Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psyc351b > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How did we figure out the localization of language?

A

Lesion studies, stimulation studies and imaging studies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens when you present an object to the right hemisphere by touching it with left hand or presenting in the left visual field?

A
  • Patient can pick out the correct object with left hand, but cannot with right hand
  • Patient claims nothing was presented
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens during neural maturation?

A

Dendrites and axons develop.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the Kennard Principle?

A

That functions are spared when injury happens during infancy–before 1.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is alternating attention?

A

Ability to shift focus and move between tasks with different cognitive requirements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What conditions are caused by incorrect pathway formation?

A

Athetosis and dystonia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Complete this graph of the cognitive-emotional interaction theory.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name the three types of inattention.

A

Inattentional blindness
Change blindness
Attentional blink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a neural tube?

A

A rolled-up sheet of cells that will form the brain and spinal cord. It is formed 3 weeks after conception.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What abnormal development is this?

A

Polymicrogyria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What behavioral changes happened in monkeys after frontal lesions?

A
  • Reduced social interaction
  • Loss of social dominance
  • Inappropriate social interaction
  • Altered social preferences
  • Reduced affect
  • Reduced vocalization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens when you show a word in the left visual field of a split brain patient?

A

They do not report seeing the word but can draw the word–right hemisphere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List the embryonic development of the cortical gyri in order.

A
  • Gyrus rector, insula, cingulate
  • Parahippocampal, superior temporal
  • Prerolandic and postrolandic, middle temporal, superior and middle frontal, occipital
  • Inferior and transverse temporal, medial and lateral orbital, angular, supramarginal
  • Paracentral
  • Anterior and posterior orbital
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which hemisphere is dominant for facial recognition?

A

The right.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Identify the word processing areas.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the Wernicke-Geschwind model.

A

A model that explains the relationship between Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas.

Begins at the angular gyrus (posterior temporal lobe). Information flows towards Broca’s area through

  • Wernicke’s area (spoken word comprehension, sound images of words)
  • Arcuate fasciculus (connects W with B)
  • Broca’s area (motor programs for speaking words)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Complete Posner’s Attention Model

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What kind of amnesia is linked to damage to anterior thalamic nuclei?

A

Anterograde amnesia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the difference between short-term and working memory?

A

The short-term memory is a temporary storage of information, whereas the working memory allows for temporarily storing and manipulating information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the role of the cerebellum in memory.

A

Classical conditioning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the Papez theory of emotion.

A

Limbic structures (thalamus, hypothalamus, mammilary bodies, cingulate gyrus and hippocampus) act on the hypothalamus to produce emotional states.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the four components of emotion?

A
  • Physiology
  • Distinctive motor behaviour
  • Self-reported cognition
  • Unconscious behaviour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In which hemisphere is the speech if a dichotic listening subject reports hearing in the right ear?

A

Left hemisphere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

A

It results from bilateral damage to to amygdala and inferior temporal cortex.

Symptoms include:

  • Tameness and loss of fear
  • Indiscriminate dietary behaviour (will eat anything)
  • Indiscriminate sexual activity
  • Hypermetamorphosis: irresistible impulse to notice and react to everything in sight
  • Examine objects by mouth
  • Visual agnosia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe the role of the temporal cortex in memory.

A

The anterior temporal cortex has a role in semantic memory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the stages of brain development?

A
  • Cell birth (neurogenesis, gliogenesis)
  • Cell migration
  • Cell differentiation
  • Cell maturation
  • Synaptogenesis
  • Cell death and synaptic pruning
  • Myelogenesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What problems can lead to brain deformities?

A

Genetics, trauma and toxic agents.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Define attentional blink.

A

Failure to detect a second stimuli if presented within 500ms of the first.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Describe the cognitive-emotional interaction theory of emotions.

A

Proposed by LeDoux. The emotional system evalutes internal and external stimuli. Circuits in the amygdala interact with several cortical areas to influence affective behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe the role of the amygdala in memory.

A

Emotional conditioning, storing emotional events and coding emotional signals.

Damage disrupts emotional memory, but not implicity or explicit memory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What guides synapse formation?

A

Genes, cues, and signals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the role of the anterior cingulate gyrus in emotion?

