river flowing into a larger one

143
Q

watershed

A

area of land drained by a river system

144
Q

Lake/Pond Zones:

A

littoral
limnetic
profundal
benthic

145
Q

littoral zone

A

above water surface

146
Q

limnetic zone

A

sunlight. supports algae, bacteria, phytoplankton

147
Q

profundal zone

A

no sunlight, lower in oxygen

148
Q

benthic zone

A

along the bottom

149
Q

oligotrophic

A

lakes/ponds that are low in nutrients and high in oxygen

150
Q

eutrophic

A

high nutrient, low oxygen

151
Q

consumptive use

A

water removed and not returned

152
Q

non consumptive use

A

no removal or temporary removal

153
Q

water mining

A

withdrawing water faster than it can be replenished

154
Q

sinkholes cause:

A

too much ground water is withdrawn

155
Q

flooding

A

naturally happens when rivers are too full

156
Q

xeriscaping

A

landscaping with arid plants

157
Q

point sources

A

distinct sources of pollution (factories)

158
Q

non-point sources

A

multiple places (city streets)

Environmental Science (3 decks)

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