Exam 2 Flashcards
Historically, assessment has been apart of career counseling which can trace its origins to _______ in 1909
Frank Parsons
The Myers Briggs was originally developed as a tool developed for what?
A career counseling tool
The Exner comprehensive system is associated with what projective technique?
Rorschach inkblot test
What are the problems with measures of self concept or self esteem?
No universally agreed definition
Are projective assessments considered objective tests?
NO
Name 3 validity scales on the Myers Briggs
There are NONE
Who can determine the best fit type on the Myers Briggs?
the individual
What is the most important aspect of behavior assessment? hallmark.
Direct or Naturalistic Observation
What do TAT require clients to do?
write a story about a picture
Most marriage and family therapists use what theoretic approach?
family SYSTEMIC approach
Genogram go back how many generations?
3
Work values are highly correlated with________
work satisfaction
The strong inventory assessment assesses
likes and interests
3 common methods of behavioral assessment (SA)
Naturalistic Observation
Analogue Observation
Self-monitoring
Naturalistic Observation (SA)
Counselor observes the client in a typical environment and does not manipulate any aspect of the environment during the observation. Overt- person being observed knows that he or she is being observed.
Covert- client doesn’t know & better indicator of typical behavior
counselor has less control of the situation
Analogue Observation (SA)
The counselor creates a simulated environment that is reflective of the client’s natural environment. e.g. role play. goal: create an environment in which the client behaves naturally. counselors have to be cautions of interpretation. counselors have more control of the situation.
Self Monitoring (SA)
the practice of observing and recording one’s own behavior; such as alcohol consumption, eating behaviors, negative cognition, exercise, sleep , bullying, lying, or angry outbursts. Behaviors are defined broadly and include actions, thoughts, and feelings.
Name and Describe 2 cognitive products assessed *
- Self-statements & internal dialogue (endorsement/production methods)
- Expectancies:
behavior expectancies: ability to perform behavior & outcome expectancies: consequences of behavior
4 steps in counseling
- assessing the client problems
- conceptualizing and defining the client problems
- Selecting and implementing effective treatments
- Evaluating the counseling
Who is credited with launching the testing movement?
Francis Galton
Another psychologist who influenced early assessment was _____ _______. He is also credited with founding the science of psychology!
Wilhelm Wundt (intelligence)
Another prominent figure in the early testing movement was the American psychologist _______ ______. He was the first to use the term MENTAL TEST.
James Cattell
Father of guidance
Frank Parsons
Frank Parsons
Parsons three step career counseling model
Understand the person
Understand the world of work
Match the person to the appropriate occupation in the world of work.
Aptitude tests are good predictors of_______
occupational SUCCESS
What are the 4 Stages of Behavioral Interviews? (SA)
Stage 1: Put the client at ease and listen to client’s description of the presenting problem
Stage 2: Assess the development of the problem
Stage 3: Behavior analysis stage
Stage 4: Assess individual’s coping resources and other assets
Name and describe 2 projective techniques.
- Association Techniques - Rorschach Inkblot Test - • Project one’s inner dynamics
- Construction Techniques - Thematic Apperception Test TAT - examinees construct a story based on a picture shown to them by the examiner.. Reveals unconscious fantasies
• X-ray of personality
• Relies on qualitative methods of interpretation
What is the core of the behavioral interview?
Behavior Analysis Stage: how is it currently maintained, does it interfere with life? And does it serve a purpose?
What is the Hallmark of Behavioral Assessment?
Naturalistic Observation
What are the sources of error that occur frequently in behavior assessment?
Observer bias, Observer drift (criteria changes), Observer fatigue (mistarget behaviors
Interest inventories often used because they can be helpful in?
describing and individuals general occupational interests
The understanding of an individual’s ______is perhaps the most important element in the decision making process
values
____ _____ are more highly correlated than ______ with work satisfaction.
Work values; interests
Projective Hypothesis (SA)
An individual supplies structure to unstructured stimuli in a manner consistent with the individual’s own unique pattern of conscious and unconscious needs, fears, desires, impulses, conflicts, and ways of perceiving and responding.
The Exner’s Comprehensive System is based on research with the ___ _____
rorschach inkblots
What are the problems with measures of self concept or self esteem?
No universally agreed definition
What are 3 criticisms of projective assessments
lack of normative data
reliability evidence is quite low
validity is often meager
in the wrong hands, a projective technique can be dangerous
Who created the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator?
