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BIO 303 exam 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

genes transferred organism to organism but gen to gen

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2
Q

batesian mimicry

A

harmless species resemble harmful species, getting protection from predators

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3
Q

Why do primates with full color vision have so many fossilized genes for olfaction?

A

with such great vision smell was not use das much causing them to lose that trait and fossilizing the gene

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4
Q

pleiotropy

A

condition when a mutation in a single gene affects the expression of more than one different phenotypic trait

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5
Q

what impact do mutations alone have on selection?

A

mutations inject new alleles into gene pools and change the allele frequency. once a new mutation arises, drift and selection may begin to act on them

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6
Q

What do selection coefficient values tell you?

A

the strength of selection and whether or not a genotype if favored

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7
Q

indels

A

-insertion or deletion of bases in the genome of an organism

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8
Q

genetic drift

A

change in frequencies of allele copies in population resulting from sampling error in drawing gametes from gene pool to make zygotes and from chance variation in the survival and or reproductive success of individuals

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9
Q

population genetics

A

study of the distribution of alleles within population and the mechanisms that can cause allele frequencies to change over time

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10
Q

examples of postzygotic reproductive isolation

A
  • hybrid sterility

- low fitness

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11
Q

reinforcement

A

results when any hybrid offspring has low fitness and natural selection results in assortative mating and prezygotic isolation

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12
Q

deletion

A

a base pair is deleted out of genome

ex: cleft palate, heart defects, autoimmune disease

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13
Q

null hypothesis

A

original negative hypothesis

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14
Q

most mutations are

A

neutral and random

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15
Q

selection coefficient

A

measure of the extent to which natural selection is acting to reduce the relative contribution of a given genotype to the next generation

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16
Q

sympatric speciation

A

populations in the same geographical area

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17
Q

bottleneck

A

reduce genetic variation, causes genetic drift and rare alleles are likely to be lost

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18
Q

point mutation

A

at one point there is a change

ex: 6 fingers, finger fusion, skeleton calcification, albinism

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19
Q

morphospecies strengths and weaknesses

A

s:
- primairy way fossils are assigned to a species
w:
- works badly for fungi, bacteria and archea
- cant tell species age vs. diff species

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20
Q

negative frequency dependent selection example

A

elederflower orchids
2 distinct morphs to trick pollinators
more common color=lower fitness

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21
Q

postzygotic reproductive isolation

A

hybrid offspring are sterile

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22
Q

When does inbreeding have a minimal impact?

A

when there is a dominant allele present to mask the deleterious recessive allele

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23
Q

barriers that make allopatric speciation possible

A
  • ocean
  • mountains
  • distance
  • rivers
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24
Q

selection. vs. drift

A

selection occurs when genotypes differ in fitness

  • drift= small pop
  • selection=large pop
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25
Q

prezygotic reproductive isolation

A

divergence in traits between populations that prevent fertilization from occurring

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26
Q

Hardy weinberg assumptions

A
  • popualtion is always large
  • all geneotypes at a locus are equally likely to survive and reproduce
  • no alleles enter or leave the population
  • no mutation because that wouled lead to new alleles
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27
Q

speciation

A

new species arise, one evolutionary lineage splits into 2 or more

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28
Q

secondary contact

A

hybridization between two parental forms of a group that were previously separated

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29
Q

relative fitness

A

success of the genotype at producing new individuals standardized by the success of other genotypes in the population

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30
Q

phylogenetic strengths and weaknesses

A

s:
- works on sexually and asexually reproducing plants, fossils and some prokaryotes
- species identification based on statistically significant difference in traits
w:
- gene sequencing is expensive
- evolution is on going

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31
Q

what is hetero superiority?

A

when the hetero genotype is favored above either homo genotype
- can allow deleterious alleles to persist

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32
Q

smaller sample=

A

more sampling error

33
Q

inbreeding depression

A

reduction in the average fitness of inbred individuals relative to that of outbred individuals

34
Q

phylogentetic species concept

A

monophyletic based on comparison with other populations

35
Q

When is hetero favored vs homo

A

Sickle cell in hetero is favored when malaria is present

36
Q

genetic load

A

burden imposed by the accumulation of deleterious mutations

37
Q

genetic locus

A

refers to the specific location of a gene or piece of DNA sequence on a chromosome

38
Q

fitness

A

success of an organism to survive and reproduce

39
Q

missouri collared lizards and Illinois prairie chicken

  • actions to prevent extinction?
  • genetic problems?
A
  • brought in others from a separate population to reproduce with the endangered population
  • increase variation
  • prevent bottleneck
40
Q

What is fixation and when does it occur?

