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Child Psychology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Head-sparing

A

A biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition affects body growth. The brain is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition

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2
Q

Percentile

A

A point of a ranking scale of 0 to 100. The 50th percentile is the midpoint; half the people in the population being studied rank higher and half rank lower.

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3
Q

REM Sleep

A

Rapid eye movement sleep, a stage of sleep characterized by flickering eyes behind closed lids, dreaming and rapid brain waves

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4
Q

Co-sleeping

A

A custom in which parents and their children (Usually infants) sleep together in the same room.

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5
Q

Neurons

A

The billions of nerve cells in the central nervous system, especially the brain.

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6
Q

Cortex

A

The outer layers of the brain in humans and other mammals. Most thinking, feeling, and sensing involve the cortex. (Sometimes called the neocortex).

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7
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

The area of cortex at the front of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning and impulse control.

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8
Q

Axon

A

A fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits electrochemical impulses from that neuron to the dendrites of other neurons.

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9
Q

Dendrite

A

A fiber that extends from a neuron and receives electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons

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10
Q

Synapse

A

The intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons.

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11
Q

Transient Exuberance

A

The great but temporary increase in the number of dendrites that develop in an infant’s brain during the first two years of life.

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12
Q

Pruning

A

When applied to brain development, the process by which unused connections in the brain atrophy and die.

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13
Q

Experience-expectant brain functions

A

Brain Functions that require certain basic common experiences (which an infant can be expected to have) in order to develop normally

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14
Q

Experience-dependent brain functions

A

Brain functions that depend on particular variable experiences and that therefore may or may not develop in a particular infant

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15
Q

Shaken Baby Syndrome

A

A life-threatening injury that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth, a motion that ruptures blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections.

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16
Q

Self-righting

A

The inborn drive to remedy a developmental deficit; literally, to return to sitting or standing upright, after being tipped over. People of all ages have self-righting impulses, for emotional as well as physical imbalance.

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17
Q

Sensation

A

The response of a sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose) when it detects a stimulus

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18
Q

Perception

A

The mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation. Perception occurs in the cortex.

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19
Q

Binocular Vision

A

The ability to focus the two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image. The ability is absent at birth.

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20
Q

Motor Skills

A

The learned abilities to move some part of the body, in actions ranging from a large leap to a flicker of the eyelid. (The word motor here refers to the movement of muscles).

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21
Q

Gross Motor Skills

A

Physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping. (The word gross here means “big.”)

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22
Q

Fine Motor Skills

A

Physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin. (The word fine here means “small.”)

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23
Q

Immunization

A

The process of protecting a person against a disease, via antibodies. Immunization can happen naturally, when someone survives a disease, or medically, usually via a small dose of the virus that stimulates the production of antibodies and thus renders a person immune. (Also called vaccination).

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24
Q

Protein-Calorie Malnutrition

A

A condition in which a person does not consume sufficient food of any kind. This deprivation can result in several illnesses, severe weight loss, and even death.

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25
Q

Stunting

A

The failure of children to grow a normal height for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition.

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26
Q

Wasting

A

The tendency for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition

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27
Q

Marasmus

A

A disease of severe protein-calorie malnutrition during early infancy, in which growth stops, body tissues waste away, and the infant eventually dies.

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28
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

A disease of chronic malnutrition during childhood, in which a protein deficiency makes the child more vulnerable to other diseases, such as measles, diarrhea, and influenza.

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29
Q

Sensorimotor Intelligence

A

Piaget’s term for the way infants think–by using their senses and motor skills–during the first period of cognitive development.

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30
Q

Primary Circular Reactions

A

The first of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving the infant’s own body. The infant senses motion, sucking, noise, and other stimuli and tries to understand them.

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31
Q

Secondary Circular Reactions

A

The second of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving people and objects. Infants respond to other people, to toys, and to any other object they can touch or move.

32
Q

Object Permanence

A

The realization that objects (including people) still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard.

33
Q

Tertiary Circular Reactions

A

The third of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving active exploration and experimentation. Infants explore a range of new activities, varying their responses as a way of learning about the world.

34
Q

“Little Scientist”

A

The stage-five toddler (age 12-18 months) who experiments without anticipating the results, using trial and error in active and creative explanation.

35
Q

Deferred Imitation

A

A sequence in which an infant first perceives something done by someone else and then performs the same action hours or even days later.

36
Q

Habituation

A

The process of becoming accustomed to an object or event through repeated exposure to it, and thus becoming less interested in it.

37
Q

fMRI

A

Function magnetic resonance imaging, a measuring technique in which the brain’s electrical excitement indicates activation anywhere in the brain; fMRI helps researchers locate neurological responses to stimuli.