Isabel Myres & Katherine Briggs 1962
Author of the Myres-Briggs claims it will soon be the most widely used psychological tool for “__________”
Normal People
MBTI- All items are ____ ______ format between desirable opposites in each preference.
forced-choice
MBTI- there are 2 types of forced-choiced questions: ______ _______ - a stem followed by two choices; are you intersts (A) few and lasting, or (B) varied?
_____ ____ - present two words with the instructions, which word in each pair appeals to you more?
Phrase questions; word pairs
What are the 4 MBTI Preferences?
(E) Extroversion (I) Introversion
(S) Sensing (N) Intuitive
(T) Thinking (F) Feeling
(J) Judging (P) Perceiving
Forced choice response
have to answer one of two responses
Extraversion - Introversion
How we prefer to interact with the world and where we direct our energy
Extraversion
Focus attention and energy on the world outside of themselves
Introversion
Focus attention and energy on the world inside of themselves
Sensing - Intuition
The kinds of information that we focus on or naturally notice
Sensing
concentrate on what can be seen, heard, felt, smelled, or tasted. Focus on what is real and concrete. Take a practical approach. Value common sense.
Intuition
Naturally read between the lines and look for meaning in all things. Trust inspiration and inference. Think about several things at once. Like figuring out how things work. Look for inter relatedness rather than face value. Value imagination and innovation.
Thinking - Feeling
The way that we make decisions and come to conclusions
Thinking
Prefer to make decisions using an impersonal approach. Prefer decisions that make sense logically.
Feeling
Prefer to make decisions based on personal values.
Judging - Perceiving
The kind of lifestyle that we like to lead
Judging
tend to live in an orderly way and are happiest when their lives are structured and matters are settled. Thrive on order.
Perceiving
Like to live in a spontaneous way and are happiest when their lives are flexible
Assumptions Underlying Type
Environment impedes or enhances expression of type
Type is dynamic not static
All types are equally valuable
There is no one best way to be
MBTI type -Two middle letters
Dominant Function (your favorite function) & Auxiliary Function (helps balance your dominant)
MBTI type - Other two letters
tertiary function (not very favored) & Inferior Function (your least favored)
INTP
Thinking > Intuition > Si > Fe
The MBTI was developed to test what/who’s theory?
Based on C. G. Jung’s theory of psychological types
Difficulties with assessing marriage and family is that …
Variables assessed are fluid & fluctuate
Name and describe 2 projective techniques *
Association: Rorschach
Construction: Tell a story from the test materials that you are provided with
What are the two types of dysfunctional cognition?
cognitive deficits & deficiencies in cognitive distortions
_____ _____ or deficiency refers to the absence of certain thoughts or information processing that would be helpful
cognitive deficits
______ ______ are more active, negative thinking processes more typically associated with anxiety and depression
cognitive distortions
Who can determine the best fit type on the myers briggs?
the individiual
which preferences refers to how the individual orients to the outer world?
judging/perceiving
MBTI - type preferences refer to ____ ____
two poles
what is the most important aspect of behavior assessment is
direct observation
Projective
Hard to get validity and reliability
Trait approaches
Generalize from group to the individual
Behavior
observed behavior is a sample of the clients response; record behavior: who, what, when where, why?
Cognitive
processes affect a persons behavioral and emotional responses but environment is also important because of how we perceive stimuli
What are the advantages of interest inventories?
Helpful in describing an individual’s general occupational interests. Good predictors of career direction.
*promotes career exploration & connects client interests to specific occupations
What does the TAT require clients to do?
construct a story based on a picture shown to them by the examiners
Many marriage and family clinicians are grounded in ________
systemic theories
_____ _____ are highly correlated with work satisfaction?
work values
interests identified by examining how clients choose to spend their time and the activities they select
Manifest interests
exploring ________ involves simply asking clients about their interests, which can be very useful indicator of vocational interests, particularly with adults
expressed interests
The strong inventory assessment assesses….
likes and interests; compares individuals’ responses to items with the response patterns of people in different occupations.
Tracy and Hopkins did some research: _______ _____ concern future performance…. while ____ concerns current performance
self efficacy; ability
Neo-PI-3: Big 5 personality factors
Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
What does the NEO assess? *
Personality disorders?
Aptitude tests are good predictors of ________
occupational success
What is the most frequently occurring code type in all psychiatric settings and why?
WNL - problems are so chronically ingrained that they just become adjusted to them
MBTI- all items are ____ ______ ______; that include: ____ & _____
Forced choice format; phrase questions & word pairs
NEO Factor I
Extroversion
NEO Factor II
Agreeableness
NEO Factor III
Conscientiousness
NEO Factor IV
Neuroticism
NEO Factor V
Openness to Experience
What can exlain the steady rise of intelligence scores in recent years?
