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EHS 865 Environmental Toxicology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four routes of exposure?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Inhalation
  3. dermal
  4. Injection
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2
Q

What are the steps of exposure?

A 
Step 0-Exposure: 
Step 1- Delivery
Step 2- Reaction
Step 3- Dysfunction
Step 4- Repair or failure to Repair
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3
Q

What is the first pass elimination?

A

Its the hiesman move of the cellular level. I redirects chemicals away from the target organs and prevents toxicity

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4
Q

What factors influence whether or not a chemical/toxicant is absorbed?

A

its solubility

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5
Q

What is the most important chemical property influencing absorption?

A

Concentration, Surface area of exposure.

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6
Q

What are the Characteristics of epithelial layer

A

lipid soluble, nonpolar, hydrophobic

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7
Q

What are the properties of a hydrophilic molecules?

A

water soluble
Charged ( Polar)
like mixes with like( Polar with polar)
Water mixes with polar molecules

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8
Q

water is a what type molecule?

A

Polar

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9
Q

What are properties of a hydrophobic molecule?

A

Not water soluble
Oils( Lipids) are examples of nonpolar molecules
Ex: Oil and water do not mix by themselves

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10
Q

Whats an example of a mix of Polar and Nonpolar?

A

Soap micelle

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11
Q

What are the Properties of Soap Micelle?

A

Polar on outside

Nonpolar on the inside

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12
Q

What is Passive Transport?

A

diffusion from high to low concentration
where No energy required
No ATP necessary

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13
Q

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

A

Channels through membrane that allow diffusion down the gradient from high to low concentration ( no ATP recessary

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14
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

ATP is required

It transports up the gradient from low to high concentration

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15
Q

Most toxicants cross the membranes by _______

A

Simple Diffusion

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16
Q

Rate of diffusion depends upon what three things?

A
  1. Lipid Solubility
  2. Molecular Size
  3. pKa
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17
Q

PC of 10 is very______

A

Lipophilic

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18
Q

PC of 0.1 is _______?

A

hydrophilic

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19
Q

What is PC?

A

Partition Coefficient

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20
Q

What is PC?

A

is a measure of the substance in a lipid over an aqueos solution

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21
Q

Describe pKa

A

toxins is 50% charged and 50% uncharged

Scale of 0-14

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22
Q

What are examples of specialized barriers

A
  1. Blood Brain Barrier
  2. Placental
  3. Blood-testis
  4. Oocyte
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23
Q

what are the leaky capillaries?

A

Liver & Kidneys

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24
Q

What chemicals are most likely to be absorbed?

A

Lipid Solubile

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25
Q

What is A-D-M-E

A

Absorption- Site of entry
Distribution- Travels through the bloodstream
Metabolism- Transformation of chemical
Excretion- Removal from the body

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26
Q

What are the factors for absorption?

A

Lipid Solubility
Molecular Size
Site
Stability at stomach

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27
Q

Reabsorption like absorption is most dependent upon what property of the toxicant or metabolite?

A

Lipophilic
Lipid Soluble
Hydrophobic

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28
Q

What is Biotransformation?

A

Biochemical process that converts lipophilic compounds usually though enzymatic action in hydrophilic metabolites

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29
Q

What Organs have biotransformation

A

Liver-High
Kidneys-Medium
Skin,testes- Low
Cellular Sites: Microsomes, mitochondria, Cytosol,, Nucleus

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30
Q

Absorption by skin is_______

A

Passive diffusion

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31
Q

Absorption by skin does?

A

Lipid soluble substances will penetrate the dermal barrier

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32
Q

Biotransformation does what?

A

Chemical mechanism for eliminating a toxicant

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33
Q

Does biotransformation require energy?

A

Yes, it requires energy or energy equivalents

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34
Q

What are factors affecting biotransformation>

A 
Inhibition and induction
Age
Sex
Hormones
Pregnancy
Diet
Disease
Genetics
Circadian rhythms
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35
Q

Most organs including the blood have what?

A

Biotransformation capacity

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36
Q

What is Phase 1

A

Phase 1 converts lipophilic compounds into hydrophilic compounds

  • Increases water solubility
  • Decrease the renal tublar and intestinal reabsorption of the products
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37
Q

What are some Phase 1 Reactions?

