Exam 2 Flashcards
Continuous Capillaries
Endothelial Cells joined by tight junctions
Fenestrated Capillaries
Endothelial Cells with pores for filtration
Sinusoids
Wide gaps between Endothelial Cells
Major Deep Veins of the forearm
Ulnar
Radial
3 Layers of the Heart Wall
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
First Branch off of the aortic arch
Brachiocephalic Trunk
How does blood get to the right arm, neck, and head?
Brachiocephalic Trunk
Where does ventricular contraction eject blood into?
The Aorta
Results from sympathetic stimulation to the heart
- increased force and rate of contraction
- dilated coronary arteries
What muscle is used to stand back up after touching toes?
rectus abdominus
Pace Maker of the Heart
SA Node
What vessels carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues?
ascending aorta
How does blood return to the heart from lower limbs and abdominal cavity?
Inferior Vena Cava
How does blood return to the heart from the head, neck, thoracic cavity and upper limbs?
Superior Vena Cava
Differences of muscularity in the atria and ventricles
Ventricles are thicker because they pump blood to the arteries, left to the tissues and right to the lungs
Atria receives blood
Endocardium
simple squamous epithelium
Myocardium
cardiac myocytes
Epicardium
simple squamous epithelial on top of areolar tissue
What happens to the diaphragm when it contracts?
moves downward
Rotator Cuff SITS muscles
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teresminor
subscapularis
Muscles that supinate the forearm
biceps brachii
supinator
Muscle that extends the elbow
triceps brachii
Quadriceps femoris components
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
vastrus intermedius
What term refers to thumb?
pollex
Erythrocytes (RBC) contents
hemoglobin
Erythrocytes (RBC) shape
discoid
Properties of lymphocytes
- immunity
- abundant
- nucleus almost fills entire cell
- 3 types
- T cells
- B cells
- Natural Killer Cells
Properties of basophils
- rarest white blood cell
- injured tissues
- promote mobility of WBC
Properties of eosinophils
- rare
- mucous membranes of respiratory, digestive and urinary tracts
Properties of neutrophils
- most abundant
- phagocytize bacteria
- die while protecting
Properties of monocytes
- largest WBC with prominent nucleus
- transform into macrophages
- destroy dead or dying host/foreign cells
7 major formed elements
- erythrocytes
- platelets
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
- monocytes
- lymphocytes
Erythrocytes (RBC) function
carries O2 and CO2
Function of platelets
small fragments of megakaryocytes that aid in blood clotting
Hemostatsis
cessation of bleeding
thrombocytosis
abnormal production of platelets
function of B cells
differentiate to plasma cells that secrete antibodies
Cardiac Muscle
- involuntary
- striated
- cardiocytes
- myocytes
Smooth Muscle
- involuntary
- non striated
- tapered at ends
endomysium
- thin layer around each muscle fiber
perimysium
- thick layer that binds fibers into bundles called fascicles
epimysium
- surrounds entire muscle
fascia
- connective tissue sets that separate neighboring muscles from each other and the skin
Z- disc
- midline of I band
- protein that anchors thin and elastic filaments
- defines boundaries of a sarcomere
motor unit
- 1 motor neuron
- multiple muscle fibers
- behave as a single functional unit
- fibers from one unit dispersed in muscle
motor unit
- 1 motor neuron
- multiple muscle fibers
- behave as a single functional unit
- fibers from one unit dispersed in muscle
sarcomere
- functional unit of a striated muscle
- when the muscle contracts sarcomeres shorten and Z discs are pulled closer together
motor unit size
small = fine motor control large= gross motor control
Blood Supply at rest in muscles
1/4 of hearts output
Blood Supply heavy exercise in muscles
more than 3/4 of hearts output
Skeletal Muscle
- voluntary
- striated
- muscle fibers
- myofibers
Most Important Muscle for Smiling
Zygomaticus major and minor
Most Important Muscle for Kissing
Orbicularis Oris
4 important muscles that from the abdominal wall
- external abdominal oblique
- internal abdominal oblique
- transverse abdominal
- rectus abdominus
transverse abdominal
compress abdominal contents
Muscle for “up” part of sitting up and standing up from touching your toes
rectus abdominus
Germinal centers
- within lymph nodes and the spleen
Thymus
- bilobed organ between sternum and aortic arch
- develop lymphocytes and secretes hormones
Two largest lymphatic vessels
- thoracic duct
- right lymphatic duct
Where does the thoracic duct end?
right subclavian vein
Where does the right lymphatic duct end?
left subclavian vein
Histological properties of larger lymphatic vessels
- tunica interna w/ valves
- tunica media w/ elastic fibers and smooth muscle
- thin tunica externa
- walls thinner than veins
Humoral immunity is done by
B lymphocytes and antibodies
Immune System
- population of disease-fighting cells that reside in mucous membranes, lymphatic organs, and other localities in the body
Arteries vs. Veins
- veins have lower pressure
- veins don’t have thick pressure resistant walls
