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Assessment Counseling > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Historically, assessment has been apart of career counseling which can trace its origins to _______ in 1909

A

Frank Parsons

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2
Q

The Myers Briggs was originally developed as a tool developed for what?

A

A career counseling tool

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3
Q

The Exner comprehensive system is associated with what projective technique?

A

Rorschach inkblot test

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4
Q

What are the problems with measures of self concept or self esteem?

A

No universally agreed definition

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5
Q

Are projective assessments considered objective tests?

A

NO

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6
Q

Name 3 validity scales on the Myers Briggs

A

There are NONE

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7
Q

Who can determine the best fit type on the Myers Briggs?

A

the individual

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8
Q

What is the most important aspect of behavior assessment? hallmark.

A

Direct or Naturalistic Observation

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9
Q

What do TAT require clients to do?

A

write a story about a picture

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10
Q

Most marriage and family therapists use what theoretic approach?

A

family SYSTEMIC approach

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11
Q

Genogram go back how many generations?

A

3

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12
Q

Work values are highly correlated with________

A

work satisfaction

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13
Q

The strong inventory assessment assesses

A

likes and interests

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14
Q

3 common methods of behavioral assessment (SA)

A

Naturalistic Observation
Analogue Observation
Self-monitoring

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15
Q

Naturalistic Observation (SA)

A

Counselor observes the client in a typical environment and does not manipulate any aspect of the environment during the observation. Overt- person being observed knows that he or she is being observed.
Covert- client doesn’t know & better indicator of typical behavior
counselor has less control of the situation

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16
Q

Analogue Observation (SA)

A

The counselor creates a simulated environment that is reflective of the client’s natural environment. e.g. role play. goal: create an environment in which the client behaves naturally. counselors have to be cautions of interpretation. counselors have more control of the situation.

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17
Q

Self Monitoring (SA)

A

the practice of observing and recording one’s own behavior; such as alcohol consumption, eating behaviors, negative cognition, exercise, sleep , bullying, lying, or angry outbursts. Behaviors are defined broadly and include actions, thoughts, and feelings.

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18
Q

Name and Describe 2 cognitive products assessed *

A
  1. Self-statements & internal dialogue (endorsement/production methods)
  2. Expectancies:
    behavior expectancies: ability to perform behavior & outcome expectancies: consequences of behavior
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19
Q

4 steps in counseling

A
  1. assessing the client problems
  2. conceptualizing and defining the client problems
  3. Selecting and implementing effective treatments
  4. Evaluating the counseling
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20
Q

Who is credited with launching the testing movement?

A

Francis Galton

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21
Q

Another psychologist who influenced early assessment was _____ _______. He is also credited with founding the science of psychology!

A

Wilhelm Wundt (intelligence)

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22
Q

Another prominent figure in the early testing movement was the American psychologist _______ ______. He was the first to use the term MENTAL TEST.

A

James Cattell

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23
Q

Father of guidance

A

Frank Parsons

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24
Q

Frank Parsons

Parsons three step career counseling model

A

Understand the person

Understand the world of work

Match the person to the appropriate occupation in the world of work.

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25
Q

Aptitude tests are good predictors of_______

A

occupational SUCCESS

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26
Q

What are the 4 Stages of Behavioral Interviews? (SA)

A

Stage 1: Put the client at ease and listen to client’s description of the presenting problem
Stage 2: Assess the development of the problem
Stage 3: Behavior analysis stage
Stage 4: Assess individual’s coping resources and other assets

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27
Q

Name and describe 2 projective techniques.

A
  1. Association Techniques - Rorschach Inkblot Test - • Project one’s inner dynamics
  2. Construction Techniques - Thematic Apperception Test TAT - examinees construct a story based on a picture shown to them by the examiner.. Reveals unconscious fantasies
    • X-ray of personality
    • Relies on qualitative methods of interpretation
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28
Q

What is the core of the behavioral interview?

A

Behavior Analysis Stage: how is it currently maintained, does it interfere with life? And does it serve a purpose?

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29
Q

What is the Hallmark of Behavioral Assessment?

A

Naturalistic Observation

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30
Q

What are the sources of error that occur frequently in behavior assessment?

A

Observer bias, Observer drift (criteria changes), Observer fatigue (mistarget behaviors

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31
Q

Interest inventories often used because they can be helpful in?

