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Bioenergetics & Cellular Metabolism > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Bioenergetics

A

Chemical process involved with the production of cellular ATP

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2
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to do work

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3
Q

Work

A

exercise (force x distance)

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4
Q

Calorie

A

The amount of energy required to raise the temp. of one kg of water to 1 degree celsius

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5
Q

bomb calorimeter

A

exercise device in water (heat) that helps directly identify how many calories burned

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6
Q

indirect calorimeter

A

measuring O2 consumption gives you the same result

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7
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed

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8
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

In every energy transformation some energy is converted into a non-useable form
Ex. some ATP in a cross-bridge is not used while some is used (~30-40% usable)

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9
Q

Free Energy

A

The energy that can be used (for things like muscle contraction (30-40%))

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10
Q

Entropy

A

Energy that is converted into the non-usable form (60-70%)

In human bodies this is heat bc heat is not usable to perform work, it only keeps us warm

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11
Q

Ultimate source of energy

A

the sun!!

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12
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Carbohydrate storage energy

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13
Q

Plant Chemicals

A

glucose, lipids, proteins

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14
Q

Nuclear Energy

A

The type of energy in the sun

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15
Q

Light energy

A

energy that travels from the sun to the earth

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16
Q

Chemical energy

A

plants are able to capture the light energy and store it chemically (we get these chemicals through ingesting the food)

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17
Q

Electrical Energy

A

action potentials that travel through t-tubules and then through the sarcolemma

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18
Q

Mechanical Energy

A

Muscle Contraction (heat)

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19
Q

Purposes of Food

A

The food we eat serves as a source of energy, regulates energy use, and helps with the formation of body structures

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20
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Composed of c, h, and o
Readily available in diet
transported in body as glucose and converted to glycogen in the liver and muscles (glycogenesis) (converted back to glucose in liver: glycogenolysis)
Stores are limited

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21
Q

How many calories are there per gram of carb?

A

Carbs have about 4 calories per gram

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22
Q

Forms of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides

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23
Q

monosaccharides

A

one (glucose)

simple sugar

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24
Q

disaccharide

A

2
linking of 2 monosaccharides
simple sugar

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25
Q

polysaccharide

A

more than 10 sugar molecules together

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26
Q

3-9 sugar molecules

A

oligosaccharide

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27
Q

Monosaccharide EX.

A

The type of monosaccharide found in the human body is glucose
Glucose is down to many as blood sugar
Glucose is found in the foods we eat and is released from more complex carbohydrates
(absolutely necessary for proper functioning of the liver system)

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28
Q

Disaccharides

A

maltose
sucrose
lactose

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29
Q

Maltose

A

Plant source of glucose

30
Q

Sucrose

A

Table sugar

31
Q

Lactose

A

dairy sugar

32
Q

Cellulose

A

indigestible by humans and consists of fibers

33
Q

starch

A

storage form of carbs in plants (similar to glycogen)

34
Q

Glycogen

A

liver/skeletal muscles; storage form of glucose for humans and animals

35
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Conversion of glycogen to glucose

36
Q

Fats (Lipids)

A

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Contain more energy per unit weight than carbohydrate or proteins (9 cals per gram w lipids)
Found in plant and animal foods (red meats, avocado, coconut)
Provide energy at rest and during prolonged, low-intensity exercise (aerobic exercise uses fats (lipids) through rest it inhibits fats)

37
Q

Types of Fats

A

Simple Fats
Compound Fats
Derived Fats

38
Q

Simple fats

A

Triglycerides

39
Q

Compounds Fats

A

Phospholipids
Lipoproteins(protein covering the transport form)
Some lipoproteins are healthy and some are unhealthy

40
Q

Derived Fats

A

Cholesterol
Steroids
Many steroids and hormones are derived from cholesterol

41
Q

Structure of Triglycerides

A

Backbones: glycerol (form of alcohol)
plus 3 different fatty acids
R1, R2, R3 (fatty acids)
Fatty acids have a lot of energy for ATP production

Triglycerides are the main storage form of fat
Both the glycerol and fatty acids may be used for energy (most fat is stored in fat cells)
Droplets of fat located in skeletal muscle
Type 1 fibers store more fat

42
Q

Structure of Fatty Acid

A

High ratio of Hydrogen to Oxygen

H carries more energy for fat

43
Q

Body Stores of Fats

A

Subcutaneous fat: underneath the skin

Visceral: surround the organs

44
Q

Body stores of fuels and energy

A

everyone has more fats than carbohydrates
37,000 calories need to run a marathon
you cannot use fat/protein unless you’re simultaneously using carbs
using fats better means less carbohydrates

45
Q

Proteins

A

composed of AA’s
Contain nitrogen, in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Primarily used to form body structures but may also be used for energy

Can be synthesized into 20 AA’s

46
Q

Leucine

A 
Triggers protein synthesis within the skeletal muscles
#1 AA used in exercise
47
Q

