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Journalism > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

*Important Notes from Section 1

A

Knowledge is power
Written communication drives our evolution and progress
Written communication and newspapers followed/paralleled the rise of trade and commerce

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2
Q

Elizabeth Colbert

A

The Sixth Extinction: language transmits information through generations and holds societies together

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3
Q

Alexander the Great

A

Used a network of signal fires and carrier pigeons to communicate

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4
Q

*What are the three stages of writing?

A

Pictograph: a picture of an actual thing
Ideograph: a symbol which represents a more complex idea
Phonetics: a symbol that matches an abstract sound

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5
Q

*How did writing develop throughout societies?

A

Sumerians: cuneiform, the art of writing on wet clay tablets
Egyptians: hieroglyphics and the phonetics
Phoenecians: the first alphabet
Chinese: the first paper (not papyrus)

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6
Q

Who were the Phoenecians and why were they significant?

A

The phoenecians invented the alphabet, which was a great invention. They were a seafaring people with the world’s first trading empire and they needed a way to communicate with other peoples–trade is VERY important for the development of language.
They inspired Greece and Rome

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7
Q

What was the Acta Diurna?

A

It was a Roman News tablet called “Daily Acts” published by Julius Cesar and posted in the city square, carved into stone tablets. It discussed gossip, sports, legal proceedings, crimes, announcements, celebrity news, and bizarre events. It was the forerunner to the modern newspaper!

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8
Q

Who was Cai Lun?

A

He invented thin sheets of paper made from old rags and plant fibers which replaced animal skins and papyrus.

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9
Q

Who was Cicero?

A

He was a philosopher who hired scribes to assemble daily news reports because he craved news. He preferred political news over gladiator reports.

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10
Q

What was communication like in the Dark Ages (before 1450)?

A

The people were illiterate, there were no books, and information traveled by mouth only. The Church and Aristocracy controlled information and monks kept writing alive.

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11
Q

What was communication like after the Dark Ages (after 1450)? What was Johann Gutenberg’s role? Who was Martin Luther?

A

He invented the printing press which meant texts no longer had to be painstakingly copied by hand and could be produced uniformly. He also created the beautiful Gutenberg Bible. Luther posted his 95 Thesis on the door of the church, criticizing its corruption and ultimately provoking Europe’s 30 Year War. However, printers faced many risks!

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12
Q

Who was William Caxton?

A

He was England’s first printer and he developed a common English language and printed the King James, Bible, the most widely read book. Helped UNIFY England.

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13
Q

What was communication like during the Renaissance?

A

Amsterdam was the center of trade and commerce. Coranto was the first publication in England using weekly news from many countries.

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14
Q

*Describe the Star Chamber

A

The star chamber was used to torture printers who printed without licenses from the king.

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15
Q

*Who was John Milton? How does John Locke relate to him?

A

Milton fought against censorship because he wanted to publish a pamphlet about the virtues of divorce. He wrote Areopagitica to defend freedom of speech and press. John Locke extended Milton’s thoughts to tolerance and individual freedoms, which inspires Thomas Jefferson’s writings for the declaration of independence.

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16
Q

*The evolution of news and newspapers led to:

A

the rise and spread of civilization
a more inter-connected world
more educated peoples
wider diversity of ideas

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17
Q

What obstacles did the press have to overcome in the Colonial Era?

A

Printing presses, type, and paper were hard to get
Wilderness was dangerous to travel through
Distributing papers was difficult (needed postmasters)

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18
Q

Discuss Publick Occurrences (Boston)

A

The first newspaper in America, but there was only one issue ever. Published by William Harris, it had sensational, dirty stories, and criticized King Charles II. The mission was to publish factual information and cure the spirit of lying at least once a month, but he was shut down by Royal authorities because he didn’t have a license and they didn’t like his controversial, heretical publishing.

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19
Q

Discuss the New England Courant (Boston)

A

The second newspaper in America, edited by James Franklin, attacked Cotton Mather for his ideas on Small Pox inoculation. This was the first newspaper to editorialize and found lively, controversial stories can make a paper more successful.

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20
Q

Discuss the Pennsylvania Gazette (Philadelphia)

A

Bought by Benjamin Franklin who posed as Silence Dogood and went after Cotton Mather as well. Benjamin Franklin was a good businessman who expanded the paper and sold more ads and had printing contracts with the government printing official documents.

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21
Q

*Discuss the New York Weekly Journal (New York)

A

Published by John Peter Zenger, it had pieces which criticized Bill Cosby, the corrupt and offensive governor of New York, which got him in trouble for Seditious Libel. His wife, Anna Zenger continued to publish the paper throughout his trial.

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22
Q

What is Seditious Libel?

A

the act of speaking or writing seditious words with intent to rebel or overthrow the government which brings hatred and contempt upon leaders, incites people to seek changes to church and state, or promotes discontent or hostility among British subjects.

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23
Q

*Why was John Peter Zenger’s sedition case significant?

