Exam 2 Flashcards
Which of the following is not true about milk borne diseases?
a. Bacteria infects the animal systemically and colonizes the mammary glands
b. Bacteria can be secreted into milk in a chronic fashion, causing grave clinical symptoms in the animal
c. Milk pasteurization is the main way to control milk borne diseases.
d. All the above are true
b. Bacteria can be secreted into milk in a chronic fashion, causing grave clinical symptoms in the animal
** causes minimal symptoms
Which bacteria are considered “category B” bioterrorism agents?
Brucella and Coxiella
What are the three main bacteria involved in milk borne diseases?
Mycobacterium bovis
Brucella spp.
Coxiella brunetii
What are the two main transmission routes which humans can be infected by Mycobacterium bovis from cattle?
Oral
Inhalation
True/False: It is easy to diagnose animals with Mycobacterium bovis.
False. **Diagnose is difficult
What are clinical signs seen in animals with Mycobacterium bovis?
Weakness, anorexia, low grade fever, pneumonia with chronic cough
What are the percutaneous lesions seen in humans infected with M. bovis?
Nodules, slow evolution, ulcers
What is seen in humans infected by M. bovis through the pulmonary route?
Classic TB
What is the most pathogenic form of Brucella that is mainly found in the Mediterranean and intensive goat regions?
B. melitensis
What are the four ways humans can become infected by Brucella?
Contact inhalation
Unpasteurized milk
Hunting feral swine
Blood exposure
What are the clinical signs observed in animals infected by Brucella spp.?
Abortions
Infertility
Mastitis (goats)
True/False: The septicemic form of brucellosis causes recurrent fever, headache, and back pain in humans.
True
Which form of brucellosis causes joint pain?
Chronic form
What are the routes of transmission for Coxiella burnetii?
Inhalation of aerosol
Ingestion
Percutaneous
Which of the following is false about Coxiella burnetii?
a. Abortion, early delivery, and weak young is seen in goats/ sheep
b. Metritis, subclinical mastitis, abortion, infertility and sometimes respiratory issues are seen in cattle
c. Clinical sings are not revealing in humans
d. Incubation for humans is 2-3 weeks
c. Clinical sings are not revealing in humans
** They are revealing
Control of Coxiella burnetii is difficult due to:
Asymptomatic carriers
Vaccination
Too many reservoirs
What are the five water borne diseases?
Leptospirosis Cryptosporidium Giardia Schistosoma Fasciola
Which of the following is true about Cryptosporidium spp.?
a. The reservoir for C. parvum is humans
b. C. parvum is zoonotic
c. C. hominis is zoonotic
d. Don’t survive months in water
b. C. parvum is zoonotic
What are clinical signs seen in animals with Cryptosporidium spp.?
Diarrhea in calves
Immunocompromised
True/False: Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that survives months in water.
True
What animals are asymptomatic carriers of Giardia spp.?
Dogs, Ruminants
Which two water borne diseases are really resistant to disinfectants, especially chlorine?
Giardia and Cryptosporidium
What are ways to prevent Giardia and Cryptosporidium?
Proper treatment (filtration) of drinking water
Reduce exposure to recreational water
No diapers in swimming pools
Which of the following is false about trematodes?
a. Parasite with aquatic intermediate host (1 or 2)
b. Cysts in/on food are ingested by definitive host
c. Accidental hosts can be infected per os
d. More common in tropical regions (warm water)
c. Accidental hosts can be infected per os
** percutaneously
How do humans become infected with Fasciola spp.?
Eating contaminated vegetables
True/False. One can become infected by Fasciola when they eat the liver.
False
** No infection via eating liver
Which is the second most important human parasite after Malaria?
Schistosoma spp
What are the reservoir hosts for Schistosoma spp.?
Multiple mammals
What is the waterborne bacteria that mainly infects those with jobs of occupational hazard (working outdoors or with animals)?
Leptospira spp.
True/False: Contaminated feces is one of the ways humans can become infected with Leptospira spp.
False
** contaminated urine
What is the one clinical sign presented in both humans and animals infected with Leptospira spp.?
Acute/ Chronic Renal insufficiency
What percentage of cattle infected with Coxiella are shedding at any given time?
20-30%
What are ways to reduce Coxiella in a population?
Individual protection
Disinfection of environment
Destruction of placenta
Pasteurization of milk
What are ways to reduce the occurrence of Leptospira in a population?
Reduce reservoir
Reduce human exposure
What is the name of the raccoon roundworm found in the Eastern USA?
Baylisascaris procyonis
What is the term for diseases caused by migrating larvae in paratenic hosts?
Larval migrans
____ is the alveolar cyst disease and _____ is the hydatid cyst disease.
Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus
Which of the following is False regarding Hydatid cysts?
a. May develop in the brain, and lungs
b. Often found in the liver
c. Individual, large, fluid filled cysts in multiple tissues
d. Multilocular, small, solid cysts in tissues
d. Multilocular, small, solid cysts in tissues
What are ways humans can become exposed to Toxoplasma?
Oocysts in soil (or water) contaminate hands, produce
Ingestion of tissue bradyzoites in undercooked meat
True/False: Toxoplasma infections in humans are asymptomatic in immunocompetent adults and children.
True
Which of the following is false regarding how to minimize the risk of Toxoplasma?
a. Test pregnant woman serologically for antibodies
b. Cull the cats that are likely to be shedding
c. Prevent oocyst sporulation
d. Reduce exposure
b. Cull the cats that are likely to be shedding
** Buy cats less likely to be shedding –> usually infected early in life and excrete oocysts for 1-3 weeks and then appear to recover
What is the most common roundworm to pet animals that is known to infect almost all dogs at some time?