A

the are catabolic or breakdown reactions ( Oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis)
May occasionally prodcuse metabolites that are somewhat more water-soluble than the parent

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38
Q

What is Phase 2?

A

Conjugation of chemical into a new chemical
Requires energy and cofactor
Makes hydrophilic compunds

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39
Q

What class/family of enzymes is most responsible for most toxication and detoxication of metabolites and toxicants?

A

Cytochrome p450

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40
Q

Cytochrome p450 attempts to decrease the toxicity of compounds by adding endogenous acids to make the compounds of interest more or less hydrophilic?

A

More Hyrophilic

41
Q

Chemical compounds that can be dissolved in plasma water are the chemicals most easily excreted via aqueous urine. What is the most important chemical property of these chemicals that are most freely soluble in aqueous urine.

A

Hydrophilic

42
Q

Highly Lipophilic compounds are not efficiently removed, but some may be eliminated from the body via the________?

A

mammary gland in milk lipids

43
Q

What is the process of self-programmed cell death?

A

Apoptosis

44
Q

What is the process of uncontrolled cell swelling until cell lysis?

A

Necrosis

45
Q

______a sufficient amount of the____molecule, the cell will not be able to power the pumps required for pumping out calcium and ensuring a proper concentration gradient for removing harmful chemicals? The consequence of this build-up of harmful materials inside the cell results in

A

Without
ATP
Cell Necrosis

46
Q

What are the mechanisms of Toxic Cell Death?

A

Primary metabolic disorders jeopardizing cell survival

  1. ATP depletion
  2. Ca2+ Accumulation
  3. ROS ( reactive oxygen species) and RNS( reactive nitrogen species) generation
47
Q

When cells die-off by either apoptosis or necrosis, the body has a mechanism of cell replenishment by cell division/replication. This process is called…

A

Mitosis

48
Q

A life-time of lung or liver damage can lead to tremendous scarring/connective tissue in these organs… we call this process what?

A

Fibrosis

49
Q

What are the Non-stochastic effects are threshold type effects

A

effects which increase in severity with increasing dose

50
Q

Stochastic effects are non-threshold effects

A

effects which increase in severity with increasing dose)

That is, the severity of stochastic effects do not depend on the dose

51
Q

Who is Ramizzini

A

Father of occupational medicine
Wrote Diseases of Workers
Breast Cancer in Nuns associated with celibacy

52
Q

Who Percival Pott?

A

Scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps

53
Q

What was the cancer causing agent Percival pott discovered?

A

PAH ( Polcyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)

54
Q

Who was Rehn

A

discovered Aniline ( textile dye) associated with bladder cancer

55
Q

Who was Layne Claypon?

A

He had a role of reproductive experience in the etiology of breast cancer

56
Q

Lowen, Goldstiend & Gernhardt discovered what?

A

Cigarette smoking and lung cancer

57
Q

Who was Richard Doll?

A

World’s leading cancer is epidemiologist

20,000 male physicians studied since the 1950’s to assess health effects of cigarette smoking and other exposures.

58
Q

Grilled meats were associated with what?

A

Colon cancer due to partial burn products ( ROS/RNS)

59
Q

What were the changes over time in the US population causes of death?

A

1900’s- tuberculosis, pneumonia/ influenza

2010- cancer and heart disease

60
Q

Cancer may remain dormant for years after the causal event:_____

A

Remission

61
Q

Cancer is a what?

A

Neoplasm( New Growth)
Process in which cells undergo some change that renders them abnormal causing uncontrolled growth that causes them to spread

62
Q

Cancerous tissue may invade and destroy normal tissues but ___________

A

Lack inhhibition

63
Q

How long (duration/time) are carcinogenicity assays?

A

Limited in vivo bioassays

a. Designed to evaluate carcinogenic potential within a relatively short period of time (40 weeks or less)

64
Q

In vivo stands for?

A

In a living organism

65
Q

In vitro stands for?

A

simulated in a lab container like a test tube

66
Q

A1 is what type of cancer?

A

Confirmed human carcinogens

67
Q

A2 is what type of cancer?

