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Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in the nervous system?

A
  • all neural tissue
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • eye and the ear
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2
Q

CNS structure includes:

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

PNS structure includes:

A
  • 12 pair of cranial nerves
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerves
    • 8 cervical
    • 12 thoracic
    • 5 lumbar
    • 5 sacral
    • 1 coccygeal
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4
Q

What are the three parts of the nervous system?

A

Somatic

Autonomic (Consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions)

Enteric (neurons that extend the entire length of gastrointestinal tract)

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5
Q

What is the difference between afferent and efferent?

A

Afferent: to the CNS from somatic and special sensory receptors

Efferent: from the CNS to the effector organ

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6
Q

Which cranial nerves are sensory, motor, or both?

A

I sensory

II sensory

III motor

IV motor

V both

VI motor

VII both

VIII sensory

IX both

X both

XI motor

XII motor

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7
Q

Ptosis

A

is an abnormally low position (drooping) of the upper eyelid

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8
Q

What is strabismus? What is the name of the test?

A

Eyes are not properly aligned with each other.

Hirschberg test.

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9
Q

What is diplopia?

A

double vision

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10
Q

What are the branches of nerve V? Are they sensory, motor, or both?

A

Ophthalmic (sensory)

Maxillary (sensory)

Mandibular (both)

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11
Q

What is nerve VIII?

What is the name of the test?

What is it used for?

A

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Caloric stimulation

to test which uses differences in temperature to diagnose ear nerve damage as a cause of dizziness or vertigo.

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12
Q

How to test for nerve X?

A

…say “Aah”, watch the movement of the soft palate and pharynx. The soft palate should rise symmetrically and the uvula should remain in the midline.

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13
Q

CN XI – Accessory Nerve Testing

A

Resisted head and shoulder shrug

Resisted turning of the head Paralysis of trapezius and SCM

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14
Q

XII – Hypoglossal Nerve Testing

A

Have person stick out the tongue, look for atrophy, asymmetry or deviation from the midline Swallowing and speech difficulty, tongue deviates to the side of damage.

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15
Q

What condition is caused by damage to Facial nerve?

A

Decreased tearing and salivation, loss of taste sensation, Bell’s Palsy

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16
Q

What condition is caused by damage to Vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Loss of balance, nausea; deafness

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17
Q

What condition is caused by damage to Glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Reduced salivary secretion, loss of taste

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18
Q

What condition is caused by damage to Vagus nerve?

A

Complete/partial loss of voice, difficulty in swallowing, impaired GI system mobility

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19
Q

What condition is caused by damage to Accessory nerve?

A

Paralysis of trapezius and SCM

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20
Q

What condition is caused by damage to Hypoglossal nerve?

A

Swallowing and speech difficulty, tongue deviates to the side of damaged nerve

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21
Q

What condition is caused by damage to Olfactory nerve?

A

Anosmia (partial or total loss of smell)

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22
Q

What condition is caused by damage to Optic nerve?

A

Anopsia (visual defects)

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23
Q

What condition is caused by damage to Oculomotor nerve?

A

Oculomotor Ptosis, strabismus, diplopia

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24
Q

What condition is caused by damage to Trochlear nerve?

A

Strabismus (eyes not parallel)

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25
Q

What condition is caused by damage to Trigeminal nerve?

A

Trigeminal neuralgia (pulsating pain)

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26
Q

What condition is caused by damage to Abducens nerve?

A

Diplopia

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27
Q

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

A
  • caused by compression of the median nerve
  • inflammation of the flexor retinaculum, anterior dislocations of the lunate bone, inflammation of the tendon and its sheath by fibers of the flexor retinaculum
  • leads to pain and paresthesia
  • may also cause atrophy of the thenar muscles
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28
Q

Brachial plexus upper trunk injury.

A

Erb palsy: caused by a birth injury during breech delivery results in a loss of abduction, flexion and lateral rotation of the arm, producing a waiter’s tip hand (in IR due to paralysis of external rotators - suprascapular)

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29
Q

Brachial plexus lower trunk injury.

A

Klumpke’s paralysis: may be caused by a difficult breech delivery, by a cervical rib, abnormal insertion or spasm of the anterior and middle scalene, results in a claw hand (– ulnar nerve)

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30
Q

Brachial plexus posterior cord injury.

A

caused by pressure of a crutch results in loss of function of the extensors of the arm, forearm, and hand produces wrist drop (- radial nerve)

31
Q

Brachial plexus long thoracic nerve injury.

A

caused by a stab wound results in paralysis of the serratus anterior and inability to elevate the arm above the horizontal produces a winged scapula (- long thoracic)

32
Q

Injury to dorsal scapular nerve

A

caused by entrapment by middle scalenes results in lack of scapular stability, pain

33
Q

Injury to the musculocutaneous nerve

A

results in weakness of supination and elbow flexion

34
Q

Injury to the axillary nerve

A

caused by a fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus or inferior dislocation of the humerus results in weakness of ER and abd of arm

35
Q

Injury to the radial nerve

A

is caused by a fracture of the midshaft of the humerus results in loss of function in the extensors of the forearm, hand, metacarpals, and phalanges produces wrist drop and no cutaneous sensation in area of anatomical snuff-box (area of isolated supply)