A

It established truth as a defense against libel, independence of juries to decide defamation and important matters, encouraged government criticism among the press (a bedrock principle of democracy), and intensifies opposition to the British Rule.

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24
Q

Why was Join or Die significant?

A

The Join or Die snake was the first political cartoon to be published in 1754 in the Philadelphia Gazette. It was used to rally the colonies in the French and Indian War to fight off the French.

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25
Q

What was John Locke’s involvement with the revolution?

A

He is considered the father of the Revolution for his views that man is born a blank slate with the power of self-determination and that government is a social contract, not a divine right.

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26
Q

*Discuss the Stamp Act of 1765

A

It called for taxes on many items in the colony which would go directly back to the crown. It was highly unpopular because Americans felt like they were reduced to having not role in their own governance. Papers helped stir up public sentiment which made the British fearful. It was difficult for newspapers to report both sides of the story because there was an ideal of “with us or against us.”

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27
Q

Tory

A

someone who supports or sympathizes with the British.

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28
Q

*Discuss the Massachusetts Spy

A

Published by Isaiah Thomas, a radical publisher and Son of Liberty, this paper covered the savagery of the British troops openly shooting colonists, robbing colonist homes, and hurting helpless children. Boosted morale and provided information.

29
Q

Who was James Rivington in relation to the Revolution?

A

He published the Royal Gazette, which was sympathetic to the crown and viciously critiqued rebels. It was later revealed he was actually a spy for George Washington and supported the Revolutionary efforts.

30
Q

*Who was Samuel Adams in the Revolution?

A

He was a leading and vocal critic of the British. His writings were created to incite anger in the Journal of Occurences. He built up hatred toward the British through many untrue stories about British soldiers beating women and children and cheating merchants, demonizing them as nonhuman. He urged the Continental Congress to sign the Declaration of Independence.

31
Q

*Who was Thomas Paine in the Revolution?

A

He wrote “Common Sense” which advocated for a clean break away from Great Britain. He was the first to advocate for this extreme view and kept his writings in simple English for the common man. He inspires the working class and appeals to all classes. His book went viral and he inspired the people.

32
Q

*Describe the ideals of Federalists

A

Strong national government
Powerful central bank
Strongest in New England and the Northwest
Wary of French Revolution in America
Led by: Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, and George Washington

33
Q

*Describe the ideals of Republicans

A 
More power should rest with the states
Identifies more with the common man
Strongest in the South and West
More sympathetic to France
Led by: Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
34
Q

*Discuss the Gazette of the United States

A

Started by John Fenno as a party paper for the Federalists. Hamilton would write using a pen name defending Washington’s decision to be neutral in the hostilities between England and France. Hamilton called Jefferson a demagogue.

35
Q

*Discuss the Porcupine’s Gazette

A

Started by William Cobbett (the porcupine) for the Federalists, this party paper used creative language to describe and defame republicans.

36
Q

*Discuss the National Gazette

A

This Republican party paper was started by Philip Freneau and backed by Jefferson who supplied information leaks and criticized the Washington administration for which he worked in secret.

37
Q

*Discuss the Aurora

A

Benjamin Franklin Bache started this Republican party paper which launched many nasty attacks on John Adams.

38
Q

*Describe the Alien and Sedition Acts

A

Signed by John Adams and passed by the Federalist Congress, it was aimed at cutting down on French Sympathizers moving to america and silence caustic Republican Press to preserve the Union. It had four separate laws.

  1. Extended the duration of residence for aliens to become citizens from 5 to 14 years
  2. The president can deport any person “dangerous to the peace and safety of the U.S.”
  3. The president can apprehend and deport aliens if their home country is at war with the U.S.
  4. Made it a crime to publish “fake, scandalous, and malicious writing” against the gov’t or its officials
39
Q

*Discuss the First Amendment

A

Approved by the Congress and the States, this article ensures freedom of the press, speech, religion, peaceful assembly, and petition of the government for a redress of grievances. As part of the Bill of Rights, it was intended to place limits on the federal government. The founding fathers agreed that freedom of press was important, but disagreed how to protect it.

40
Q

*Discuss the development, decline, and pros and cons of the party press

A

The party press developed because parties needed something to promote their ideals. Party control meant patronage through printing contracts and political offices, loans and cash contributions, help in securing subscriptions and distributing papers, and provided written content. Party papers had to promote party ideals, defend the party and its politicians, attack opponents, and help election campaigns. Party papers declined as a new business model developed for papers. Pros: articulates political ideas, has a clear-cut viewpoint, and encourages debate. Cons: misleading, foster repression, and divisive.

41
Q

Pre and Post Penny Press Characteristics

A

Pre: political, expensive, low circulation
Post: wide-ranging topics, inexpensive, sensational, high circulation

42
Q

What news was covered in the Penny Press?