A

describing and individuals general occupational interests

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32
Q

The understanding of an individual’s ______is perhaps the most important element in the decision making process

A

values

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33
Q

____ _____ are more highly correlated than ______ with work satisfaction.

A

Work values; interests

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34
Q

Projective Hypothesis (SA)

A

An individual supplies structure to unstructured stimuli in a manner consistent with the individual’s own unique pattern of conscious and unconscious needs, fears, desires, impulses, conflicts, and ways of perceiving and responding.

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35
Q

The Exner’s Comprehensive System is based on research with the ___ _____

A

rorschach inkblots

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36
Q

What are the problems with measures of self concept or self esteem?

A

No universally agreed definition

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37
Q

What are 3 criticisms of projective assessments

A

lack of normative data
reliability evidence is quite low
validity is often meager
in the wrong hands, a projective technique can be dangerous

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38
Q

Who created the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator?

A

Isabel Myres & Katherine Briggs 1962

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39
Q

Author of the Myres-Briggs claims it will soon be the most widely used psychological tool for “__________”

A

Normal People

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40
Q

MBTI- All items are ____ ______ format between desirable opposites in each preference.

A

forced-choice

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41
Q

MBTI- there are 2 types of forced-choiced questions: ______ _______ - a stem followed by two choices; are you intersts (A) few and lasting, or (B) varied?
_____ ____ - present two words with the instructions, which word in each pair appeals to you more?

A

Phrase questions; word pairs

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42
Q

What are the 4 MBTI Preferences?

A

(E) Extroversion (I) Introversion
(S) Sensing (N) Intuitive
(T) Thinking (F) Feeling
(J) Judging (P) Perceiving

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43
Q

Forced choice response

A

have to answer one of two responses

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44
Q

Extraversion - Introversion

A

How we prefer to interact with the world and where we direct our energy

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45
Q

Extraversion

A

Focus attention and energy on the world outside of themselves

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46
Q

Introversion

A

Focus attention and energy on the world inside of themselves

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47
Q

Sensing - Intuition

A

The kinds of information that we focus on or naturally notice

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48
Q

Sensing

A

concentrate on what can be seen, heard, felt, smelled, or tasted. Focus on what is real and concrete. Take a practical approach. Value common sense.

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49
Q

Intuition

A

Naturally read between the lines and look for meaning in all things. Trust inspiration and inference. Think about several things at once. Like figuring out how things work. Look for inter relatedness rather than face value. Value imagination and innovation.

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50
Q

Thinking - Feeling

A

The way that we make decisions and come to conclusions

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51
Q

Thinking

A

Prefer to make decisions using an impersonal approach. Prefer decisions that make sense logically.

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52
Q

Feeling

A

Prefer to make decisions based on personal values.

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53
Q

Judging - Perceiving

A

The kind of lifestyle that we like to lead

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54
Q

Judging

A

tend to live in an orderly way and are happiest when their lives are structured and matters are settled. Thrive on order.

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55
Q

Perceiving

A

Like to live in a spontaneous way and are happiest when their lives are flexible

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56
Q

Assumptions Underlying Type

A

Environment impedes or enhances expression of type

Type is dynamic not static

All types are equally valuable

There is no one best way to be

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57
Q

MBTI type -Two middle letters

A

Dominant Function (your favorite function) & Auxiliary Function (helps balance your dominant)

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58
Q

MBTI type - Other two letters

A

tertiary function (not very favored) & Inferior Function (your least favored)

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59
Q

INTP

A

Thinking > Intuition > Si > Fe

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60
Q

The MBTI was developed to test what/who’s theory?

A

Based on C. G. Jung’s theory of psychological types

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61
Q

Difficulties with assessing marriage and family is that …

A

Variables assessed are fluid & fluctuate

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62
Q

Name and describe 2 projective techniques *

A

Association: Rorschach
Construction: Tell a story from the test materials that you are provided with

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63
Q

What are the two types of dysfunctional cognition?

A

cognitive deficits & deficiencies in cognitive distortions

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64
Q

_____ _____ or deficiency refers to the absence of certain thoughts or information processing that would be helpful

A

cognitive deficits

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65
Q

______ ______ are more active, negative thinking processes more typically associated with anxiety and depression

A

cognitive distortions

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66
Q

Who can determine the best fit type on the myers briggs?

