Exam 2 Flashcards
Changes in physical development across generations
Secular growth trends
Secrete growth hormones in your sleep
Pituitary Gland (master gland)
Placing child to sleep where they will wake up
Sleep Routine
Important during infancy when growth is most rapid
Nutrition
Advantages to Breastfeeding up to a year
- Easier transition to solid food
- Child gets sick less often
- Less contamination
- Less expensive
- Intimacy
Disadvantages of Breastfeeding for a year
- Scheduling
- Difficulties providing
- Avoiding substances
Small for date due to malnutrition
before birth
Small for age malnutrition
after birth
Malnutrition is linked to
Decreased intelligence
Difficulties paying attention
Cycle of lethargy
Obesity related to
Basal metabolic rate
Activity levels
Media influences
External cues EX: parents
Difficulties related to Obesity & Proper treatment
Health, Social, Psychological
Self-Monitoring & parent training
Anorexia nervosa
Refusal to eat because of fear of gaining weight
15% below weight
May not chew food
Alternating between binging and purging
May appear to have normal weight
Secretly gore food
Bulimia nervosa
11 million children below 4 years old die from
Pneumonia
Malaria
Measles
Accidents among children
Motor vechiles (most common)
Drowning
Burns
Suffocation
Two ways to study Infant Sensory Development
Sampling with behavior tasks & Systematic Observation
NOT:
Self-report & Habituation
Mature at Birth
Smell
Touch: pain, temp change, tactile touch
Taste: bitter, sweet, sour, salty
Develops overtime
Fetus can at 7-8 months
4 months: can recognize names
7-8 months: use sounds to locate objects
Hearing
Auditory threshold
How hearing is measured; test given as a kid
Conductive Deafness
Sounds cont get into inner ear
Sensory-neural Deafness
Sound in, but can’t be transmitted
Visual acuity
Smallest pattern detected
Color Perception
Based on wavelength of light
Cones
Allow us to see color; located in retinas
Retinal display
Left and right eye see different versions of the same scene
Gross motor skills
Large muscles or whole body
Fine motor skills
Smaller muscle groups
Scheme
Psychological structure used to organize our experiences and incorporate them into how we see the world
Assimilation
Incorporating new experiences into schemes
Accommodation
Modifying schemes based on experience
Equilibration
Recalibrating thinking to a more advanced way of thinking
Sensorimotor
Reflexes thinking to Symbolic representation
Object Permanence
Circular reactions:
Primary: own body
Second: outside body
Tertiary: likes something, do it again with variations
Preoperational
Symbolic representation of objects and events
Egocentrism: difficulty seeing others POV
Centration: concentrating on one aspect of problem and missing relevant info
Concrete Operational
Grasp conservation; math transformations
Formal Operational
Abstract & if-then thinking
Zone of proximal development
Range of learning; child’s abilities with and without help
Scaffolding
Teaching that matches the amount of help needed
Cognitive Assessment Purpose
Screening Problem solving Diagnosis Counseling & rehab Progress evaluations
Cognitive Assessment Guidlines
Not 100% accurate
Tests are samples of behavior
Assess strengths and weaknesses
Cognitive Assessment Controversies
Culturally biased
Stigma of label following children
WISC-IV Four Factors
Verbal Knowledge
Perceptual Reasoning
Working Memory
Processing Speed
Intelligence
Ability to learn
Ability to adapt to new environments
Ability to perform abstract thinking
Knowledge based thinking
Organizing what we know to problem solve
Apprehension
Reflect on past, present, future experiences
Fluid analytical reasoning
Abstract thinking
Adaptive purposeful striving
Strengths over weaknesses
Mental Playfulness
Tolerance of uncertainty and pursuit of newness
Idiosyncratic Learning
Try, fail, try again
Spearman
General factor of intelligence is responsible for mental performance
Thurstone & Thurstone
Multiple intelligence consists of 7 different abilities
Carroll
Hierarchical theory compromised to two theories
Gardner’s Multiple Inteligences
9 distinct intelligences; implicates schools should adjust teaching to child’s intellectual strengths
Triarchic Theory
HOW we use our intelligence
Contextual subtheory
The way we use intelligence in environments
Componential subtheory
Breaking down an activity and making strategies
Convergent thinking
Getting rid of throw away answers to arrive at correct answer
Intelligence test have to be
Reliable: consistent
Validity: truthfulness
Divergent thinking
Goal is not one single correct answer
Mental Retardation
- IQ of 70 or less
- Not able to take care of self
- Must be present before 18 years of age
ADHD
A disorder involving failure of brain circuitry that monitors response inhibition and self-control
Hyperactivity & impulsivity
Motor excess, hurried responding & acting before thinking
Inattention
Quickly moving from one task to another