Toxocara spp
Which of the following is false regarding humans toxocariasis?
a. Cutaneous larval migrans is most common but usually asymptomatic
b. Children between the ages of 1-4 years are at risk
c. Ocular or neurologic toxocariasis is rare in humans
d. Humans have a high exposure with seroprevalence up to 100% in some places
a. Cutaneous larval migrans is most common but usually asymptomatic
**Visceral larval migrans
What are ways to prevent toxocariasis?
- Reduce the reservoir –> regular anthelminthic tx of dogs, cats, and puppies
- Control in soil is difficult –> soil from parks or sand pits have higher percentages of eggs
What are the larval migrans that are common with Baylisascaris if diagnosed?
Ocular or neurologic
True/False: Cats function as the alternative definitive host or intermediate hosts of Baylisascaris.
False
**Dogs
Where is Echinococcus multilocularis usually found and where can it spread to?
Often liver, can spread secondarily to lungs
What is the reservoir for all species of Echinococcosis? What is the intermediate host?
Canids
IH: natural prey and exposed humans
How can cystic Echinococcosis be controlled?
- Regular treatment of dogs with praziquantel every 6 weeks, and stray dog control
- Condemnation/disposal of infected offal (farm dogs)
- Education and Hygiene to prevent transmission to people
The natural cycle of Alveolar Echinococcosis is between ___ and ____ and in Cycstic Echinococcosis its with ___ and ____.
Foxes and rodents
Sheep and moose
True/False: Cystic Echinococcosis is generally a rare disease in humans but with high fatality of 50-75% if untreated.
False
**Alveolar Echinococcosis
Which of the following is not a control mechanism of E. multilocularis?
a. Treatment of Sheep
b. Reduce exposure of domestic pets to rodents
c. Twice annual anthelminthic treatment of dogs
d. Stray dog control
a. Treatment of Sheep
** Treatment of foxes –> monthly urban foxes and every 3 months in rural foxes
The plague/ Black Death is caused by what bacteria?
Yersinia pestis
What are the three distinct types of zoonotic influenza?
A: bird, dog, pig, dog
B: human and seal
C: human (pigs)
What is the route of transmission of Hantavirus?
Inhalation/Contact of infected rodent urine/ feces
Bite of a rodent
What is the route of transmission which humans can become infected by Chlamydia psittaci?
Inhalation/Contact of feces
What are the three examples of category A agents with multiple routes of infection?
Bacillus anthracis
Francisella tulariensis
Yersinia pestis
Which spore-forming bacteria can survive under good conditions in soil for years?
Bacillus anthracis
What are ways to prevent Bacillus anthracis?
- Individual hygiene and in leather/ wool industries
- No consumption of animals with sudden death
- Carcasses management (destruction by fire/bury)
What are the Type A reservoirs of Tularemia in North America?
Lagomorphs
What are the Type B reservoirs of Tularemia?
Hare/ Rodent
Beaver/ muksrats
Which of the following is a common clinical sign seen in humans infected by Tularemia?
a. Anorexia sepsis
b. Ulcerglandular (arthropod bite)
c. Lymphadenopathy
d. Septic Shock
b. Ulcerglandular (arthropod bite)
What is the most common form of Tularemia in humans?
Pneumonic form
Which is a common clinical sign in cats infected by Tularemia?
a. Inflammation of eyes
b. Lymphadenopathy
c. Mouth ulcer
d. Pneumonic form
b. Lymphadenopathy
What are routes of transmission of Yersinia Pestis?
Contact of contaminated fluid
Infectious droplet
Bite of an arthropod
What are the three forms of the plague, and which is the most common?
Bubonic (most common)
Pneumonic
Septicemic (rare)
Which form of the plague is associated with painful lymph nodes known as buboes, fever/ headache in humans?
Bubonic plague (tick)
Which plague is associated with chest pain/ cough, fever/headache, and is considered the most serious form?
Pneumonic plague (droplets)
What are common clinical signs of the septicemic plague (contact) in humans?
Fever/weakness
Shock/bleeding
Skin and other tissue turn black
Which of the following is not a way to prevent the plague?
a. Management of carcasses
b. Do not allow dogs or cats that roam free in endemic areas in the house
c. Limit movement of infected animals
d. All the above are ways to prevent the plague
d. All the above are ways to prevent the plague
What are clinical signs seen in humans infected with Hantavirus?
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
True/False: Animals infected with Chlamydia psittaci show clinical sings of penumopathy and fever.
False
** usually no clinical sings –> sometimes weakness, conjunctivitis, and diarrhea
What is the diagnosis of Chlamydia psittaci?
Any sick bird with leathery and non-specific signs especially if stressed
What can one do to imported parakeets to prevent psittacosis?
Mass treatment with tetracycline
What are the two pulmonary fungal infections caused by aerosolized and inhaled spores in the environment?
Blastomyces
Coccidiodes
What are the two fungal infections caused by fecal excretion from birds or bats?
Histoplasma
Cryptococcus
Which form of equine encephalitis is most fatal and virulent?
EEEV –> 90+% fatal
What are the reservoir hosts of the EEV’s?
WEEV and EEEV: birds are the natural reservoir
VEEV: rodents are the enzootic reservoir and horses are the epizootic reservoir