A

carried by all members of the population, no genetic variation at that locus
- small population due to genetic drift

41
Q

Hardy weinberg conclusions

A
  • allele frequency in a population will not change

- if the allele frequencies in a population are given by p and q the genotype frequencies will be given by p2, pq and q2

42
Q

evolutionary trade-offs

A

choice must be made bewteen multiple things that are incomaptible or an increase in one might lead to a decrease in another

43
Q

theorems

A

mathematical statements that have been proven based on previously established theorems or axioms

44
Q

average excess of fitness

A

the difference between the average fitness of individuals bearing the allele and the average fitness of the populations as a whole

45
Q

evolutionary arms race

A

species interact antagonistically in a way that results in each species exerting reciprocal directional selection on the other

46
Q

How can coevolution function as the engine for biodiversity?

A

increase in genetic diversity caused by the heterogeneity of coevolutionary processes across the range of ecological patterns

47
Q

morphospecies concept

A

species designation and identification is based on morphological differences between species

48
Q

what happens if hardy weinberg assumptions are violated?

A
  • mutation
  • migration
  • drift
  • change in allele frequencies
49
Q

Why does inbreeding depression arise?

A

rare recessive alleles become expressed in a homozygous state where they can detrimentally affect the performance of individuals

50
Q

Hardy weinberg conditions

A
  • no mutation
  • no selection
  • no migration
  • no genetic drift
  • random mating
51
Q

endosymbionts

A

mutualistic organism lives within the body or cells of another organism.
ex: microbe live in the digestive tract of mammals to aid in digestion

52
Q

genetic drift problems

A
  • loss of hetero
  • reduces variation
  • more error
  • bottleneck and founder effect
53
Q

antagonisitic pleiotropy

A

a mutation with beneficial effects for one trait also causes detrimental effects on another trait

54
Q

isolation by distance

A

pattern in which populations that live in close proximity are genetically more similar to each other than populations that live further apart

55
Q

When does hybridization result in either reinforcement or speciation?

A

fertile hybrid can lead to new species

if its not successful reinforcement will occur

56
Q

negative frequency dependent selection

A

when rare genotypes have higher fitness than common genotypes

57
Q

biological weakness

A

w:

- doesn’t work for fossils/elephants

58
Q

symbionts

A

mutually beneficial relationship between two

59
Q

extinction vortex

A

small population resort to inbreeding and genetic drift, leading to a loss of genetic variability

60
Q

biological species concept

A

inbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated

61
Q

mutualists

A

alleles favored for selection benefit rather than harm

- ex: long tongue fly eating flower nectar and passing pollen off to next flower

62
Q

allopatric speciation

A

populations are in separate non overlapping geographical areas

63
Q

coefficent of inbreeding (F)

A

the probability that the two alleles at any locus will be identical because of common decent

64
Q

“use it or lose it”

A

use a trait or it will fossilize because its no longer needeed

65
Q

mullerian mimicry

A

several harmful species resemble each other, learned avoidance of predators

66
Q

problems and benefits of inbreeding

A
  • in large populations rare recessive alleles can be preserved even if they’re deleterious because more common dominant alleles overshadow them
  • rare deleterious alleles can be unmasked in homo because its more likely to have the same gene
67
Q

gene duplication

A

a gene duplicates

ex: down syndrome

68
Q

examples of prezygotic reproductive isolation

A
  • mechanical isolation: incompatible genitalia
  • behavioral isolation: different dances
  • temporal isolation: mate at different times of year
  • game incompatibility: gametes fuse but zygote dies
69
Q

antagonists

A

generate negative frequency-dependent selection on each other
ex: Newts TTS, garter snakes get resistance to it, but Newts get more TTS

70
Q

genetic drift results from…

A

sampling error

71
Q

inversion

A

chromosome pops apart rearranges and goes back together

ex: hunter syndrome

72
Q

founders effect

A

new populations started by a smaller number of people, causes genetic drift

73
Q

population size and mutation impact

A

small population= larger mutation impact

74
Q

somatic mutation

A
  • affects cell in the body of an organism

- not heritable

75
Q

collapse of a dynasty

A
  • Hapsburgs marry within extended family
  • 1st cousins marry
  • charles was so inbred he was infertile
  • only half of children lived to be 1
76
Q

cryptic species

A

Species look alike but are genetically different

77
Q

sampling error

A

a small subset of the genetic diversity of the source population is likely to be included in the new population. and the relative freqeuncies of these alleles may be very different from what they had been before

78
Q

insertion

A

a base is inserted into the genome

ex: huntingtons disease

79
Q

germ-line mutations

A
  • affect gametes
  • heritable
  • relevant to evolution

BIO 303 exam 2 (1 decks)

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