The Flynn effect
Expressed and manifest interest are equally good at predicting………
occupational choice
The understanding of an individual’s ________ is perhaps the most important element in the decision making process
values
Codetypes
the one or two highest clinical scales at or above a T score of 65
The adolescent Psychopathology Scale
basically divided between internalizing and externalizing processes
Developed to look at psychological disorders
What is the validity scale on the NEO?
ask participants to respond honestly- not very good
The NEO is not designed to diagnose _________, but maybe ______ _______
psychopathology; personality disorders
The California Personality Inventory
measure regular personality, not psychopathology; 403 questions; some taken from the MMPI; 13 +; Computer scoring; 20 scales: sociability, well being, empathy, self acceptance, responsibility; 5 verified factors of personality: emotionality, flexibility, extraversion, integrity
The MBTI is used for….
college roommate matching, communication, teamwork, management styles, learning styles, life long planning
The MBTI was originally created to…..
investigate their weird son in law 1962
The MBTI has ______ validity & reliability
limited
Cognitive assessment refers to….
the assessment of the cognitive constructs such as self-statements, beliefs, attributions, and/or cognitive schemas, targeted by cognitively oriented approaches to counseling
Behavioral & Cognitive Assessment have _____ as the method of proof, ________ as a way of describing experimental procedures and they both adhere to the rational canons of science.
empiricism; operationism
Traditional VS Behavioral assessment?
???
What do the NEO 5 personality factors assess? Neuroticism
measures a tendency toward coping poorly with stress, difficulty controlling impulses, and a proclivity toward irrational thoughts
What do the NEO 5 personality factors assess? Extroversion
concerns individuals tendency to be sociable, assertive, active, and talkative
What do the NEO 5 personality factors assess? Openness to Experience
most researched scale; most controversial; a preference for the familiar as compared with a preference for novel experiences
What do the NEO 5 personality factors assess? Agreeableness
tendency to be sympathetic, a desire to help others, and a belief that others will reciprocate similarly
What do the NEO 5 personality factors assess? Concientiousness
individual’s ability to control impulses and a will to achieve
The _______ may be an alternative in terms of deepening our understanding of the traits associated with personality disorders
NEO-PI-3
What is the difference between functional/dysfunctional families
it is difficult to define because of a lack of adequate norming samples, multiple views rather than a single client’s perspective, variables are fluid and fluctuate, developmental changes, dynamics cannot be quantified, many differences exist between cultures
The _______ ______ _____ suggests that cohesion should be viewed from a curvilinear perspective in which both too little and too much cohesion is problematic
Olson Circumplex Model
The kvebaek family sculpting technique involve having the family members…
structured; the family members are instructed first individually and then as a family to place figurines on the board depicting the relationships among he family. currently and ideal perspective.
sculpting techniques tend to be…..
unreliable
relationships within a family are fluid, and these techniques reflect only the clients’ ……..
current perspective
According to Cohen, any discussion of behavioral assessment, and particularly self-monitoring, would be incomplete without a mention of the psychometric issue of ……….
reactivity
______ concerns the possible changes that may occur in clients’ behaviors, thoughts, or performance that are a result of being observed, assessed, or evaluated.
Reactivity
____ ______ focuses on whether specific behaviors occur within a certain interval of time. Assessor documents whether the _____ behavior occurs during that time period.
Interval recording; target
______ ______ - where the counselor records the number of times a target behavior occurs during a specified time period… focus is on ______. Less appropriate for ______ behavior or those that are intense.
Event recording; behavior; frequent
_____ ____ - evaluate global aspects of behavior and quantifying behavior.. problems with _____… difficult to identify antecedent events.
Rating recording; reliability
What area of counseling has historically assessed info to assist clients in making affective decisions?
Career counseling
Who coined the term projective hypothesis?
