Exam 2 Flashcards
Donora Pennsylvania
oct 1948 monongahela river valley industrail town- steel mill, sulfuric acid plant, population 14000 steep hills surround the valley temperature inversion 6000 people became ill 20 people died US public health service calle din- air pollution officially recognized as potential public health problem sulfur gas+particles sulfuric acid mist
NO2
main effect of breathing in raised levels of NO2 = increased likelihood of respiratory problems
NO2 inflames the lining of the lungs and can reduce immunity to lung infections which can cause problems like wheezing, coughing, colds, flu and bronchitis
comes from fuel combustion
exhaust gas recirculation
this recirculation system routes a metered amount of exhaust into the untake tract under particular operating conditions
so exhaust neither burns nor supports combustion so it dilutes the air/fuel charge to reduce peak combustion chamber temps which in turn reduces NO2 formation
catalytic converter
device in exhaust pipe that converts hydrocarbons, CO, into less harmful gases by using a combo of platinum, palladium and rhodium as catalysts
lead fouled the catalyst-needed unleaded gasoline
3 way converters-also reduced nitrogen oxides
atmospheric particulate matter
affects: human health -acute and chronic impacts human welfare -visability -material damage ecosystem impacts -nutrients -toxins climate change
TSP
Total suspended particulate matter
sum of all particles with diameter less than 50um
PM10
particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 10um
mechanically generated
soil debris, agricultural tiling, construction, road dust
PM2.5
particle with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 um
fine particle
combustion generated
secondary particles
ultrafine particles
particles with diameters less than 50nm
combustion generated
may result from nucleation of new particles
not much is known about them
primary particulate matter
particles directly emitted into the atmosphere from air pollution sources: motot vehicles, food cooking, wood burning
secondary particulate matter
particles that are formed in the atmosphere by gas-phase chemical reactions that form condensable productd: sulfate, nitrate, secondary organic compounds
natural particulate matter
from natural source that are not impacted by human activity: sea spray, wind blown dust, forest fires etc
anthropogenic particulate matter
resulting from human activity: motor vehicles, wood burning, agricultural tiling
health effects of CO exposure
the longer the exposure, and the more you are exposed, the deadlier it is
london smog disaster
high SO2 levels and smog lead to deaths
ecosystem impacts of particulates
ozone injury first appears on older leaves- affected leaves appear silvery/white
bleaching eventually kills leaves in seveere cases
control: no known cultural controls for ozone injury-grow crops away from heavily polluted areas
development and invstment in relation to air pollution
clean air attracts international investment
business services and international relocation agencies (Forbes) rank how toxic or clean cities are
these influence investment and location decisions by major firms
pathways for air pollution impacts: local and systematic
local inflammation: asthma, COPD, fibrosis, cancer
systemic inflammation: atherosclerosis, heart attack
stroke
inhalation exposure of particulates
low inhalation exposure can have significant impacts on health
-more sensitive to inhalation exposures than ingestion and dermal exposures
-not only a concerns for body burden
annual exposures to EPA particulate matter standard is 100 miligrams oer year
air pollution exposures to systemic effects that contribute to the burden of disease
health impacts of PM
exposure to atmospheric PM continue to increase:
resp disease
cardiovasc disease
cancer
auto-immune disorders
metabolic syndrome
reproductive impacts
neurological impacts
-the same components and sources do not impact all pathways the same way/injure the same way
oxidative stress is an important pathway for many impacts
indoor air pollution
significant health risks due to indoor air pollution-especially in 3rd world countries-africa, s. asia, indonesia
dealths from climate change
high in Africa and s. asia
human health effects of PM
epidemiological studies are a major driving force
-obs of increase mortality with increased fine particle concentrations in atmosphere
-obs of increased hospitalization and respiratory disease with increase fine particle concentrations
these studies are found to be sound
how to prioritize PM control
- control sites with the largest health impact
- control sources that lead to the higher exposures (proximity of emissions to population
- consider co-benefits of control measures on other air pollutants
roadway emissions
health effects accosicated with distance to roadways