Protein use for energy

A

Glucose-Alanine Cycle (glyco: glucose / neo: new / genesis: to create)

To create carbs from non-carbs sources
Alanine: non-carb source

Good during aerobic exercise
Its all about sparing and making new cabs

48
Q

Leucine (2)

A

Leucine is the most common AA used
We take AA and transfer it’s AA group from pyruvate and alanine
liver removes nitrogen

Leucine to make alanine to make glucose

49
Q

ATP Molecule

A

energy is the glue that holds this together
myosin ATPase is built into the myosin head
we are transforming energy (the bulk of it is 60-70% heat)
30-40% free energy is used)

50
Q

Coupled Reactions

A

Energy released from 1 reaction is used for another reaction that uses energy

51
Q

Metabolism

A

sum total of chemical reactions occurring in the body

52
Q

Exergonic Reactions

A

Release Energy

53
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

Requires Energy

54
Q

Catabolism

A 
To breakdown (fats, carbs, proteins)
Exergonic
55
Q

Anabolism

A

To create (fats, carbs, proteins)
Endergonic
(muscle contractions)

56
Q

ATP (2)

A

Atp is available for energy rapidly but is stored in limited amounts
The amount of ATP stored in the body can sustain maximal exercise for only a few seconds
Because of ATP’s limited availability, other sources of energy must be available in the cell to replenish ATP

57
Q

Enzyme

A

protein that serves as a catalyst (makes things happen)
in order for a chemical reaction to occur, it requires energy
enzymes work by lowering the amount of activation energy
not changed but the chemical reactions they are in
Only react with one reactant called a substrate

58
Q

Activation Energy

A

Amount of energy must be added to make a reaction go

59
Q

Naming of Enzymes

A

Names end with the suffix “are”
Kinases
Dehydrogenases
Isomerases (Rearranges whats already there)

60
Q

Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

A

Temperature (when you exercise, muscle temp increases)
Acidity (high intensity exercise using includes an increase in acidity of blood
Co-Factors (metal ions that bind to the enzyme, making the active site properly shaped)
Co-Enzymes (vitamin derivatives that bind to enzyme making the site properly shaped)

61
Q

Energy Systems

A

Provide energy to resynthesizes ATP
ATP > ADP + P + energy
all 3 of these are active in every moment of your life

Phosphagen System: involves transfer of phosphate from one compound to the other
Lactic Acid System
Aerobic System

62
Q

Phosphagen System

A

ATP-PC; ATP-PCr; ATP-CP; Immediate energy system
Simplest energy system
Anaerobic (close proximity to the myofibrils)
Occurs in cytoplasm
High power, low capacity
Quickly reforms ATP from ADP + Pi

63
Q

Power

A

how quickly an energy system that makes ATP = mole ATP /min.

64
Q

Capacity

A

How much ATP it makes = moles ATP

65
Q

Recreating ATP with PCr

A

Most of us store about 3-5x as much phosphocreatine as we do ATP

66
Q

Regulation of Phosphagen System

A

Depends on regulatory enzyme Regulatory enzyme is creatine kinase
(CK)
Factors affecting CK include
– [ATP] – [ADP]

67
Q

Capacity and Power of Phosphagen System

A

Capacity – 1 mole (The capacity is limited by the muscle storage of phosphocreatine)

Power – 4 moles / minute

Diet and anaerobic training exercise increases phosphocreatine and frees their expansion

68
Q

Types of Exercise Supported by Phosphagen System

A

Jumping
Sprinting
Throwing Events in Track and Field Weightlifting and Powerlifting
Hitting and Throwing in Baseball/Softball

69
Q

Summary of Phosphagen System

A

Provides energy for activities lasting from 10 to 15 seconds
It is somewhat important for activities lasting 30 to 90 seconds
It does not contribute heavily to activities lasting more than 90 seconds

70
Q

Creatine Supplementation

A

Creatine supplementation (e.g., 20 g/day) increases PCr concentrations in the muscle

Increased strength, hypertrophy, and delay of fatigue have been reported

Anecdotal reports of side effects include nausea, gastrointestinal distress, and cramping

Long-term negative effects are unknown

71
Q

Lactic Acid System

A

Anaerobic glycolysis; Fast glycolysis
Anaerobic

Uses only carbohydrates (glucose) to form ATP Occurs in cytoplasm

Moderate power, moderate capacity

This system existed on earth before oxygen existed on earth (“billions” of years old)

Slower than the phosphagen system
Makes more ATP but it does it slower

72
Q

Glycolysis

A

The stepwise, enzymatically- controlled degradation of glucose (a 6 carbon carbohydrate molecule) that leads to either:
– two pyruvic acid molecules (10 steps),
– two lactic acid molecules (11 steps)

The result is the transfer of energy from glucose to rejoin ADP and Pi (formation of ATP)

Bioenergetics & Cellular Metabolism (2 decks)

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