Exam #2 Flashcards
Where is the temperate zone?
Between Tropic of Cancer and Arctic Circle and Tropic of Capricorn and Antarctic Circle
What is a pome?
Example?
Fleshy receptacle w/ tough center core and seeds. (Apple Pear)
What is a drupe?
Example?
Fleshy fruit w/ thin skin and central core.
cherry
What is grafting?
Reproduction by attaching tissue of one plant to the tissue of another.
What is a scion?
shoot w/ axillary/lateral buds that will become fruit producing branch
What is a rootstock?
plant on which scions are grafted
What are benefits and drawbacks of grafting?
Benefits: consistent fruit and less time to mature
Drawbacks: susceptible to disease
Why are pears gritty?
they have clusters of “stone cells”
Which continent/ country did apples originate?
Asia - Kazakhstan
Which berries come from the heath family?
Cranberries and blueberries
Where are the tropics?
Between tropic of cancer and tropic of Capricorn
Why type of fruit is citrus? what are the juice sacs?
hesperidium - modified trichomes
Where does citrus originate?
SE Asia/ India
What are the major types of sweet orange?
Blood, valencia and navle
Where did bananas originate? What type of fruit is a banana? What plant hormone stimulates ripening of banana?
- Asia/australia
- berry
- Ethylene
What plant family do cereals come from?
Poaceae
What is Threshing?
removing bracts from grain
What is Winnowing?
separating chaff and grains
What is Polishing?
removal of bran and germ
What are the two major types of wheat grown?
Durum wheat - low rising bread, pasta
Bread wheat- high rising bread
What methods are used to cultivate rice?
Upland: not grown in standing water
Paddy: grown in standing water ( paddies)
What is drawback of polishing rice? What disease can you get from relying on polished rice?
Removes vitamin B
Berberi
What is corn silk?
long styles
Corn tassels?
groups of male flowers
What is the ear of corn made of?
Female flowers
What plant is wild ancestor of corn?
Teosinte
What are some examples of psuedocereals?
Amaranth, Buckwheat and Quinoa
Bract-
modified or specialized leaf, especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower
bran
hard outer layers of cereal grain
chaff
dry, scaly protective casings of the seeds of cereal grain
endosperm
tissue produced inside the seeds that provides food for seed
germ
embryo of a cereal grain
grain
fruit of grasses
stolon
horizontal stem that grows along ground
rhizome
stem of a plant that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes
What is a pulse? Where is most of the energy stored in pulses?
seed of legume - cotyledons (seed leaves of embryo)
Why did George Washington Carver advocate panting of peanuts?
peanuts enriched depleted soils
What are root nodules? Why is process of fixing nitrogen important?
Swelling on root of legume plant containing nitrogen fixing bacteria.
Converts it to usable form
What are amino acids?
Building blocks of proteins
Where did peanuts originate
South America
Pros and Cons of GMOs
Pros: Insect/weed resistant and greater yield
Cons-healhtfulness
What are forage crops
Examples
grown w/ grasses for animal consumption
alfalfa and clovers
What is a biennial plant? examples
Completes life cycle in two years
carrots, beets, radish
Where did sweet potatoes originate? what vitamin does it have that is important
South America
Vitamin A
What vegetables come from Mustard family?
What compounds give them their distinct flavor?
Broccoli, Cabbage, Cauliflower
Sulfur containing compounds
Vegetables from aster family
Lettuce and other leafy greens
Why do vegetables from Alium make your eyes water
Sulfuric acid
What food is made from taro
Poi
what is poisonous compound found in green potatoes
solanine
bulb
short, subterranean stem, leaves are modified for food storage
garlic, onion
corm
upright stem, starch storage
stenajc corm
Tuber
short subterranean storage stem
potato
what is a vegetable fat
oils high in saturated fat
Saturated fat
carbon atom linked by single bonds
Animal fats
less healthy
Unsaturated fats
One or more double bonded carbon bonds
Healthier
Avocados, plant oils and fish
Hydrogenation
hydrogen added to oil to make unsaturated fats- saturated
what are two plant oils in the aster family
safflower and sunflower
What substance in rapeseed oil is bad for health? what is another name for rapeseed oil?
Euracic acid- Canola oil
where does coconut oil come from? Does it contain unsaturated or saturated fats?
the meat or endosperm
saturated fats
What is difference between palm oil and palm kernel oil?
What are benefits and drawbacks of these oils
palm- from fruit wall
palm kernel- from seed
benefits- versatile and high yield
drawbacks- enevrionemtnally destructive
what part of plant does jojoba oil come from? what animal is similar to it
seeds
sperm whale
what other names does essential oils go by? potential functions?
volatile or ethereal oils
pollinator attractants
what methods are essential oils extracted?
distillation -liquid to vapor then condensed
expression- oils squeezed
solvents- oils dissolved from plant tissue
Primary Plant product
found in all plant class and necessary for life
Secondary plant product
not found in all plant cells or species
what is substance in cloves to treat toothaches
eugenol
What substance from licorice is dangerous
arethole
What does licorice flavor actually come from
anise oil
Alkaloid
Diverse group of cyclic compounds that contain nitrogen
(caffeine, nicotine)
Glycoside
form of compound w/ sugar attached (cassava and milkweed)
snakeroot use
treat schiophenria and high bp
white willow use
makes aspirin - inflammation/pain
What are opioids also called
narcotics
what part of poppy is opium harvested?
dried latex of fruits
what are some of the natural alkaloids in opium poppy?
codeine, morphine
what is laudanum
opium in alcohol
What is hashish
Resin