are complex and made of roadway sources:
tailpipie emissions from diesel and gasoline powered vehicles
resuspended road and dust
tire wear
brake wear
emissions vary as a function of driving cycle
lahore pakistan
sub-tropical and semi arid regions
fine and coarse particulate matter in air made of:
mostly organic matter
dust
elemental carbon
source contributions to PM2.5 organic carbon: non-catalyzed gasoline vehicles, diesel and residual oil combustion etc
Baghdad
second largets city in middle east
center of big industries like oil, chemical industries, power plans, construction industries
PM2.5 comes from: carbonaceous PM, crustal material, sulfate, ammonium ion
sources main: gasoline engines, diesel engines, wood burning
conclusions about particulates:
Urban and indoor air pollution is a significant contributor to the global burden of disease
Air pollution contributes to the global burden of disease by exacerbating a wide range of existing diseases
Air pollution and the impacts of air pollution are worsening in many regions of the word
Unlikely, that air pollution will be eradicated completely in the USA or around the world in the near future
We need to prioritize the controls of air pollution to reduce the adverse impacts on health
developing countries
- rising emissions from developing countries lengthen the O3 pollution season in US
- vehicle numbers increased sharply in developing countries during 1874-84
trends in global motor vehicle
numbers rising
- cars more than trucks andd buses
- bicycles no longer king of th eroad in china
arctic sea ice area
is decreasing
greenland seasonal ice melt
ice is increasingly melting
future projections of global waring
range from 1-7 degrees
health effects of climate change
urban heat island effect: heat stress, heart attacks
air pollution and aeroallergens: respiratory diseases-COPD and asthma
vector-borne diseases: malaria, dengue, hantavirus, zika
water-borne diseases: cholera, crytosporidiosis, leptospirosis
water resource and food supply: malnutritiion, disrrhea, toxic red tides
mental health and environmental refugees: forced migration, overcrowding, human conflicts
heat wave- europe
25-45000 deaths,
summer of 2003
was definitly an extreme climate event
vector based projections of number of days over 32 degrees
-increasing
average current NYC summer= 13 days
average projected summer 2046-2065= 39 days
the heat island
downtown areas hotter than suburban and urbans areas and rural
downtown>urban>suburban>rural
ozone
not emitted directly
formed by reaction of NOx, volatile organic compounds and UV from sunlight
sources of precursors complex and scattered
ex: automobiles, leaky propane tanks, gas spills
highest levels often seen far from sources of emissions ie downwind from sources
ozone formation increases with temperature
NO2+VOCs->heat/light->ozone
warmer temps favor ozone formation
high ozone levels associated with: temps greater than 90 degrees, slow moving high pressure systems, summer solstice (maximum sunlight)
ozone levels projected to increase
impact of climate change on air pollution
affects weather patterns, which may affect pollution
affects anthropogenic emissions
affect biogenic emissions
affects types and distribution of aeroallergens
climate chane impact on emissions: biogenic
highter temps cause increased VOC emissions from trees
biogenic VOCs increase 22-30% per 1 degreeC rise in temp
climate and aeroallergen
flooding can: promote mold and fungal growth
increase respiratory disease in overcroweded shelters
pollen counts are higher with increasing temps
CO2 fertilization can increase pollen
doubled CO2 induced a 4-fold increase in ragweed pollen production
ragweed
as co2 and temps increase, pollen counts and the growing season increases
hydrologic cycles extreme
more forest fires
COP21
took place Nov 30-Dec11 in Paris france
=Paris climate deal
historic meeting
147 heads of state attended COP21- highest number ever gathered at any events
183 countries submitted intended comitments in advance of meeting
climate change costs and benefits
public health co-benefits could make climate change policy a net gain
could avoid premature deaths in so many countries
cost of cleaner energy: less than $30/tCO2
benefits of cleaner energy: $200/tCO2
GHG reduction
co-benefits
deaths from air pollution ranked within top 10 causes of disability
1 million/year avoidable deaths due to PM air pollution
3/4 of world’s 24 megacities are in developing countries;GHG mitigation-> major co-benefits
summer olympic games in Atlanta
natural experiment during 1996 summer olympic games in Atlanta
peak morning traffic dec 23% and peak ozone levels decreased 28%
asthma-related emergency room visits by children decreased 42% children’s emergency room visits for non-asthma causes did not change during the same period
china and PM2.5 pollution