A

Suspected human carcinogens

68
Q

A3 is what type of cancer?

A

Confirmed animal carcinogens with unknown relevance to humans

69
Q

A4 is what type of cancer?

A

Not classified as a human carcinogen
Agents which cause concern that they could be carcinogenic for humans but which cannot be assessed conclusively because of lack of data.

70
Q

A5 is what type of cancer?

A

Not suspected as a human carcinogen based on properly conducted human epidemiologic studies

71
Q

What is the differentiate in malignant and benign?

A

Critical difference is the ability o metastasize

72
Q

What are the three steps required in carcinogenesis?

A

Initiation
Promotion
Progression

73
Q

What is Initation-

A

Results from a simple mutation in one or more cellular genes controlling key regulatory pathways of the cell

74
Q

What is Promotion

A

Results from the selective functional enhancement of signal transduction pathways induced in the initiated cell and its progeny by the continuous exposure to a promoting agent

75
Q

What is Progression

A

Results from the continuing evolution of a basically unstable karyotype

76
Q

what is Aplasia?

A

A developmental defect in which there is a complete or almost complete failure of a tissue or organ to develop

77
Q

What is hypoplasia

A

A developmental defect in which there is a complete or almost complete failure of a tissue or organ to develop to full size

78
Q

what is Atrophy?

A

A decrease in tissue or organ size that may result from a decrease in cell size, cell number or both

79
Q

what are the three terms related to changes in tissues and organs smaller then normal?

A

Aplasia
Hypoplasia
Atrophy

80
Q

What are the terms related to changes in tissues or organs larger than normal?

A

Hypertrohpy

Hyperplasia

81
Q

what is Hypertrophy?

A

INcrease organ size by increase cell size

82
Q

What is Hyperplasia?

A

Increased organ or tissue size due to increase in cell number

83
Q

Define carcinogen

A

Any chemical capable of producing an increased number of tumors in some test species

84
Q

What Cancer comes from PAH?

A

Skin and lung cancer

85
Q

What is a Co-carcinogen?

A

A chemical that increases the carcinogenic activity of another carcinogen when co-administered

86
Q

What cancer causing agent is related to Co-carcinogen?

A

Asbestos & Cigarette smoke

87
Q

What is an Initiator?

A

A chemical that induces the cainogenic process in a cell or tissue

An agent that causes cells to mutate( Ex: Asbestos)

88
Q

What is Promoter

A

A chemical that can increase the incidence of response to a carcinogen preiosly administered

An agent which stimulates cancer cells to grow faster (Example DDT pesticide)
c. Example: 2,3,7,8 Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) aka dioxins

89
Q

What is a Progressor?

A

A chemical capable of converting an initiated cell or a cell ion he stage of promotion potentially malignant cell

90
Q

What is a Complete carcinogen?

A

A chemical possessing the capability of inducing cancer from normal cells

Asbestos and mesothelioma type cancer

91
Q

What are two dunfamental defense mechanisms against a carcinogen?

A

DNA repair of mutations/damage during initiation phase

Apoptosis of cell in the event of DNA repair is unsuccessful

Replacement o cells lost by mitosis of stem cells

92
Q

How do they monitor/prevent radiation exposure in workplace environments… like hosptials?

A

a. Personally Worn Radiation Dose Badges

93
Q

Common radiation hazard from inhalation in Kentucky

A

Radon

94
Q

What is Radon

A

Comes from naturally occurring uranium that radioactively decays in bedrock to radon gas that enters through the slab imperfections in basements.

95
Q

Safe/Acceptable risk level for this hazard in homes?

A

According to Environmental Protection Agency: Less than 4 picoCuries/Liter of air

96
Q

Pressurization or depressurization is important for reducing the concentration of this agent in the home?

A

Sub-slab depressurization is done using a hole like those used for sump pumps with a tube and air fan that exhausts radon out the roof.

97
Q

List four carcinogens that can be inhaled?

A

(Wood dust, silica dust, PAHs, Asbestos fibers, Coal tar pitch derivatives

98
Q

What are common Carcinogens?

A

a. Benzene: causes Leukemia

b. Chloroform: Liver cancer

EHS 865 Environmental Toxicology (1 decks)

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