38
Q

Information-processing theory

A

A perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored mechanisms, and output.

39
Q

Affordance

A

An opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered by a person, place, or object in the environment.

40
Q

Visual Cliff

A

An experimental apparatus that gives the illusion of a sudden drop-off between one horizontal surface and another.

41
Q

Dynamic Perception

A

Perception that is primed to focus on movement and change

42
Q

People Preference

A

A universal principle of infant perception, specifically in innate attraction to other humans, evident in visual, auditory, and other preferences.

43
Q

Selective Amnesia

A

As we grow older, we forget about spitting up, nursing, crying, and almost everything else from our early years. However, strong emotions (love, fear, mistrust) may leave lifelong traces.

44
Q

Reminder Session

A

A perceptual experience that helps a person recollect an idea, a thing or an experience.

45
Q

Implicit Memory

A

Unconscious or automatic memory that is usually stored via habits, emotional responses, routine procedures, and various sensations.

46
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Memory that is easy to retrieve on demand (as in a specific test). Most explicit memory involves consciously learned words, data, and concepts.

47
Q

Child-directed Speech

A

The high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants and children. (Also called baby talk or motherese).

48
Q

Babbling

A

An infant’s repetition of certain syllables, such as ba-ba-ba, that begins when babies are between 6 and 9 months old.

49
Q

Holophrase

A

A single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought.

50
Q

Naming Explosion

A

A sudden increase in an infant’s vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns, that begins at about 18 months of age.

51
Q

Grammar

A

All the methods–word order, verb forms, and so on–that languages use to communicate meaning, apart from the words themselves

52
Q

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

A

Chomsky’s term for a hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language, including the basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation.

53
Q

Social Smile

A

A smile evoked by a human face, normally evident in infants about six weeks after birth.

54
Q

Stranger Wariness

A

An infant’s expression of concern–a quiet stare, clinging to a familiar person, or sadness–when a stranger appears.

55
Q

Separation Anxiety

A

An infant’s distress when a familiar caregiver leaves, most obvious between 9 and 14 months.

56
Q

Self-Awareness

A

A person’s realization that he or she is a distinct individual, whose body, mind and actions are separate from those of other people.

57
Q

Temperament

A

Inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation. Temperament is epigenetic, originating in genes but affected by child-rearing practices.

58
Q

Goodness of Fit

A

A similarity of temperament and values that produces a smooth interaction between an individual and his or her social context, including family, school, and community.

59
Q

Trust Versus Mistrust

A

Erikson’s first psychological crisis. Infants learn basic trust if their basic needs (for food, comfort, attention, and so on) are met.

60
Q

Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt

A

Erikson’s second crisis and psychological development. Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their own actions and bodies.

61
Q

Social Learning

A

Learning that is accomplished by observing others.

62
Q

Working Model

A

In cognitive theory, a set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences. For example, a person might assume that other people are always trustworthy and be surprised when this working model of human behavior is proven inaccurate.

63
Q

Ethnotheory

A

A theory that underlies the values and practices of a culture but is not usually apparent to the people within the culture.

64
Q

Proximal Parenting

A

Caregiving practices that involve being physically close to a baby, with frequent holding and touching.

65
Q

Distal Parenting

A

Caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from the baby, providing toys, food, and face-to-face communication with minimal holding and touching.

66
Q

Synchrony

A

A coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant.

67
Q

Still-Face Technique

A

An experimental practice in which an adult keeps his or her face unmoving and expressionless in face-to-face interaction with an infant.

68
Q

Attachment

A

According to Ainsworth, an affectional tie that an infant forms with a caregiver–a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time.

69
Q

Secure Attachment

A

A relationship (type B) in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver.

70
Q

Insecure-avoidant Attachment

A

A pattern of attachment (type A) in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver’s presence, departure, or return.

71
Q

Insecure-Resistant/Ambivalent Attachment

A

A pattern of attachment (type C) in which anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when an infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion.

72
Q

Disorganized Attachment

A

A type of attachment (type D) that is marked by an infant’s inconsistent reactions to the caregiver’s departure and return.

73
Q

Strange Situation

A

A laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants’ reactions to stress in eight episodes of three minutes each.

74
Q

Social Referencing

A

Seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else’s expressions and reactions. That other person becomes a social reference.

75
Q

Family Day Care

A

Child care that occurs in the home of someone to whom the child is not related and who usually cares for several children of various ages.

76
Q

Center Day Care

A

Child care that occurs in a place especially designed for the purpose, where several paid adults care for many children. Usually the children are group by age, the day-care center is licensed, and providers are trained and certified in child development.

Child Psychology (4 decks)

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