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General Pathology 2017 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which conditions favor tissue repair by fibrosis following injury?

a. lack of renewable cell population
b. prolonged/severe injury
c. minimal exudate
d. A, B
e. A, B, C

A

d. A, B

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2
Q

Which tissues are highly susceptible to repair by fibrosis or scarring because they lack dividing renewable cell populations?

a. renal tubular epithelium
b. myocardial myocytes
c. cerebral cortical neurons
d. A, B, C
e. B, C

A

e. B, C

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3
Q

Histamine increases vascular permeability at the level of the capillaries & venues through the mechanism of:

a. endothelial cell contraction
b. endothelial cell damage
c. increased transcytosis
d. induces endothelial proliferation

A

a. endothelial cell contraction

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4
Q

Neutrophil-endothelial surface molecules mediating “rolling”:***

a. integrin (CD11/CD18) - selectin
b. Sialyl Lewis X - selectin
c. integrin (CD11/CD18) - ICAM-1
d. PECAM-1 (CD31) - PECAM-1 (CD31)

A

b. Sialyl Lewis X - selectin

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5
Q 
Holstein cattle and Irish Setter dogs have mutations in which molecules to develop leukocyte adhesion molecule deficiency?
a. selectin
b. ICAM-1
c. integrin (CD18)
d. PECAM-1 (CD31) 
E. Sialyl-Lewis X glycoprotein
A

c. integrin (CD18)

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6
Q

An inflammatory process that is long lived, can divide locally in tissue and regulates immune and repair responses:

a. neutrophil
b. eosinophil
c. macrophages
d. platelet
e. B and C

A

c. macrophages

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7
Q

Macrophage dominated (granulomatous) inflammatory reactions are often induced by:

a. fungi
b. nematode parasite
c. bacteria (non-mycobacteria)
d. mycobacteria
e. toxins

A

c. bacteria (non-mycobacteria)?

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8
Q

Suppurative inflammatory reactions are often induced by:

a. fungi
b. nematode parasites
c. bacteria (non-mycobacteria)
d. mycobacteria
e. toxins

A

c. bacteria (non-mycobacteria)

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9
Q

Which type of inflammatory cell is often associated with liquefactive necrosis?

a. lymphocyte
b. neutrophil
c. macrohage
d. eosinophil
e. mast cell

A

c. macrohage

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10
Q

Inciting stimuli of granulomatous inflammation are:

a. particulates resisting lysosomal degradation
b. persisting molecules that stimulate T-cell hypersensitivity
c. stimuli that are chemotactic for macrophages and neutrophils
d. A, B
e. A, B, C

A

d. A, B

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11
Q

Inflammatory cells central to granulomatous inflammation?

a. macrophages
b. epithelial cells
c. multinucleated giant cells
d. A, B, C
e. A, B

A

e. A, B

epithelioid NOT epithelial

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12
Q

Granulomatous inflammation is almost always acute or chronic?

A

chronic

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13
Q

Which of the following is an etiologic diagnosis?
A. Johne’s disease
B. Intestinal mycobacteriosis
C. Chronic diffuse granulomatous enteritis
D. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis

A

B. Intestinal mycobacteriosis

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14
Q 
Which of the following are derived from macrophages in a granulomatous inflammatory response?
A. Epithelial cells
B. Epithelioid cells
C. Multinucleated giant cells 
D. A and B
A

C. Multinucleated giant cells

or B and C if an option

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15
Q 
Signs of inflammation recognized by the Roman Celsus in 30 A.D. are? 
A. Redness and Swelling
B. Heat and Pain
C. Loss of function
D. A and B
E. A, B and C
A

D. A and B

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16
Q 
Which of the following inflammatory cells releases major basic protein to effectively kill pathogenic organisms?
A. Neutrophils
B. Eosinophils
C. Macrophages 
D. Lymphocytes 
E. Mast cells
A

B. Eosinophils

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17
Q

Which of the following molecules is expressed on endothelial cells to mediate firm adhesion of neutrophils after rolling and prior to transmigration?
A. Selectins
B. Integrins (e.g., CD11a/CD18)
C. Sialyl-Lewis-X
D. Intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM-1)
E. PECAM-1 (CD34)

A

D. Intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM-1)

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18
Q

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency in Irish Setter Dogs is due to a missense mutation in? A. Selectin
B. Sialyl-Lewis-X
C. Integrins (e.g., CD11a/CD18)
D. Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) E. PECAM-1 (CD34)

A

C. Integrins (e.g., CD11a/CD18)

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19
Q 
The most reliable histologic indicator of chronicity in an inflammatory reaction in tissue is?
A. Presence of neutrophils
B. Presence of macrophages
C. Presence of lymphocytes 
D. Presence of fibrosis
A