avoid greater than 100 million years of life lost (YOLLs) in china by 2030, if coal power plant PM2.5 pollution is reduced by 32%
world bank: cost of air pollution
exposure to ambient and household air pollution cost the world’s economy some $5.11 trillion in welfare losses
corn production
diesel and fertilizer to produce corn for ethanol production results in more PM2.5 than burning the equivalent amount of gasoline
beijin olympics
chinese govt invested more than $17 billion to create a “green olympics”
identified 20 key environmental priorities
key achievements in air quality, energy use, water use, green transportation
has potential to greatly impact health if changes are sustained
improved:
reductions in CO, NO2, VOCs, Particulate matter, sulphur dioxide
renewable energy: 20% of total electricity supplied by renewable energy
decreased waste: in-venue recycling rate was 23% higher than committed level
Bogota, Colombia
re-did their transit system to include bus lanes- Bus rapid transit: 150 person capacity articulated buses, dedicated lanes, cheap fares-system earns a profit
whose domain is IAQ? (indoor air quality)
industrial hygenists sanitarians EH specialists safet managers facility managers HVAC contractors others
Times beach, MO
roads were oiled for dust control in 1970s
also used in stables- 62 horses died
operator claimed in was engine oil, but really came from a facility used to make Agen orange
contaminated with very high levels of dioxin
river flooded spreading contamination throughout the town
US EPA bought out the town for 32 million dollars
residents were evacuated
265,000 tons of soil removed at the cost of $110 million
operator convicted of tax fraud and served one year in jail
now is the site of route 66 state par
love canal
neighborhood in Niagra falls, NY
sold by hooker chemicals for $1 to local school district
formerly used to bury 21,000 tons of chemical waste- presence of waste was detailed in deed
school board decided to build anyways
newspaper reporter investigated and found toxic chemicals in sump pumps and high cases of health effects
residents told not ot go in their basements or eat from their garden
school was demolished
800 families relocated
Minimata, Japan
neurological disease
methylmercury release to minimata bay by Chisso Corp
bioaccumulated in fish and shellfish
fisrt noted in cats
residents experienced severe effects: numbness, paralysis, palsy, severe birth defects
over 1700 deaths
Elk Grove, IL
silver extracted from used film by pouring sodium cyanide over chips
polish immigrant died of cyanide poisioning
executives prosecuted, convicted of murder, 25 years in prison
state had to dispose of 14 million pounds of tainted waste at cost of millions of dollars
Pontiac fever
gram neg bacteria grows in warm water affected attendees of American legion conference at hotel bellevue-Stratford in Philadelphia many people got sick isolated in cooling water 221 cases, 34 deaths
Libby, Montana
1800s mining town
major source of vermiculite (inculation)
purchased by WR grace
vermiculite found to be contaminated with asbestos
investigative reporter did a story on the possible health effects of mine
WR grace went bankrupt
USEPA declared public health emergency
sick building syndrom
non-specific symptoms associated with building occupancy- mucous membrane, irritation, headache, fatigue, related to energy conscious construction a.ka tight building syndrome
building related symptoms
non-specific, not attributed to diagnosable disease, attributed to time spent in building
challenge: symptoms very similar to cold/allergy/flu symptoms
building-related illness
diagnosable illness, attributed to exposure to an indoor chemical, biological or physical agent accompanied by symptoms and lab finsings
CO contaminant
about 400 deaths nationally, thousands of ER visits,
December and January the biggest months
attached garages are the primary causes of CO poisoning cases in homes
seal any air leaks between garage and house, including ductwork
don’t leave car running in garage
dont use unvented space heaters in the garage or house
CO alarm
CO alarm measures exposure to CO over time
it alarms if CO levels are extremel high in a short period of time, or if CO levels reach a certain minimum over a long period of time
the CO alarm generally sounds an alarm before the onset of symptoms in average, healthy adults
just because you can’t see or smell CO, can’t assume it’s not present
outdoor water boilers
a big source of fine particulates
places a large wood stove at some distance from the house
the fire heats a water boiler which is in turn pumped into buildings for indoor heating or hot tap water
typically used for rural farmstead, away from neighbors, or serves multiple buildings centrally
different than a fireplace: because the chimney height is often much lower, fuel quality and amount varies, and OWBs cycle (smolder) more, particularly when damper is closed
