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soc 101 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

discrimination

A

harmful or negative actions against people deemed inferior on the basis of their racial category and without regard to their individual merit.

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2
Q

ethnicity

A

a social definition based on a real or presumed cultural characteristic (e.g. religion, language).

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3
Q

genocide

A

the mass killing of a group of people based on racial, ethnic, or religious traits

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4
Q

institutional racism

A

institutions and social dynamics that may seem race-neutral but actually disadvantage minority groups.

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5
Q

mass incarceration

A

Prison population increases ten-fold to 2 million today

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6
Q

nativism

A

movement to protect and preserve indigenous land or culture form the allegedly dangerous and polluting effects of new immigrants

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7
Q

passing

A

I.e. black women/men straightening hair, michael jackson skin bleaching & plastic surgery

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8
Q

pluralism

A

the presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in society.

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9
Q

prejudice

A

negative attitudes, feelings, or beliefs about an ethnic or racial group

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10
Q

primordialism

A

Clifford Geertz’s term to explain the strength of ethnic ties because they are fixed in deeply felt or primordial ties to one’s homeland culture

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11
Q

race

A

a social definition based on shared lineage and a real or presumed physical, biological characteristic (e.g. skin color)

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12
Q

racism

A

the belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal traits

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13
Q

segregation

A

the legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity

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14
Q

straight line assimilation

A

Robert Park’s 1920s model for how immigrants assimilate: they first arrive, then settle in, and finally achieve full assimilation.

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15
Q

white privilege

A

a set of societal privileges granted to white people and withheld from people of color in the same social, political, or economic spaces.

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16
Q

femininity

A

behaviors, social roles, and relations of women within a given society as well as the meanings attributed to them

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17
Q

gender

A

based on a set of social or cultural distinctions associated with being male or female

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18
Q

gender role socialization

A

process through which individuals learn the norms and behaviors that are associated with masculinity and femininity

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19
Q

gendered division of labor

A

the systematic pattern of women/men being over/underrepresented in various occupations.

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20
Q

genderqueer

A

A person whose gender identity is neither man nor woman, is between or beyond genders, or is some combination of genders.

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21
Q

hegemonic masculinity

A

the current configuration of practice that legitimizes men’s dominant position in society and justifies the subordination of women, and other marginalized ways of being a man

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22
Q

heteronormativity

A

the ideology and attendant cultural (e.g. norms) and institutional (e.g. legal privileges) arrangements that promote heterosexuality as the dominant and preferred sexual orientation.

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23
Q

homosociality

A

feminine and masculine performances are homosocial—that is, they are performances that are done by and for members of the same sex.

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24
Q

intersectionality

A

the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and dis/ability as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of disadvantage.

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25
Q

patriarchy

A

a social system in which power is primarily vested in men

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26
Q

performativity

A

we are constantly performing for others - not really being ‘ourselves’

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27
Q

sex

A

physical or physiological differences between males and females, including both primary sex characteristics (the reproductive system) and secondary characteristics such as height and muscularity.

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28
Q

sexuality

A

sexual identity, attraction, and experiences which may or may not align with sex and gender

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29
Q

transgender

A

a person whose gender identity, expression or behavior is different from those typically associated with their assigned sex at birth

30
Q

divde et impera

A

Divide et impera
(Latin: “divide and conquer”): role of a member of a triad who intentionally drives a wedge between the other two members of the group

31
Q

dyad

A

a two person group

32
Q

embeddedness

A

actions that are taken as a result of one’s position in a social network

33
Q

group

A

two or more people who interact with one another, share similar characteristics, and collectively have a sense of unity

34
Q

individuation

A

individuals with larger networks have wider variety of tastes and tend to be more unique

35
Q

mediator

A

member of a triad who attempts to make people involved in a conflict come to an agreement

36
Q

networ

A

a set of relations, links, or ties among individuals and/or groups

37
Q

simmel, georg

A

was arguably the first sociologist that we could refer to as a “social network theorist.” His perceptive writings on the relationship between individuals and their group affiliations laid the groundwork for later scholarship in organizations and economic sociology.

38
Q

social capital

A

both the level of ‘social network embeddedness’ and the shared norms, values and understandings that facilitate co-operation within or among groups

39
Q

strength of weak ties

A

having a lot of weak ties with people can get you more job opportunities etc.

40
Q

strong tie

A

a personal and direct tie between two individuals/groups

41
Q

tertius gaudens

A

(Latin: “the third who rejoices”): new member of a triad who benefits from conflict between the other two members of the group.

42
Q

triad

A

3 person group

43
Q

voluntary associations

A

forever forming associations in america, active participation in civil life. nation of joiners.

44
Q

weak tie

A

an impersonal and indirect tie between two individuals/groups

45
Q

Conflict theory framework

A

conflict theorists focus on who defines what is deviant/normative and stress how these definitions serve the interests of elites, exacerbate inequality, and lead to social disorder

46
Q

crime

A

the violation of norms written into law

47
Q

deviance

A

violation of norms

48
Q

functionalist theory framework

A

“it is the deviants among us who hold society together.” As the argument goes, if there weren’t outcasts and/or punishments for deviant behavior, there would be no social cohesion.

49
Q

michel foucault

A

“Is it surprising that prisons resemble factories, schools, barracks, hospitals, which all resemble prisons?” For him, domination is everywhere in modern society—it is inescapable.

50
Q

negative sanction

A

an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence or an execution.

51
Q

norms

A

expectations or rules of behavior

52
Q

panopticon

A

prison where inmates watched at all times by only one guard who cannot be seen by inmates

53
Q

paradox of authority

A

idea that although state claims monopoly on the use of violence, it loses authority when it actually uses it

54
Q

positive sanction

A

a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a prize

55
Q

state

A

a political entity that claims monopoly on the use of violence in some particular territory

56
Q

social control

A

a group’s (i.e. society, nation-state, clique, etc.) formal and informal means of enforcing its norms

57
Q

social order

A

a group’s usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they base their lives

58
Q

strain theory

A

American sociologist Robert K. Merton’s theory pointing out that social strain is created when a society socializes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal but withholds from many the approved means to reach that goal.

59
Q

stigma

A

‘blemishes’ that discredit a person’s claim to a ‘normal’ identity

60
Q

medicalization

A

a social process through which a human experience or condition is culturally defined as pathological and treatable as a medical condition.

61
Q

sick role

A

Talcott Parson’s (1902-1979) term referring to the rights and obligations of those affected with illness.

62
Q

illness

A

a persons subjective experience of their symptoms

63
Q

disease

A

biologically defined pathology from the professional / practitioner’s perspective

64
Q

mortality

A

rate of death in a population

65
Q

morbidity

A

incidence of disease across a population

66
Q

social gradients of health

A

inequalities in population health status are associated with inequalities in social status

67
Q

social determinants of health

A

race/ethnicity, class of socioeconomic status, age, gender, culture, education, geography/neighborhood, policy or political context, food access, political economy, workplace/working conditions

68
Q

medical model

A

biological assumptions and, in general, focuses on the association between individual behaviors and health outcomes.

69
Q

roseto effect

A

Town in pennsylvania that did unhealthy behaviors but they had low mortality because of the way they lived, were happier

70
Q

social model

A

there are social determinants of health that must be addressed in structural terms (i.e. with policies, social movements, or broad population or neighborhood-level interventions).

71
Q

stress

A

the body’s response to a threatening or challenge environmental condition

soc 101 (2 decks)

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