A

Human Interest: snakes, sea serpents, quadruplets, infant prodigies
Crime News: murder, gambling, dueling, drunkeness
Sensationalism: appeal to the emotions of the masses and entertainment (humbug)
Apolitical

43
Q

Discuss the New York Morning Post

A

First Penny Paper but FAILED
Horatio David Shephard and Horace Greeley
Failed in 3 weeks because their debut issue came out on New Year’s Eve during a blizzard

44
Q

Discuss the New York Sun

A

The first successful penny paper published by Benjamin Day for poorer people. He used the London Plan wherein newsboys bought a stack of 100 papers for 67 cents and anything they made past that was their own profit. These papers redefined news because it had to be exciting. Had George Wisner, the first beat reporter and first court reporter as well as Richard Adams Locke, who wrote the Great Moon Hoax under the name of Sir John Herschel. The Great Moon Hoax started off slow, built up the story, then fizzled out.

45
Q

Discuss the New York Harold

A

This penny paper by James Gordon Bennett was the most successful penny paper. It transformed the art of interviewing and story telling through its work with the gangs of the Five Points and the death of Ellen Jewett, a prostitute who was killed with an ax. The paper used shocking language and got involved in the moral war of 1840. It was similar to Phineas T. Barnum’s showmanship in his museum. This paper redefined news on sports, business, women, and society.

46
Q

What was the Moral War of 1840

A

Business leaders, church leaders, and conservative paper editors teamed up against the New York Herald penny paper to run it out of business by pressuring his advertisers and calling its readers immoral pious–but it didn’t work!

47
Q

Discuss the New York Tribune

A

Horace Greeley started this penny paper. It was political with strong partisan stands and it didn’t cover crime or court news. It stood against slavery, supported labor unions, and the temperance movement. “Go West Young Man” supported America’s championing of the west. He published 500 articles by Carl Marx.

48
Q

Discuss the New York Times

A

Started by Henry Raymond, it was not as partisan as Greeley’s penny paper and not as neutral as Bennett’s. It was fair and accurate and known for its foreign coverage. The paper was made for the middle class and middle perspectives–nothing is innately bad or good. He won readers who wanted solid news without sensationalism.

49
Q

What was the Harbor News Association?

A

This group was formed when it became too expensive for each paper to hire their own boat and transportation, so they banded together and shared boats. This was Moses Beach’s idea and it eventually morphed into the Associated Press. Its first general manager was Alexander Jones.

50
Q

What was Ladies’ Magazine?

A

This was a magazine for women written by men which relfected the sexist attitudes of the 1700s, such that women should be teachers, can’t get divorced, marry early and have lots of babies. It also asserted that women don’t have solid judgement, men are stronger and smarter, and women should be subservient to men.

51
Q

What is it like for women in news today?

A

Women are still not equal to men and report only 1/3 of news stories. Women tend to report on education, lifestyle, health, and religion while men tend to report on politics, criminal justice, science, sports, or technology. Late Night comedy shows are basically all men.

52
Q

Jill Abramson

A

The first woman editor of the New York Times

Was paid substantially less than her male predecessor

53
Q

Flo Jonic

A

An experienced reporter who found out she was being underpaid and was fired when she filed a suit

54
Q

Lynsey Addario

A

A famous photojournalist who uses her gender to her advantage in Muslim countries

55
Q

Laura Logan

A

Broke her silence about her sexual assault experience with a news story

56
Q

Erin Andrews

A

An ESPN reporter who was stalked by someone who put a camera in her hotel room

57
Q

Samantha Bee

A

Has a late night show called Full Frontal

58
Q

Mary Katherine Goddard

A

Printed the original copies of the Declaration of Independence

59
Q

Sarah Hale

A

The first woman editor for a magazine for women which served as a platform for women’s improvement and women’s education

60
Q

Margaret Fuller

A

First American woman book reviewer; inspired Stanton and Anthony

61
Q

*Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony

A

Convinced by Frederick Douglass at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 to support women’s suffrage. 100 people signed a Declaration of Sentiments with 12 resolutions, calling for greater access to professions, property and custody rights, and voting rights.

62
Q

Nellie Bly

A

Elizabeth Jane Cochran–the most famous journalist in the world because she was the first stunt reporter (got herself admitted to Blackwells Asylum and went Around the World in 72 Days). She created a new niche for women as stunt reporters, a contradiction to emotional womens’ writing.

63
Q

*Sob Sisters

A

A derogatory term maligned by male press corps for writing emotional stories, often about trials. Dorothy Dix was the most famous. Male reporters in courtrooms didn’t like women joining in.

64
Q

Margaret Bourke White

A

The first western photographer and war correspondent in Russia

65
Q

Martha Gellhorn

A

A great war correspondent

66
Q

*Gloria Steinam

A

Wrote “The Bunny’s Tail” about the Playboy Club after going undercover for Esquire Magazine. She became the editor of Ms. Magazine.

67
Q

Katherine Graham

A

Publisher of the Washington Post, published stories on Watergate despite a lawsuit

68
Q

Barbara Walters

A

First woman to become an anchor on a major news network

69
Q

Anna Zenger

A

The wife of John Peter Zenger who continued to publish his paper when he was on trial for seditious libel

Journalism (1 decks)

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