D. Presence of fibrosis

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20
Q 
An increase in cell number associated with an increase in organ size is? 
A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Hypoplasia
D. Metaplasia
E. Hyperplasia
A

E. Hyperplasia

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21
Q 
An increase in cell size associated with an increase in organ size is? 
A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Hypoplasia
D. Metaplasia
E. Hyperplasia
A

A. Hypertrophy

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22
Q 
A three day old foal with a small thymus might have which thymic disturbance of growth? 
A. Atrophy
B. Hypoplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. A or B
E. A or C
A

D. A or B

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23
Q 
Testicular Sertoli cell tumors in dogs occasionally induce which of the following disturbances of
growth in prostatic epithelium?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Hypoplasia
D. Metaplasia
E. Hyperplasia
A

D. Metaplasia

24
Q 
Which of the following is a malignant neoplasm of smooth muscle? 
A. Hemangioma
B. Leiomyoma
C. Leiomyosarcoma
D. Rhabdomyoma
E. Rhabdomyosarcoma
A

C. Leiomyosarcoma

25
Q

All of the following are important diagnostic criteria for benign and malignant tumors EXCEPT?
A. Compression/disturbance of function in surrounding tissue
B. Differentiation / anaplasia
C. Rate of growth
D. Local invasiveness
E. Metastasis

A

A. Compression/disturbance of function in surrounding tissue

26
Q 
A malignant neoplasm of urinary bladder epithelium is called?
A. Mesothelioman
B. Teratoma
C. Cystandenocarcinoma??
D. Transitional cell carcinoma
E. Choriocarcinoma
A

D. Transitional cell carcinoma

27
Q 
Common mutations in genes associated with cancer include all of the following EXCEPT? 
A. Apoptosis regulating genes
B. Cytochrome P450 expression genes
C. Proto‐oncogenes
D. Tumor suppressor genes
E. DNA repair genes
A

B. Cytochrome P450 expression genes

28
Q 
Which of the following is highly expressed in malignant neoplastic cells to promote angiogenesis? (2
points)(p173)
A. TNF‐alpha
B. VEGF
C. Collagenase
D. p53
E. TGF‐alpha
A

B. VEGF

29
Q 
Which of the following are proto‐oncogenes that are commonly mutated in cancer?
A. RAS
B. PDGFBp
C. ERBB1 (EGFR)
D. p53
E. A, B, C
A

D. p53

30
Q 
The gene that serves as the “Guardian of the Genome” to block growth of mutated cells and control
DNA repair is?
A. p53
B. K‐RAS
C. Cytochrome c
D. VEGF
E. Telomerase
A

A. p53

31
Q 
Which of the following enzymes play a role in tumor cell breakdown of extracellular matrix in
invasion and metastasis? 
A. Plasminogen activator
B. Matrix metalloproteases
C. Phospholipases
D. A, B
E. A, B, C
A

D. A, B

32
Q

Which of the following proteins is broken down in epithelial cells to mediate loosening of
intercellular junctions prior to invasion/metastasis?
A. TP53
B. ICAM‐1
C. CD11
D. E‐cadherin
E. Fibronectin

A

D. E‐cadherin

33
Q 
Tumor cells evade immunologic destruction by all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT?
A. Produce immunosuppressive molecules
B. Upregulate tumor suppressor genes
C. Develop antigen negative variants
D. Reduce MHC molecule expression
E. A, B
A

B. Upregulate tumor suppressor genes

34
Q 
Hypercalcemia in apocrine gland adenocarcinoma of the anal sac in dogs is mediated by?
A. PGE2
B. IL‐1
C. IL‐2
D. PTH
E. PTHrP
A

E. PTHrP

35
Q 
Which of the following proteins is important in mediating cancer cachexia? 
A. TNF‐α
B. Proteolysis inducing factor
C. p53
D. KRAS oncogene protein
E. A,B
A

E. A,B

36
Q 
Chronic inflammatory reactions in most tissues in the body are usually characterized by which of the
following processes? 
A. Neutrophil chemotaxis
B. Basophil infiltration
C. Mast cell hyperplasia
D. Fibrinous response
E. Fibrosis
A

E. Fibrosis

37
Q

Which of the following factors or processes favors repair by fibrosis rather than by regeneration?
A. Severe/prolonged injury
B. Large amounts of exudate
C. Availability of adequate renewable/stem cells
D. A, B
E. A,B,C

A

D. A, B

38
Q 
One of the mechanisms contributing to effective parasite larval killing by eosinophils is?
A. Superoxide anion
B. Hydroxyl radical
C. Lipid peroxides
D. Major basic protein
E. Ferrous iron production
A

D. Major basic protein

39
Q 
Which is an inflammatory cell that is long‐lived, can divide locally in tissue and regulates immune
and repair responses? 
A. Neutrophil
B. Eosinophil
C. Macrophage
D. Platelet
E. B and C
A