A

Emotional monitoring and evaluation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Name and describe the cortical components of language.

A
  • Broca’s area: working memory, articulation
  • Insula: lesion leads to speech apraxia
  • Wernicke’s area: holding sentences in memory, rhyming
  • Posterior middle temporal gyrus: lesion leads to fluent aphasia
  • Superior temporal gyrus: sentence comprehension
  • Arcuate fasciculus: recurring utterances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Name the models of memory.

A

Sensory modality-based
Content-based
Time-based
Storage capacity-based

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is sustained attention?

A

Ability to maintain attention and remain alert to stimuli over prolonged periods of time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Inability to acquire new memories.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the purpose of the highlighted areas?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the Wada technique?

A

Putting one hemisphere to sleep with barbiturate sodium amytal, and checking function during that time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Describe the asymmetry in emotional processing in the frontal lobe.

A
  • Left hemisphere lesions: flattened mood
  • Anterior lesions: reduction in facial expression
  • Left frontal leasions: decrease in talking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Who was Leborgne?

A

Broca’s first case. He was also know as Tan–the only word he could say. Had a lesion in Broca’s area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Which brain structures support the alert function?

A

Locus coerulus
Right frontal cortex
Parietal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Define change blindness.

A

Failure to detect changes in the presence, identity or location of objects in scenes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Describe Korsakoff’s Syndrome.

A

Characterized by:

  • Anterograde and retrograde amnesia
  • Confabulation
  • Meager conversation content
  • Lack of insight
  • Apathy

Caused by thiamine (B1) deficiency.

Damage may be in medial thalamus, mammillary bodies, or caused by general atrophy due to alcoholism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What effects did Wilder Penfield produce with electrical stimulation?

A
  • Total arrest of speech
  • Hesitation and slurring
  • Speech distortion and repetition
  • Number confusion
  • Naming difficulties
  • Misnaming and perseveration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Name and describe the three pure aphasias.

A
  • Alexia without agraphia: Poor reading. Lesion located in left lateral occipital sulcus (visual word form area).
  • Agraphia: Poor writing. Lesion located in left parietal region (supramarginal gyrus or insula).
  • Word deafness: Poor comprehension and repetition. Lesion located in tracts between auditory systems and Wernicke’s area.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What happens when you present a word in the right visual field of a split-brain patient?

A

He can read or name the word–left hemisphere dominant speech.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Describe the role of the amygdala in emotion.

A

It has a role in emotional conditioning, and may have a fear-specific function. Positive AND negative emotional verbal stimuli elicit activity in the left amygdala.

48
Q

What are the critical periods for plasticity?

A
  • Before 1: injury leads to function reduction.
  • Between 1 and 5: injury is compensated by plasticity
  • After 5: Loss of function is more evident
49
Q

Describe Alzheimer’s disease.

A

Begins with cellular damage in the medial temporal cortex. Anterograde amnesia is the first symptom.

Later damage to the temporal association and frontal cortical areas lead to retrograde amnesia.

50
Q

What happened to people with VMPFC lesions?

A

Impairment in emotion recognition, which can impact social cognition.

51
Q

Name the store for visual input.

A

Iconic store.

52
Q

Which brain structures support the executive attention function?

A

Anterior cingulate
Lateral ventral
Prefrontal cortex
Basal ganglia

53
Q

What parts of the brain compose the Papez circuit?

A

Fornix
Mammillary bodies
Anterior thalamic nuclei
Cingulate cortex

54
Q

Identify the brain structures responsible for emotion.

A
55
Q

How do you assess aphasias?

A

​Assessment tests include:

  • Auditory and visual comprehension
  • Oral and written expression
  • Conversational speech
56
Q

Describe conduction aphasia.

A

A fluent aphasia with sometimes hatling speech, but without articulatory disorders. Language errors include:

  • Phonemic paraphasias and neologisms
  • Poor repetition
  • Okay comprehension

Tends to occur as a stage in recovering from Wernicke’s aphasia. Lesion located in arcuate fasciculus.

57
Q

How is short-term memory like a relay station?

A

It sends chunks of data to long-term memory, and uses chunks of data right away and forgets them.

58
Q

Describe severe Broca’s aphasia.