asthma facts
-asthma can be triggered by mold and indoor insects such as cockroaches and dust mites that produce airborne allergens (not bed bugs)
it is a chronic conditions-can’t grow out of it. sometimes children with asthma the condition may become inactive in teen years but may recur in adulthood
higher chance of developing asthma if someone in family has it- 70% chance if both parents have it
asthma meds don’t become ineffective if used regularly- controller meds like inhaled corticosteroids work best when used daily but daily use of quick relief like albuterol inhalers is an indication of poor asthma control
coughing, not wheezing is the number one asthma symptom
people can die from asthma
normal lung function
air enters resp system and travels hrough bronchial tubes
gas exchange occurs in alveoli (O2 and CO2)
bronchi->bronchioles->alveoli
asthma airway narrowing
airway narrowing reduces the amount of air that can travel in and out of the lungs due to:
inflammation and swelling of the airways
production of thick mucus in airways
bronchoconstriction or tightening of the bands of smooth muscle around ariways
4 main signs of asthma
intermittent and recurrent episodes of: cough at night or after exercise wheezing shortness of breath chest tightness
risk factors for asthma
host factors: genetic, non-modifiable- predispose individs to or protect them from developing asthma
environmental factors influence susceptibility to development of asthma in predisposed
host risk factors
allergy or atopy family history of asthma or allegy smaller airways at birth low birth weight male gender during pre-adolescence
asthma in children
in early adolescence, asthma symptoms may go away- lungs, bronchi grow
2/3 of children with asthma continue to suffer from disorder through puberty and adulthood
recurrence of asthmatic symptoms in early adulthood is a common experience
environmental risk factors for asthma
air pollution exposure to environmental obacco smoke during pregnancy and early childhood indoor and outdoor allergens occupaional sensitizers poverty obesity
asthma triggers
for people with asthma, exposure to certain substance can prompt an asthma attack or exacebation
not all people with asthma have the same triggers that will cause an asthma attack
triggers are usually allergens (cause asthma attack) or irritants (irritate lungs and cause asthma symptoms)
allergen: tree pollen, dust mites, mold
irritant: tobacco smoke, ozone, exhaust fumes, SO2, NO2, perfumes
indoor air triggers of asthma
environmental tobacco smoke cockroaches dust mites animal dander mold, mildew strong scented products- perfumes, cleaners
outdoor air triggers for asthma
ozone, PM, SO2, NO2, outdoor pollen and mold
outdoor wood boilers- also cause asthma symtoms since source of PM which is an outdoor asthma trigger
additional asthma triggers
viral upper resp infections
aggravating conditions including gastric reflux, sinusitis, rhinitis, exercise, cold dru air, poor diet, strong emotions an stress
work-related asthma
considered as an additional group at risk because of different contributing factors and treatments
2 subsets:
work aggravated asthma
occupational asthma
diff risks with diff industries and diagnoses often not linked to occupation
need educational materials for emplouers, employees, and treating clinicians
high risk occupations: firefighters, heath care workers, home health aides, bakers, farmers, flour mill workers etc vets, etc
prevention of indoor air triggers
tobacco smoke- avoid
cockroach allergen: carefule regular cleaning of kitchen, daily trash removal, storing food in tight containers, exterminations
animal dander: remove pet, recurrent washing
dust mites: relative humidity should be 30-50%, excase matresses, pollows, remove carpets, wash bedding, vacuum more
indoor mold: control humidity, clean damp areas
others: avoid fireplaces, cleaning sprays
outdoor asthma triggers prevention
ozone advisory- stay indoors (apps to check this)
pollen: close doors and windows, dry clothes inside, avoid raking leaves and gardening
asthma management medication
rescue meds for quick relief- genrally short-acting beta-agonists
long-term controllers: taken daily or over a long period of time, used to reduce inflammation, relax airway muscles, improve symptoms and lung function- inhaled coriticosteroids, long-acting bta2-agonists, leukotriene modifiers
asthma trends
asthma more prevalent in: females blacks those that are poor morbidly obese people that live in nonmetropolitan areas and more prevalent in northeast
overall asthma control is worse for adults and those from poor households
more hospitalizations in milwaukee county for asthma than in entire US and WI overall
children under age of 4 and people over 65 hospitalized for asthma more than others
asthma mortality rates are decreasing
hygiene hyp
are we too clean?
