Exam 2

Question 1

Looking glass self

Answer 1

Charles Cooley believe that one sense of self depends on seeing oneself reflected in interactions with others. The looking glass self her first to the notion that self develops through our perception of others evaluations and appraisals of us. We imagine how other people perceive us and interpret their response and adjust our behavior based on their reaction.

Question 2

Dramaturgy

Answer 2

Goffman’s dramaturgy approach compares social interaction to the theater, where individuals take on roles and act them out for an audience.

Question 3

Backstage

Answer 3

Dramaturgy term. Away from others eyes where we practice our performances.

Question 4

Frontstage

Answer 4

Dramaturgy term. The self we present when we are in front of other people. Which self will depend on the situation.

Question 5

Culture

Answer 5

Way of life for our group of people. Hard for us to see our own culture. Language, food, music, styles. Culture is learned and passed through generations, not genetic.

Question 6

Dominant culture

Answer 6

Refers to values, norms, and practices of the group within society that’s most powerful in terms of wealth and status.

Question 7

Subculture

Answer 7

Group within society that’s differentiated by its distinctive values, norms, and lifestyles. Example – Minnesotan values, sports teams

Question 8

Counterculture

Answer 8

Group in society rejects and/or actively opposes society’s values and norms. Ex.-KKK

Question 9

Ethnocentrism

Answer 9

Person uses their own culture as a standard to evaluate another group or individual. Assuming your way of life is better than their way of life.

Question 10

Cultural relativism

Answer 10

Understand other cultures on their own terms, rather than judging to one’s own culture. Use this to help you see more objectively.

Question 11

Material culture and Symbolic culture

Answer 11

Material culture – objects associated with a cultural group; tools, machines, utensils, artwork

Symbolic culture – ways of thinking and behaving; communicating through signs, gestures, and language

Question 12

Sign

Answer 12

(Or symbols) such as a traffic signal or product logo, are used to meaningfully represent something else

Question 13

Gesture

Answer 13

Signs we make with our body, and gestures and facial expressions; gesturing carries meaning

Question 14

Values

Answer 14

Shared beliefs of what a group considers desirable, these guide the creation of norms.

Question 15

Norms

Answer 15

Formal and informal rules regarding what kind of behavior is acceptable and appropriate within a culture. Norms are specific to a culture. Informal Norm is not written down and unspoken.

Question 16

Code of the streets

Answer 16

A cultural adaptation to: poverty, discrimination in public services, social marginality

• decent families represent middle-class values
• string families are disorganized, self-destructive
• everyone must know the code of the street
• RESPECT-heart of the issue
• to get respect you must fight; toughest individuals survive

Question 17

4 types of alienation

Answer 17

Bourgeoisie and The proletarian caused the 4 types of alienation.

1) workers are alienated (isolated) from the products of their labor
2) workers are alienated from the labor process. Labor is forced, doesn’t satisfy the worker, it’s only a means, belongs to another.
4) workers are alienated from each other. Other types reflected social relationships. We have fewer friends than ever before.

Question 18

Status

Answer 18

Status is a social position.
-has to be relevant to some social situations.
-defined in relation to other people.
-Not relevant in all situations
Ex.-mother, compared to a child or father; teacher, compared to the student or principle.

Question 19

Role

Answer 19

An interrelated (connected) set of expectations for how a person with a status will act.

Question 20

Role conflict

Answer 20

Incompatibility among rolls that are part of different statuses. Ex.-police officer mother catches son doing drugs.

Question 21

Role strain

Answer 21

Incompatibility among roles that are part of a single status. Ex.-Manager that balances concern for workers with task requirements.

Question 22

Ascribed status

Answer 22

Involuntary.
-birth accident
-can’t change easily, if at all
Ex.-age, sex, nationality

Question 23

Achieved status

Answer 23

Voluntary.
-May reflect personal ability, fault, or choice
Ex.-hockey player, father of two

Question 24

Master status

Answer 24

Status that usually overshadows all other statuses.

• can be ascribed or achieved
• often most important part of identity
• not the same status from person to person

Question 25

Dependent variable

Answer 25

Outcome that a researcher is trying to explain

Question 26

Independent variable

Answer 26

Measured factor that the researcher believes has a casual impact on the dependent variable.

Question 27

Correlation vs. causation

Answer 27

To prove causation, correlation in time order are established and alternative explanations are ruled out.

Causality: change in one factor causes a change in another

Correlation: when 2 variables are related and change together; shows how strong they are related.

Question 28

Qualitative methods

Answer 28

Uses non-numerical data like text, interviews, photos, to help understand social life.

Question 29

Quantitative methods

Answer 29

Translates social world into numbers that you Study mathematically.

Question 30

Field research/ethnography

Answer 30

Studying people in their own environment to understand meetings they give to their activities.
2 steps- researcher participates and observes a setting; researcher make a written account (Field notes) of what goes on.

Question 31

IRB – institutional review board

Answer 31

Group of scholars that need to regularly review and approve research of their colleagues and make recommendations for how to protect people.

Question 32

Code of ethics

Answer 32

Helps researchers avoid bias and live up to professional standards and to protect respondents from harm.
Ex.- stikegee?

Question 33

Belmont report

Answer 33

1917 national research that established three principles: respect for persons, benefice, justice

Question 34

Respect for persons

Answer 34

Autonomy= making decisions easily on your own

Diminished autonomy require special care (children, disabled)

Question 35

Benefice

Answer 35

Do no harm.

Minimize risk maximize benefit.

Question 36

Justice

Answer 36

Who receive the benefits? Who bares the burden?

Question 37

Informed consent

Answer 37

Goes along with respect for persons.

We choose what will and won’t happen to us.

Question 38

Risks vs. benefits

Answer 38

Goes along with benefice.

Nature and scope of risks.
Our job to think of possible bad outcomes.

Question 39

Selection of subjects

Answer 39

Goes along with justice.

Not just desirable subjects.
Injustice arises from social, racial, sexual, and cultural biases institutionalized in society.