A

A non-fluent aphasia with laborious articulation. Language errors include:

  • Speechlessness with recurring utterances or phonetic disintegration
  • Poor repeition

Sometimes appears with right hemiplegia in arm. Lesion located in Broca’s area.

59
Q

What are the hemispheric advantages of the right hemisphere?

A
  • Visual: nonverbal information and faces
  • Auditory: faster processing of non-verbal sounds
  • Tactile: visual matching of shapes felt by hand
60
Q

When does the decline in grey matter begin?

A

Age 7, a result of pruning.

61
Q

Describe the role of the frontal cortex in memory.

A

Activated during encoding, autobiographical retrieval and working memory tasks.

62
Q

Describe Wernicke’s aphasic patients.

A
  • The damage was on 1st temporal gyrus (left)
  • No contralateral paralysis
  • Speech was fluent but made no sense
  • Could hear, but not understand or repeat
63
Q

Complete this model of working memory.

A
64
Q

Which brain structures support the orientation function?

A

Superior parietal
Temporal parietal junction
Frontal eye fields
Superior colliculus

65
Q

What happens when you present two objects at the same time to a SB patient?

A

The patient can reach into two different bags at the same time and pull out the two objects.

66
Q

Name and define the selective attention stressors.

A

Load stress: too much information at once. Speed stress: information presented too quickly.

67
Q

What is “alien hand”?

A

A disconnection syndrome that involves either involuntary, compulsive use of things within the patient’s left hand reach; and inter-manual conflict.

68
Q

Describe global amnesia.

A

A usually transient state that involves loss of old memories and inability to form new memories.

69
Q

Name and describe the subcortical components of language.

A
  • Basal ganglia: speech articulation
  • Thalamus: cortex activation
70
Q

What is the purpose of the highlighted areas?

A

Naming tools.

71
Q

What area of the brain is activated during infant language recognition?

A

Left temporal area is activated in forward speech, but not backward speech or silence.

72
Q

Name and describe the two general types of therapies for aphasia.

A
  • Impairment-based therapies: Improving language functions via direct stimulation of specific listening, speaking, writing and reading skills.
  • Communication-based therapies: Enhance communication by any means with support from caregivers.
73
Q

Describe Herpes simplex encephalitis.

A

Media temporal lobe damage leads to anterograde amnesia.

Damage to insula and surrounding regions produces retrograde amnesia.

74
Q

Describe anomic aphasia.

A

A fluent aphasia without articulatory disorders. Language errors include:

  • Anomia
  • Occasional paraphasias
  • Difficult writing

Lesion located in inferior parietal lobe or in the connections between parietal and temporal lobes.

75
Q

Define short-term memory.

A

Temporary storage of information that is being processed in a any range of cognitive tasks.

76
Q

Define intattentioal blindness.

A

Failure to notice something during the performance of another task.

77
Q

What is selective attention?

A

Ability to maintain focus in the face of distracting stimuli.

78
Q

Describe the role of the parahippocampal gyrus in memory.

A

Role in semantic memory.

79
Q

Name the stores for the other senses.

A

Gustative, olfactory and tactile stores.

80
Q

Describe the James-Lange theory of emotion.

A

Stimulus produces physiological arousal; physical arousal leads to emotion.

81
Q

Describe the role of the basal ganglia in memory.

A

Implicit memory.

82
Q

What is the purpose of the insula in emotion?

A

Activation during emotional event, real or imagined.

83
Q

Why were lobotomies performed?

A

To deal with “psychotic” (behaviour) problems.

84
Q

What are the three categories of aphasia?

A

Fluent

Nonfluent

Pure

85
Q

What is the link between speech and handedness?

A
  • 95% of right-handed subjects are left-hemisphere speech dominant
  • 70% of left-handed and ambidextrous subjects are also left-hemisphere dominant for speech
86
Q

How long does myelination lasts?

A

Begins after birth and continues until 18 yo.

87
Q

Describe global aphasia.

A

A non-fluent aphasia with laborious articulation. Language errors include:

  • Speechlessness with recurring utterances
  • Poor comprehension
  • Poor repetition

Lesions located in perisylvian cortex: Broca’s, Wernicke’s, and deep white matter.