not exposed to enough allergens as children so failure to develop balanced immune system
Antoine Henry Becquerel
was first person to discover radioactivity
Madame Marie Curie
she did her thesis on Henri Becquerel’s mysterious x-rays from uranium
discovered that the only known elements that were radioactive were uranium and thorium
also discovered next radioactive element Polonium
then discovered radium-even more radioactive than Polonium
was awarded 2 noble prizes for her work with x-rays and her for with radium
Radium
more radioactive than polonium
is silver-white in color
is small amounts as a cancer treatment
types of ionizing radiation
4 types:
2 particulate: alpha and beta
alpha move slowly but internally hazard-hard to get into body but if it does it is dangerous
beta: nore penetrating than alpha and hard to get into body but dangerous if it does go in
electromagneic: gamma and x-ray
Fermi/Szilard 1942
created first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction under racquetball court
stupid since they didn’t know they could control it
reactors
use U-235 as fuel
in between the U’s they have graphite control rods
have multiple loops because one loop isn’t enough to cool things
problem: they leak, can explode, waste disposal probem
U-238->plutonium 239
radioactive waste disposal
used fuel
needs long-term storage- no leak to groundwater or air
hundreds of thousands of years-civilization hasn’t lasted that long
types of biological effects of ionizing radiation
somatic:
- acute:immediate radiation sickness- reduced white blood cells, GI tracts disturbances, bleeding, infection, (as dose increases)
- chronic- long-term- cancer, decreased lifespan,
genetic
2 types of health effects of radiation
deterministic: effect is certain under specific conditions ex: high dose/acute radiation syndrome
stochastic: may or may not occur. difficult to predict on an individual level but effects seen at a population level ex cancer after radiation exposure
microcephaly
pregnant females exposed to radiation from A-bomb had this
babies born had very small heads and severe mental retardation
highest risk when child developing
teratogenic risks: to embryo, moderate doses can produce catastrophic effects on the developing embryo and fetus- depends on dose and stage of development
Chornobyl
workers turned off safety of nuclear plant to see how long it could run without power
whole thing exploded
many people died and many became ill immediately
area had to be evacuated
delayed telling the world but wherever the wind blew people realized something was going on in Chorbobyl
worst damage was to those who had to leave-psychological
increased deaths by thyroid cancer in those exposed as children to radiation here but no scientific evidence for it
no effect on fertility or infant mortality
no conclusions on pregnancy outcomes or still births
heritable effects not seen
recent studies show:
increase of leukemia risk among Chernobyl liquidators
increase in the incidence of pre-menopausal breast cancer in the most contaminated districts
possible low-dose effects on risk of cataracts and cardiovascular diseases
W.C Rontgen
discovered X-rays
experimented on his wife
radiation risks
Teratogenic risks>carcinogenic risks>hereditary risks
heritable effects of radiation
children of survivors of A-bomb attacks have been studied but no statistically significant effects have been observed
radiation-induced mutations
radiation doesn’t produce new, unique mutations but simply increases the incidence of the same mutations that occur spontaeously
effects of radiation on the developing embryo
growth retardation
embryonic, neonatal or fetal death,
congenital malformations and functional impairment such as mental retardation
radiation and cancer
as dose of radiation increases, cancer incidences increase
nuclear power as solution to climate change
nuclear power is CO2 free
power without global warming
but might not be safe ex: Japan andearthquake/tsunami
Radon
uranium decays into this
emanates from soil, groundwater, oceans, phosphate residues, coal residues, uranium tailing piles, natural gas, coal combustion, human exhalation
when radon decays, its radioactive proucts “radon daughter” attach themselves to tiny dust particles in the air. these particles when inhaled may become lodged in the lungs where subsequent radioactive decay can damage tissue and cause lung cancer
radon gas gets inside homes through pressure differences. to reduces the flow into the home, reduce the pressure underneath the house
Polonium
radon decays into this
attaches to aerosols which we inhale
aerosols containing polonium get trapped in the mucosal lining of the lung
health hazards of radon progeny
inhaled radon progeny irradiate lungs
no other health effects from airborne radon
radon can cause lung cancer
activated charcoal radon detectors
screening technique
activated charcoal granules trap radon gas
magnetic feilds
some studies found increases in leukemia for children
some studies found some increase in leukemia when mothers used electroc blankets, hairdryers etc while pregnant
adults:
some leukemia, brain tumor and breast cancer in males and females found
MF outcomes other than cancer
limted data, results aren’t clear or consistent
- neuridegenerativ diseases,
- suicide and depression
- reproductive disorders
- cardiac effects
melatonin
