exam 2

Question 1

Testosterone

Answer 1

What causes men’s testosterone to go down?
Age
Entering a committed, monogamous relationship
Babies
WHY?
What happens when mens’ Testosterone gets really low?
Fatigue
Feeling unlike one’s self/“color fading from the world”
Depression

What causes men’s testosterone to go up?
Sex with novel partners

Question 2

Six Branches of Great Apes

Answer 2

Chimpanzees
Bonobos
Humans
Gorillas
Orangutans
Gibbons

Question 3

The Old World Monkey line split into the Ape and Baboon/Macaque lines about 30 million years ago

Distance from primary genetic line of the Great Apes:

Answer 3

Modern Chimps (primary line)
Bonobos: 3 million years
Humans: 5 million years
Gorillas: 9 million years
Orangutans: 16 million years
Gibbons: 22 million years

Question 4

Chimpanzee:

Answer 4

Bonds between males are strongest and lead to constantly shifting male coalitions
Females move through overlapping ranges within territory patrolled by males
Females don’t form strong bonds with other females or particular males
Multimale-multifemale mating

Question 5

Bonobos:

Answer 5

Egalitarian and peaceful
Communities maintained through social bonding between females, though females bond with males, as well
Male status derived from the mother
Bond between mother and child is lifelong
Multimale-multifemale mating

Question 6

Humans:

Answer 6

Most social diverse among the primates
Evidence for all types of socio-sexual bonding, cooperation, and competition
Multimale-multifemale mating

Question 7

Gorilla:

Answer 7

Generally, single dominant male occupies a range for his family unit comprised of several females and young
Adolescent males are forced out when they reach sexual maturity
Strongest social bonds are between the male and the adult females
Polygamous mating

Question 8

Orangutans:

Answer 8

Solitary, showing little bonding of any kind
Males do not tolerate each other; establish territories where several females live
Each female maintains her own range
Mating is dispersed, infrequent, and often violent

Question 9

Gibbons:

Answer 9

Nuclear family units each couple maintains and defends a territory
Mating is monogamous

Question 10

Comparison of Bonobo, Chimp, and Human Socio-Sexual Behavior and Infant Development

Answer 10

Human and Bonobo females copulate throughout menstrual cycle, as well as during lactation and pregnancy

Female chimps are only sexually active between 25%-40% of their cycles

Question 11

Comparison of Bonobo, Chimp, and Human Socio-Sexual Behavior and Infant Development

Answer 11

Human and Bonobo infants develop much more slowly than chimps, beginning to play with others at about 1.5 years (much later than chimps)

Question 12

Comparison of Bonobo, Chimp, and Human Socio-Sexual Behavior and Infant Development

Answer 12

Similar to humans, female Bonobos return to the group immediately after giving birth and copulate within months.

Female Bonobos exhibit little fear of infanticide, which has never been observed in Bonobos (captive or wild)

Question 13

Comparison of Bonobo, Chimp, and Human Socio-Sexual Behavior and Infant Development

Answer 13

Bonobos and humans enjoy many different copulatory positions

Ventral-ventral (missionary) appearing to be preferred by female Bonobos and rear-entry by males

Chimps almost exclusively use rear entry

Question 14

Comparison of Bonobo, Chimp, and Human Socio-Sexual Behavior and Infant Development

Answer 14

Bonobos and humans often gaze into each other’s eyes when copulating and kiss each other deeply

Chimps do neither

Question 15

Comparison of Bonobo, Chimp, and Human Socio-Sexual Behavior and Infant Development

Answer 15

The vulva is located between the legs and oriented toward the front of the body in humans and Bonobos

The vulva is oriented towards the rear in chimps and other primates

Question 16

Comparison of Bonobo, Chimp, and Human Socio-Sexual Behavior and Infant Development

Answer 16

Food sharing is highly associated with sexual activity in humans and Bonobos

Moderately associated with chimps

Question 17

Comparison of Bonobo, Chimp, and Human Socio-Sexual Behavior and Infant Development

Answer 17

High degree of potential sexual combinations in humans and Bonobos

Homosexuality is relatively common in both humans and Bonobos, but rare in chimps

Question 18

Sexual activity in chimps (and other primates) is primarily about reproduction

Answer 18

Humans and Bonobos utilize sexuality for social purposes
Tension reduction
Bonding
Conflict resolution
Entertianment
Etc.

Question 19

First, be careful about looking to other animals to explain us, or applying ourselves to other animals.

Second, there are those who are looking at our closest living relatives and drawing clear parallels about our collective behavior

Answer 19

Pair-Bond Strategy (one man, one woman, life-long monogamy)

Mixed-Strategy (mostly pair-bonded, but occasional extra-pair sexual partners)

Communal Strategy (resources, sex, and child-rearing are communal activities)