A

the individiual

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67
Q

which preferences refers to how the individual orients to the outer world?

A

judging/perceiving

68
Q

MBTI - type preferences refer to ____ ____

A

two poles

69
Q

what is the most important aspect of behavior assessment is

A

direct observation

70
Q

Projective

A

Hard to get validity and reliability

71
Q

Trait approaches

A

Generalize from group to the individual

72
Q

Behavior

A

observed behavior is a sample of the clients response; record behavior: who, what, when where, why?

73
Q

Cognitive

A

processes affect a persons behavioral and emotional responses but environment is also important because of how we perceive stimuli

74
Q

What are the advantages of interest inventories?

A

Helpful in describing an individual’s general occupational interests. Good predictors of career direction.

*promotes career exploration & connects client interests to specific occupations

75
Q

What does the TAT require clients to do?

A

construct a story based on a picture shown to them by the examiners

76
Q

Many marriage and family clinicians are grounded in ________

A

systemic theories

77
Q

_____ _____ are highly correlated with work satisfaction?

A

work values

78
Q

interests identified by examining how clients choose to spend their time and the activities they select

A

Manifest interests

79
Q

exploring ________ involves simply asking clients about their interests, which can be very useful indicator of vocational interests, particularly with adults

A

expressed interests

80
Q

The strong inventory assessment assesses….

A

likes and interests; compares individuals’ responses to items with the response patterns of people in different occupations.

81
Q

Tracy and Hopkins did some research: _______ _____ concern future performance…. while ____ concerns current performance

A

self efficacy; ability

82
Q

Neo-PI-3: Big 5 personality factors

A 
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
83
Q

What does the NEO assess? *

A

Personality disorders?

84
Q

Aptitude tests are good predictors of ________

A

occupational success

85
Q

What is the most frequently occurring code type in all psychiatric settings and why?

A

WNL - problems are so chronically ingrained that they just become adjusted to them

86
Q

MBTI- all items are ____ ______ ______; that include: ____ & _____

A

Forced choice format; phrase questions & word pairs

87
Q

NEO Factor I

A

Extroversion

88
Q

NEO Factor II

A

Agreeableness

89
Q

NEO Factor III

A

Conscientiousness

90
Q

NEO Factor IV

A

Neuroticism

91
Q

NEO Factor V

A

Openness to Experience

92
Q

What can exlain the steady rise of intelligence scores in recent years?

A

The Flynn effect

93
Q

Expressed and manifest interest are equally good at predicting………

A

occupational choice

94
Q

The understanding of an individual’s ________ is perhaps the most important element in the decision making process

A

values

95
Q

Codetypes

A

the one or two highest clinical scales at or above a T score of 65

96
Q

The adolescent Psychopathology Scale

A

basically divided between internalizing and externalizing processes

Developed to look at psychological disorders

97
Q

What is the validity scale on the NEO?

A

ask participants to respond honestly- not very good

98
Q

The NEO is not designed to diagnose _________, but maybe ______ _______

A

psychopathology; personality disorders

99
Q

The California Personality Inventory

A

measure regular personality, not psychopathology; 403 questions; some taken from the MMPI; 13 +; Computer scoring; 20 scales: sociability, well being, empathy, self acceptance, responsibility; 5 verified factors of personality: emotionality, flexibility, extraversion, integrity

100
Q

The MBTI is used for….

A

college roommate matching, communication, teamwork, management styles, learning styles, life long planning

101
Q

The MBTI was originally created to…..

A

investigate their weird son in law 1962

102
Q

The MBTI has ______ validity & reliability

A

limited

103
Q

Cognitive assessment refers to….

A

the assessment of the cognitive constructs such as self-statements, beliefs, attributions, and/or cognitive schemas, targeted by cognitively oriented approaches to counseling

104
Q

Behavioral & Cognitive Assessment have _____ as the method of proof, ________ as a way of describing experimental procedures and they both adhere to the rational canons of science.

A

empiricism; operationism

105
Q

Traditional VS Behavioral assessment?

A

???

