Exam 2

Question 1

Hegemonic Masculinity

Answer 1

The historically dominant, socially constructed form of masculinity; characterized by phsical prowess, individuality, aggressive heterosexuality, and inderpendence; against which other forms of masculinity are measured. (223)

Question 2

Masculinity

Answer 2

Replaced the term manliness in describing appropriate male behavior and identity. (222)

Question 3

Critical Feminism

Answer 3

1. It views gender neither as an individual variable (liberal feminism) nor as a natural, stable feature of women and men (radical feminism) but, rather, as a socially constructed phenomenon that is subject to change.
2. Views gender as an organizational variable that can be isolated and studied separately from other organizational phenomena; rather, gender is seen as an integral and constructive feature of daily organizational life.
3. Focuses on the ways organization members “do gender.”
4. Gender as an ongoing accomplishment of both women and men. (216)

Question 4

Radical Feminism

Answer 4

1. Women are valued because of what are seen as their natural characterisitics: nurturance, emotionality, caring, connection, etc.; which are viewed as superior t omasculine tendencies of rationality, independence, hierarchy, and individualism.
2. Women can fully realize their possibillities only through the creation of social structures and institutions free from patriarchal values and ideologies.
3. There is no such thing as an organization not interconnected with many different organizations and its environment. (215)

Question 5

Homosocial Reproduction

Answer 5

The tendency of the dominant men in organizations to reproduce themselves in their own image through their hiring practices. (210)

Question 6

Tokenism

Answer 6

A condition in which a person is visibly identified as a minority in a dominant culture. These people are identified as representative of their minority groups, and any failure is viewed as a failing of the minority group to which they belong. Tokenism is a creation of the perceptual and communication practices of those who shape the dominant culture of the organization.

Question 7

Glass Escalator

Answer 7

The experience of faster upward mobility of men in traditionally female occupations.

Question 8

Glass Ceiling

Answer 8

An invisible institutional barrier that limits professional women’s progress into upper echelons of an organization.

Question 9

Liberal Feminism

Answer 9

An approach to gender and power that focuses on creating equal opportunities for women in all spheres of life; work, home, and education.

Question 10

Feminism

Answer 10

A “discourse of empowerment” that sees reality as socially constructed through gender-based communication processes that have mostly excluded women from participation in organizations and institutions; need to empower women in order to escape oppression.