Lawrence Frank
What are the problems with measuring self concept or self esteem?
no universally agreed definition
Nomothetic type of assessment
trait approaches; individual can only be understood in comparison to the population at large
generalize group to the individual
generalize people
use objective knowledge
based on numerical data that can be categorized
Idiographic type of assessment
behavioral assessment; study individual and generalize to the group; focus is on the precise behavior of the individual
Focuses on recognition of uniqueness
uses subjective experiences
based on study of uniqueness of individual
_____ ______ - cognitive process affect the persons behavioral and emotional responses but environment is also important because of how we perceive stimuli
Cognitive assessment
_____ _______ - biofeedback: EEG EKG GSR (very reliable) Respiration, Pulse Rate. Mood rings. Expensive and intrusive
Psychophysiological assessment
_______ are what is ASSESSED
products
Products are the output of: ______ (how info is stored and organized), _______(info that is contained), ____(how info is restored & retrieved)
structures; propositions; operations/processes
Name 2 formal behavior assessments
Behavior assessment system for children BASC-2: preschool-adolescents; validity & clinical scales
&
Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment ASEBA: multi method; internalizing/externalizing scales; stress problem scale
both assessed on T scores.
Marriage and Family assessment should focus on the _____ or _____ that occur within the couple or family - not individuals
Dynamics or Patterns
not a one and done type of deal
Central to all approaches of marriage and family assessment:
understanding of network of family relationships are important when looking at issues
majority of instruments were designed for _______ clients, not couples
individual
There are _____ views of what family dynamics and international problems are
multiple
Family and Marriage: developing adequate ____ ____ is needed… there is an over representation of Anglo Americans
norming samples
Family and Marriage: interview and observation
inclued all family members; observation of structure; problems increase when you increase the # of clients; international qualities
Family task interview
family is given 7 tasks and therapists observes and evaluates by using a scale and questions.
Familiy and Marriage assessment techniques:
family interview & observation, mapping, instruments designed specifically for assessing couples and families
James Bray- 6 types of family characteristics assessed
family structure and composition; family processes; relationship patterns; family affect; family organization; family diversity
There is limited ______ info on most of the family assessment instruments
psychometric
The extent to which the individual has mastered the vocatioinal tasks, including both knowledge and attitudinal components, appropriate to his or her stage of career development
Career maturity
A multidimensional construct that characterizes an individual’s psychosocial readiness and resources for coping with current and imminent vocational development tasks, occupational transitions, and work traumas
career adaptability
Woman typically score high on what on the Hollands test
Social, Conventional, and Artistic
When individuals aren’t encouraged or supported to pursue higher education
null environment
counselors need to be sensitive to gender issues and cognizant of how _____ may be affecting the assessment process
stereotypes
___ ____ addresses the concept of whether instruments that have been developed primarily from a Eurocentric perspective can be used with clients from other cultural backgrounds
cultural validity
___ _____ concerns the extent to which variables, such as worldview, cultural identity, communication style, and decision making preferences, are addressed in the assessment process.
Cultural specificity
There needs to be a clear justification for using instruments for culturally diverse clients if it does not have ______ represented
minorities
How do you interpret the TAT?
Determine the protagonist; motives, trends, and feelings of the protagonist; forces in the protagonist environment (press); determing the themes; interaction of protagonsit’s needs and press toghether with the outcome
What are the criticisms of the TAT?
no standard, agreed upon administration, scoring or interpretation system; low reliability; inadequate normative data; room for bias
SEntence completion tests are the most _____ projective test to faking: saying something that sounds good
vulnerable
______ _______ are less intimidating; draw and tell a story; interpretations are subjective
figure drawings
What is the most widely used projective test?
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Who developed the Rorschach Inkblot Test & when
Hermann 1930
Rorschach- requires clients to
interpret the blobs
What is the assumption of the Rorschach Inkblot test?
how a person structures an ambiguous inkblot tells about how she perceives and structures her environment.
only _____% of practitioners use scoring system of the Rorschach inkblot test
25
_____ are more likely to have high social interests, and ______ tend to have higher investigative interests
African Americans; Asian Americans
Research on interest with minority clients- earlier research indicated there were _______ with hollands typology; more recent research shows that individal of diverse ethnic groups show that they use the _____ cognitive maps as everyone else.
differences; same
There have been questions about interest inventories and whether they are appropriate for males/females.. historically they found interest inventories have yielded different results…. some inventories have ___ ____ to address that.
separate norms
What are some of the weaknesses or problems with observations in behavioral assessment?
Overt- person being observed knows; covert is difficult to implement in many settings; analogue observation is more difficult to know if the client is behaving naturally
____ ____ occurs when the counselor responds to some extraneous factor in the behavioral observation. can be minimized by a clear operational definition.
Observer bias
____ ______: a systematic error, occurs during the observational process, the criteria by which the observer uses to categorize or observe changes.
observer drift
___ ___ is a common occurrence particularly if target behaviors are infrequent and the observation extends over a long period of time.
observer fatigue
law mandating that parents and children older than 18 had the right to review their own school records
FERPA 1974