C. Macrophage

40
Q 
Which of the following cells release vasoactive amines and arachidonic acid metabolites to
upregulate inflammatory reactions?
A. Mast cell
B. Neutrophil
C. Lymphocyte
D. Macrophage
E. A and B
A

A. Mast cell

41
Q 
Which of the following cells release vasoactive amines and arachidonic acid metabolites to
upregulate inflammatory reactions?
A. Mast cell
B. Neutrophil
C. Lymphocyte
D. Macrophage
E. A and B
A

A. Mast cell

42
Q 
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency has been described in which of the following?
A. Holstein cattle
B. Labrador Retriever dogs
C. Irish Setter dogs
D. A and B
E. A and C
A

E. A and C

43
Q 
Which of the following pathogenetic mechanisms of edema contribute most significantly to protein-rich edema fluid in inflammatory reactions? 
A. Increased hydrostatic pressure
B. Increased vascular permeability
C. Decrease capillary oncotic pressure
D. Lymphatic obstruction
E. Increased sodium retention
A

B. Increased vascular permeability

44
Q

Which molecules on leukocytes (L) and endothelial cells (E) respectively mediate leukocyte adhesion
on endothelial cells preceding transmigration during inflammation?
A. L:integrin (CD11/CD18) and E: ICAM‐1
B. E: integrin (CD11/CD18) and L: ICAM‐1
C. L:Sialy‐Lewis X‐modified glycoprotein and E: E‐selectin
D. E:Sialy‐Lewis X‐modified glycoprotein and L: E‐selectin
E. A and C

A

A. L:integrin (CD11/CD18) and E: ICAM‐1

45
Q

Inciting stimuli of granulomatous inflammation are?
A. Particulates resisting lysosomal degradation
B. Persisting molecules that stimulate T‐cell hypersensitivity
C. Stimuli that are chemotactic for neutrophils
D. A, B
E. A, B, C

A

D. A, B

46
Q 
Firm binding of neutrophils to endothelial cells prior to migration out of vessels into sites of inflammation is mediated by upregulation of which of the following molecules on neutrophils?
A. VCAM-1
B. ICAM-1
C. Integrins (e.g., CD11/CD18)
D. E-selectins
E. A and B
A

C. Integrins (e.g., CD11/CD18)

47
Q 
The histologic hallmark of a chronic inflammatory reaction is:
A. Macrophages
B. Plasma cells
C. Neutrophils
D. Fibrinous exudate 
E. Fibrosis
A

E. Fibrosis

48
Q

cute inflammatory reactions are often characterized histologically by accumulation of large numbers of both necrotic and non-necrotic neutrophils due to all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Neutrophils are highly motile
B. Neutrophils respond to a wide array of chemotactic factors
C. Neutrophils have a half life less than 24 hours
D. Neutrophils release chemotactic factors that can recruit other neutrophils
E. None of the above

A

E. None of the above

49
Q 
All of the following cells can be derived from monocytes EXCEPT:
A. Macrophages
B. Multinucleated giant cells
C. Epithelial cells
D. Epithelioid cells
E. C and D
A

C. Epithelial cells

50
Q

Which of the following is a morphologic diagnosis?
A. Cutaneous acariasis
B. Johne’s disease
C. Acute multifocal suppurative hepatitis
D. Escherichia coli
E. A and C

A

C. Acute multifocal suppurative hepatitis

51
Q 
ecrosis in which of the following tissues is most likely to lead to repair by fibrosis?
A. Myocardium 
B. Lung
C. Liver
D. Epidermis
E. Bone marrow
A

A. Myocardium

52
Q 
Which of the following cells releases both vasoactive amines and arachidonic acid metabolites to regulate inflammation?
A. Neutrophil 
B. Macrophage 
C. Lymphocyte 
D. Eosinophil 
E. Mast cell
A

E. Mast cell

53
Q 
Which of the following events promote repair by fibrosis?
A. Loss of basement membrane
B. Abundant necrotic exudate
C. Lack of renewable cell population 
D. Long duration of tissue injury
E. All of the above
A

E. All of the above

54
Q 
Necrosis of epithelium and associated defect below the basement membrane defines:
A. Erosion
B. Ulcer
C. Infarct
D. Granuloma
E. Arthus reaction
A

B. Ulcer

55
Q 
Pulmonary tuberculosis in rhesus monkeys is characterized by which of the following inflammatory lesions?
A. Granulomatous inflammation 
B. Simple granulomas
C. Complex granulomas
D. Caseation necrosis
E. All of the above
A

E. All of the above

56
Q

5 signs of inflammation

A 
Pain
Redness
Swelling
Heat
Loss of function

General Pathology 2017 (2 decks)

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