106
Q

What do the NEO 5 personality factors assess? Neuroticism

A

measures a tendency toward coping poorly with stress, difficulty controlling impulses, and a proclivity toward irrational thoughts

107
Q

What do the NEO 5 personality factors assess? Extroversion

A

concerns individuals tendency to be sociable, assertive, active, and talkative

108
Q

What do the NEO 5 personality factors assess? Openness to Experience

A

most researched scale; most controversial; a preference for the familiar as compared with a preference for novel experiences

109
Q

What do the NEO 5 personality factors assess? Agreeableness

A

tendency to be sympathetic, a desire to help others, and a belief that others will reciprocate similarly

110
Q

What do the NEO 5 personality factors assess? Concientiousness

A

individual’s ability to control impulses and a will to achieve

111
Q

The _______ may be an alternative in terms of deepening our understanding of the traits associated with personality disorders

A

NEO-PI-3

112
Q

What is the difference between functional/dysfunctional families

A

it is difficult to define because of a lack of adequate norming samples, multiple views rather than a single client’s perspective, variables are fluid and fluctuate, developmental changes, dynamics cannot be quantified, many differences exist between cultures

113
Q

The _______ ______ _____ suggests that cohesion should be viewed from a curvilinear perspective in which both too little and too much cohesion is problematic

A

Olson Circumplex Model

114
Q

The kvebaek family sculpting technique involve having the family members…

A

structured; the family members are instructed first individually and then as a family to place figurines on the board depicting the relationships among he family. currently and ideal perspective.

115
Q

sculpting techniques tend to be…..

A

unreliable

116
Q

relationships within a family are fluid, and these techniques reflect only the clients’ ……..

A

current perspective

117
Q

According to Cohen, any discussion of behavioral assessment, and particularly self-monitoring, would be incomplete without a mention of the psychometric issue of ……….

A

reactivity

118
Q

______ concerns the possible changes that may occur in clients’ behaviors, thoughts, or performance that are a result of being observed, assessed, or evaluated.

A

Reactivity

119
Q

____ ______ focuses on whether specific behaviors occur within a certain interval of time. Assessor documents whether the _____ behavior occurs during that time period.

A

Interval recording; target

120
Q

______ ______ - where the counselor records the number of times a target behavior occurs during a specified time period… focus is on ______. Less appropriate for ______ behavior or those that are intense.

A

Event recording; behavior; frequent

121
Q

_____ ____ - evaluate global aspects of behavior and quantifying behavior.. problems with _____… difficult to identify antecedent events.

A

Rating recording; reliability

122
Q

What area of counseling has historically assessed info to assist clients in making affective decisions?

A

Career counseling

123
Q

Who coined the term projective hypothesis?

A

Lawrence Frank

124
Q

What are the problems with measuring self concept or self esteem?

A

no universally agreed definition

125
Q

Nomothetic type of assessment

A

trait approaches; individual can only be understood in comparison to the population at large

generalize group to the individual

generalize people
use objective knowledge
based on numerical data that can be categorized

126
Q

Idiographic type of assessment

A

behavioral assessment; study individual and generalize to the group; focus is on the precise behavior of the individual
Focuses on recognition of uniqueness
uses subjective experiences
based on study of uniqueness of individual

127
Q

_____ ______ - cognitive process affect the persons behavioral and emotional responses but environment is also important because of how we perceive stimuli

A

Cognitive assessment

128
Q

_____ _______ - biofeedback: EEG EKG GSR (very reliable) Respiration, Pulse Rate. Mood rings. Expensive and intrusive

A

Psychophysiological assessment

129
Q

_______ are what is ASSESSED

A

products

130
Q

Products are the output of: ______ (how info is stored and organized), _______(info that is contained), ____(how info is restored & retrieved)

A

structures; propositions; operations/processes

131
Q

Name 2 formal behavior assessments

A

Behavior assessment system for children BASC-2: preschool-adolescents; validity & clinical scales

&

Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment ASEBA: multi method; internalizing/externalizing scales; stress problem scale

both assessed on T scores.