disruption of melatonin is a common factor in illnesses associated with EMFs
is a hormone produced in the pineal gland mainly at night
highly protective of oxidative damage to the human haemopoietic system (form blood cells)
reduced levels of melatonin are associated with increased cancer risk in animals and in humans, and with depression and possibly miscarriage
-biologic mechanisms are speculative at this point
the melatonin hypothesis
exposure to light at night or MFs suppresses nocturnal melatonin leading to increased risk of breast cancer
support: evidence that female night shift workers have elevated breast cancer risk-small increased risk
second melatonin hypothesis: radical pair mechanism
at low intensity, magnetic fields can increase the lifetime of chemical species known as free radicals - has experimental support
glioma
general terms for a group of tumors that start in glial cells
no association betwene incidence of glioma nad level of use of cell phone
cell phone use and brain cancer
no association between cell phone use and brain cancer
a decade long study by WHO appeared to have found a link - found a significantly increased risk of some brain tumors tied to cell phone usage of 10 years or more
common law
court suits by private parties to abate air pollution or to recover damages caused by air pollution
same as tort law
tort law
branch of law dealing with harm to personal property
nuisance
unreasonable interference with use of one’s land- must be due to intentional or negligent action (lack of care)
get judge to order recovery of damages and grant injunction to stop or reduce air pollution
weakness of nuisance
application for injunction is a request for equitable relief- court must balance equities
court considers damage to landowner
National ambient air quality standards
primary- to prevent human health effects
secondary-to prevent welfare (materials, plants, animals) effects
goals to be met for the country
state implementation plans
individ states are required to develop and submit plans for their implementation, enforcement and maintenance
state must have legal authority to enforce provisions
prepared for each regulated pollutant
must be approved by USEPA!
must include episode plan
new source performance standards (NSPS)
to require installation of control measures during construction when they are least expensive
exisiting AQ not a factor in determining emission limits
Prevention of significant deterioration (PSD)
designed to protect pristine air
visibility is primary focus of protection
3 OSD categories:
class 1: areas around and including national parks, national wilderness areas, national monuments etc
class 2: areas around national forests and other public lands
class 3: areas to be protected up to secondary standards for SO2 and PM
acidic deposition control
goal of reducing emissions of SO2 and NOx using economics-based approaches (bank and trade)
control requirements focused on large coal-burning power plants
clean air interstate rule
to reduce air pollution that moves across state boundaries
regulating ozone depleting chemicals ODC
accelerating phase-out of class 1 and 2 substances
national recycling and emission reduction program
servicing of motor vehicle air conditioners
regulating non-essential products containing CFCs
a policy for development of safe alternatives
international coorperation
kyoto protocol
worldwide reduction of C-based gas emissions by 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2012, no requirement for developing countries
flexibility in achieving target
U.S did not agree to it due to exemptuon of large C emitters and its impact on US economy
treaty renegotiated in 2001 without US participation
bubble policy
groups of plants may increase their emissions at one or more sources by decreasing emission to a more significant degree at other sources within a facility
emission trading
emission reduction credits may be sold or traded to other corporations to meet reg requirements
emission alowances
a source is allowed to emit so many units of regulated pollutant
sources can employ emission reduction approaches that they deem to be cost-effective
pollution charges
encourage sources to reduce emissions when marginal control costs re equal to pollution charge rates
NEPA
Natioanl environmental policy act
requires IMPACT evaluation for new power plants, industries
how will new facility impact air and water and land etc
first law to establish broad national framework for protecting environment- 1969
basic policy is to assure all government agencies to give proper consideration to the environment prior to undertaking any major federal action, significantly impacting the environment
ozone in WI
NOx+VOC+sunlight/heat->ozone
primary problem are in WI is Lake michigan shoreline due to interstate transport
health effects: resp related
non-attainment levels in WI 2015 standard in Kenosha county and sheboygan country
NO2
emitted from internal combustion engines and point sources
health effects: toxic gas at room temp
WI is in attainment of the NO2 standard
SO2
primarily emitted from power plants and paper mills in WI
health effects: can increase asthma and bronchitis symptoms, wheezing, shortness of breath and coughing
Oneida county is in non-attainment
Brown county has been close to attainment standard but has improved greatly
PM2.5 and PM10
Wisconsin is in attainment
