exam 2 Flashcards
Flashbulb Memory
memory of emotionally significant events
Generalization
a general statement or concept obtained by inference from specific cases
Chunking
making more efficient use of short-term memory by grouping information
Classical conditioning
refers to learning procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus (e.g. food) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus (e.g. a bell).
Retrieval
t behaviors
Retrieval - Serial position effect- tendency to remember things at beginning and end of things. primacy effect - tendency to remember things at beginning. recency effect - tendency to remember things at the end. von restore effect - both beginning and end
recall- memory task to retrieve previously learned information (essay)
recognition- just stating its true (multiple choice)
Gestalt
understand the laws behind the ability to acquire and maintain meaningful perceptions in an apparently chaotic world.
Operant conditioning
PR. NR, PP, NP
Phantom limb pain
is the sensation that an amputated or missing limb is still attached
Priming
. It refers to activating particular representations or associations in memory just before carrying out an action or task. For example, a person who sees the word “yellow” will be slightly faster to recognize the word “banana.”
Conditioned responses
an automatic response established by training to an ordinarily neutral stimulus.
Conditioned stimulus
the conditioned stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response
Conditioning
have a significant influence on or determine (the manner or outcome of something)
explicit memory
specific facts or events (declariative memory) can be consciously retrieved
Law of effect
is a psychological principle advanced by Edward Thorndike in 1905 on the matter of behavioral conditioning (not yet formulated as such) which states that “responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that
Implicit memory
not actively thinking of it, such as starting a car (automatic associations)
Extrinsic motivation
refers to behavior that is driven by external rewards such as money, fame, grades, and praise.
Intrinsic motivation
refers to behavior that is driven by internal rewards.
Long term memory
informative knowledge can be stored for long periods of time and infinite amounts of knowledge
encoding
Encoding is the crucial first step to creating a new memory. It allows the perceived item of interest to be converted into a construct that can be stored within the brain,
Misinformation effect
happens when a person’s recall of episodic memories becomes less accurate because of post-event information. .
negative punishment
take away the car for a week, grounding
negative reinforcement
don’t have to eat vegetables if they do their homework
Neutral Stimulus
which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention. In classical conditioning, when used together with an unconditioned stimulus, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus.
Observational learning
is learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others.
Perception
the ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses
Perceptual set
is a tendency to perceive or notice some aspects of the available sensory data and ignore others.
Weber’s law
the perception of change in a given stimulus.
Mnemonics
Music Mnemonics
Model Mnemonics
Note Organization Mnemonics