132
Q

Marriage and Family assessment should focus on the _____ or _____ that occur within the couple or family - not individuals

A

Dynamics or Patterns

not a one and done type of deal

133
Q

Central to all approaches of marriage and family assessment:

A

understanding of network of family relationships are important when looking at issues

134
Q

majority of instruments were designed for _______ clients, not couples

A

individual

135
Q

There are _____ views of what family dynamics and international problems are

A

multiple

136
Q

Family and Marriage: developing adequate ____ ____ is needed… there is an over representation of Anglo Americans

A

norming samples

137
Q

Family and Marriage: interview and observation

A

inclued all family members; observation of structure; problems increase when you increase the # of clients; international qualities

138
Q

Family task interview

A

family is given 7 tasks and therapists observes and evaluates by using a scale and questions.

139
Q

Familiy and Marriage assessment techniques:

A

family interview & observation, mapping, instruments designed specifically for assessing couples and families

140
Q

James Bray- 6 types of family characteristics assessed

A

family structure and composition; family processes; relationship patterns; family affect; family organization; family diversity

141
Q

There is limited ______ info on most of the family assessment instruments

A

psychometric

142
Q

The extent to which the individual has mastered the vocatioinal tasks, including both knowledge and attitudinal components, appropriate to his or her stage of career development

A

Career maturity

143
Q

A multidimensional construct that characterizes an individual’s psychosocial readiness and resources for coping with current and imminent vocational development tasks, occupational transitions, and work traumas

A

career adaptability

144
Q

Woman typically score high on what on the Hollands test

A

Social, Conventional, and Artistic

145
Q

When individuals aren’t encouraged or supported to pursue higher education

A

null environment

146
Q

counselors need to be sensitive to gender issues and cognizant of how _____ may be affecting the assessment process

A

stereotypes

147
Q

___ ____ addresses the concept of whether instruments that have been developed primarily from a Eurocentric perspective can be used with clients from other cultural backgrounds

A

cultural validity

148
Q

___ _____ concerns the extent to which variables, such as worldview, cultural identity, communication style, and decision making preferences, are addressed in the assessment process.

A

Cultural specificity

149
Q

There needs to be a clear justification for using instruments for culturally diverse clients if it does not have ______ represented

A

minorities

150
Q

How do you interpret the TAT?

A

Determine the protagonist; motives, trends, and feelings of the protagonist; forces in the protagonist environment (press); determing the themes; interaction of protagonsit’s needs and press toghether with the outcome

151
Q

What are the criticisms of the TAT?

A

no standard, agreed upon administration, scoring or interpretation system; low reliability; inadequate normative data; room for bias

152
Q

SEntence completion tests are the most _____ projective test to faking: saying something that sounds good

A

vulnerable

153
Q

______ _______ are less intimidating; draw and tell a story; interpretations are subjective

A

figure drawings

154
Q

What is the most widely used projective test?

A

Rorschach Inkblot Test

155
Q

Who developed the Rorschach Inkblot Test & when

A

Hermann 1930

156
Q

Rorschach- requires clients to

A

interpret the blobs

157
Q

What is the assumption of the Rorschach Inkblot test?

A

how a person structures an ambiguous inkblot tells about how she perceives and structures her environment.

158
Q

only _____% of practitioners use scoring system of the Rorschach inkblot test

A

25

159
Q

_____ are more likely to have high social interests, and ______ tend to have higher investigative interests

A

African Americans; Asian Americans

160
Q

Research on interest with minority clients- earlier research indicated there were _______ with hollands typology; more recent research shows that individal of diverse ethnic groups show that they use the _____ cognitive maps as everyone else.

A

differences; same

161
Q

There have been questions about interest inventories and whether they are appropriate for males/females.. historically they found interest inventories have yielded different results…. some inventories have ___ ____ to address that.

A

separate norms

162
Q

What are some of the weaknesses or problems with observations in behavioral assessment?

A

Overt- person being observed knows; covert is difficult to implement in many settings; analogue observation is more difficult to know if the client is behaving naturally

163
Q

____ ____ occurs when the counselor responds to some extraneous factor in the behavioral observation. can be minimized by a clear operational definition.

A

Observer bias

164
Q

____ ______: a systematic error, occurs during the observational process, the criteria by which the observer uses to categorize or observe changes.

A

observer drift

165
Q

___ ___ is a common occurrence particularly if target behaviors are infrequent and the observation extends over a long period of time.

A

observer fatigue

166
Q

law mandating that parents and children older than 18 had the right to review their own school records

A

FERPA 1974

Assessment Counseling (2 decks)

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