36
Q

Injury to the ulnar nerve

A

is caused by a fracture of the medial epicondyle results in claw hand results in loss of abd/add of the fingers, flex of MCPjoints (paralysis of the palmar and dorsal interossei and medial 2 lumbricals - intrinsics) produces a wasted hypothenar eminence and palm loss of adduction of the thumb

37
Q

Injury to the median nerve

A

may be caused by a medial supracondylar fracture of the humerus or a compression in the carpal tunnel results in loss of pronation, opposition of the thumb, flexion of medial 2 IPjoints flattening of thenar eminence (ape hand) inability to flex first 3 fingers (benediction hand)

38
Q

Damage of the femoral nerve

A

causes impaired flexion of the hip and impaired extension of the knee (paralysis of quads); also innervates pectineus and sartorius

39
Q

Damage of the obturator nerve

A

causes weakness of adduction and lateral swinging of the limb during walking (unopposed abductors)

40
Q

Damage of the sciatic nerve

A

causes impaired extension at the hip and impaired flexion at the knees, loss of DF, PF at ankle and EV, IV of foot (—> gait!)

41
Q

Damage of the common fibular nerve

A

causes paralysis of DF and EV results in foot drop and loss of sensation on dorsum and lateral aspect of foot

42
Q

Damage of the deep fibular nerve

A

results in foot drop and characteristic high-stepping gait

43
Q

Damage to the superficial fibular nerve

A

no foot drop but loss of eversion of the foot

44
Q

Damage of the tibial nerve

A

causes loss of PF of foot and impaired inversion (tib post) causes shuffling gait because of difficulties with getting the heel off the ground results in characteristic clawing of the toes

45
Q

Posterior cord branches?

A

ULTRA Upper subscapular nerve Lower subscapular nerve Thoracodorsal nerve Radial nerve Axillary nerves

46
Q

Which cell bodies are found in nerves III, VII, IX, and X?

A

Parasympathetic cell bodies

47
Q

Dermatomes vs Peripheral nerves

A

Dermatomes– are representative of a generalized tract that represents a single nerve root Peripheral nerves– are made up of multiple nerve roots and usually innervate a certain area on the body (i.e. medial brachial cutaneous nerve supplies the medial upper arm)

48
Q

For dermatomes, in the head and trunk, each segment is horizontally disposed, except ___, which has ____ component

A
  • C1
  • no sensory
49
Q

Radial nerve pathology.

A

wrist drop (extensors don’t get innervated)

50
Q

Median nerve pathology.

A

ape hand or bishop’s hand or benediction hand (flexors of first 3 fingers don’t get innervated)

51
Q

Ulnar nerve pathology.

A

claw hand (intrinsics don’t get innervated)

52
Q

Where is the distribution of cutaneous nerves in the hand?

53
Q

Axillary perilous points of passage.

A
  • fracture of surgical neck.
  • dislocation of humerous
  • intramuscular injections
54
Q

Radial nerve points of passage.

A
  • Midshaft fracture
  • Subluxation of radius
  • Incorrect use of crutch
55
Q

Recurrent branch of median nerve perilus points of passage.

A
  • Superficial laceration
56
Q

Median nerve perilous point of passage.

A
  • Compression in carpal tunnel syndrome
  • Dislocated lunate
  • Compressed by supracondylar fracture of humerus
  • Pronator teres syndrome
57
Q

C7 perilous point of passage.

A
  • Compressed by cervcal disk lession.
58
Q

Lower trunk of brachial plexus perilous point of passage.

A
  • Compressed by cervical rib
  • pancoast tumor of lung
  • (leads to klumpke’s palsy)
59
Q

What is the difference between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons?

A
  • Preganglionic (presynaptic, myelinated)
    • Bodies in the CNS end in autonomic ganglion
  • Postganglionic (postsynaptic, unmyelinated)
    • Synapse with preganglionic neurons and travel to various effectors
60
Q

Where do you find preganglionic cell bodies?

A

lateral horns of the gray mater of the spinal cord from T1 to L2

61
Q

Shoulder Abduction

62
Q

Elbow Flexion

Elbow Extension

A

C5, 6, musculocutaneous

C7, 8

63
Q

Forearm Pronation

64
Q

Wrist Extension

65
Q

Hand Intrinsics

66
Q

Hip flexion, internal rotation, and adduction

Hip Extension, external rotation, and abduction

A

L2, 3

L4, 5 S1

67
Q

Ankle Dorsi Flexion

Akle Plantar Flexion

A

L4, 5

S1, 2

68
Q

Knee Extension

Knee Flexion

A

L3, 4

L5, S1

69
Q

Great Toe Extension

70
Q

Intrinsic muslces of the foot

71
Q

dermatomes of the limbs from the _____ to the _____ and from the _____ to the _____ extend as a series of bands from the midline of the trunk posteriorly into the limbs

A

C5, T1

L3, S2

72
Q

What is the dermatomes for:

C5

C6

C7

C8

A

C5: ant/lat arm

C6: thumb

C7: 3rd digit

C8: 5th digit

73
Q

What are the dermatomes for:

L3

L4

L5

S1

A

L3: medial knee

L4: medial ankle

L5: dorsum of foot

S1: lateral ankle

74
Q

Which nerve innervates the deep peroneal?

A

Common fibular

AA Exam 2 (2 decks)

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