88
Q

What is the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in emotion?

A

Learning the emotional and motivational value of stimuli.

89
Q

Which abnormal development is this?

A

Lissencephaly

90
Q

What is divided attention?

A

Ability to do more than one task at the same time.

91
Q

During the stimulation of which areas is speech formation impaired?

A

Left frontal or temporal.

92
Q

How can we measure cerebral lateralization?

A
  • Handedness
  • Wada Test
  • Dichotic listening
  • Neuroimaging
  • Brain stimulation
93
Q

Name the five types of attention.

A

Focused Selective Sustained Alternating Divided

94
Q

What are the advantages of the left hemisphere?

A
  • Visual: verbal information and words
  • Auditory: faster processing of verbal sounds
  • Tactile: identifying letters drawn on palm
95
Q

What is micropolygyria?

A

Gyri are more numerous, smaller, and poorly developed.

96
Q

Name the three kinds of amnesia.

A

Anterograde
Retrograde
Global

97
Q

What syndrome are mammillary bodies linked to?

A

Korsakoff’s syndrome

98
Q

How is hemispheric asymmetry involved in emotion?

A

The right hemisphere is more engaged in automatic components of emotion, whilte the left hemisphere plays a role in cognitive control.

99
Q

Describe the role of the hippocampus in memory.

A

Involved in:

  • Familiar surroundings, where objects are located
  • Appointments or events
  • Daily activities
  • Memory encoding
  • Verbal and visual memory
100
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Inability to remember old memories.

101
Q

What is the purpose of the highlighted area?

A

Selecting words.

102
Q

Describe Wernicke’s aphasia (sensory aphasia).

A

A fluent aphasia without articulatory disorders. Language errors include:

  • Neologisms
  • Anomia
  • Paraphasias
  • Poor comprehension
  • Poor repetition

Patients usually unaware of deficits and behave normally. Lesion located in Wernicke’s area.

103
Q

Describe the somatic marker hypothesis for emotion.

A

Damasio developed it after studying patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage. It argues that emotion is necessary for rational decision-making.

Stimuli elicit body changes, or “somatic markers”. Stimuli-emotion associations are stored in the VMPFC, which are later called on during decision-making.

104
Q

What are the issues with sex difference research?

A

Findings are inconsistent, methods are inconsistent, there is more overlap than differences, and the differences may be sociocultural rather than biological.

105
Q

What did the Sperry split-brain studies show?

A

Not much–no deficits in lab animals. People born without a CC also had no reported deficits.

106
Q

Who was H.M.?

A

Henry Molaison, epileptic who received a bilateral hippocampectomy.

His intelligence remained intact but he had anterograde and retrograde amnesia. Participated in 55 years’ worth of experiments, mentioned in 12k journal articles.

107
Q

What is lissencephaly?

A

Brain fails to form sulci and gyri. “Lisse”

108
Q

Describe the effects of damange to the cingulate cortex.

A

Anterior cingulate cortex damage affects goal-directed behaviour.

Posterior cingulate cortex damage is associated with amnesia.

109
Q

Name which language disorder comes with each brain lesion.

A
110
Q

Complete this model of long-term memory.

A
111
Q

What is attention?

A

Awareness captured by a specific stimuli.

112
Q

Who was Lelong?

A

Another of Broca’s patients. He was 84, a groundskeeper, and could only say five words:

  • Oui
  • Non
  • Trois
  • Toujours
  • Lelo

Broca also found a lesion on the left frontal lobe.

113
Q

What is focused attention?

A

Ability to respond discretely to specific visual, auditory or tactile stimuli.

114
Q

What are the phases of synapse formation and pruning?

A
  • 1-2: generation independently of experience
  • 3: Rapid growth
  • 4: Plateau and rapid elimination (teen years)
  • 5: Plateau in middle age, decline with age
115
Q

Name the store for auditory input.

A

Echoic store.

116
Q

Describe the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions.

A

A perception/stimulus activates the thalamus. AT THE SAME TIME, the thalamus activates physiological responses and emotional experience.

117
Q

What are the right hemisphere contributions to language?

A

Mostly emotional expression, as shown in split brain and hemispherectomy studies.

Psyc351b (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions