Exam 2 Flashcards
What is focused mode
Highly attentive status: concentration utilized prefrontal cortex of the brain
What is diffused mode?
Resting state network, working quietly in the background on something you are not actively focused on
What are the 5 motives for communication with a professor
Relative (develop relationship), functional(course related), excuse-making, participation, sycophancy(kiss up)
What are some ways to improve a study group?
1) avoid social-loafing
2) keep it small
3) accountability of participants
4) use incentives
What is identity status theory?
Ones sense of identity as being determined largely by choices and commitments
What are the four identity statuses?
Identity diffusion, moratorium, foreclosure, and achievement
What is identity diffusion
Situation where individuals have not made any firm commitment and do not plan to (no crisis, no commitment)
What is identity moratorium
Alternative choices are considered. Exploring but no commitments have been made (crisis, no commitment)
What is identity foreclosure?
Individuals select some convenient set of believes or goals without carefully considering stable commitment (no crisis, commitment)
What is identity achievement?
Individuals resolve the identity crisis and settles on the relatively stable commitment (crisis, commitment)
Productivity pyramid? (Bottom to top)
Governing values - long-range goals - intermediate goals - daily task
What is a goal
Whatever an individual is striving to accomplish
What are the three goal properties
Specificity, proximity, difficulty
What are the 5 steps to goal setting?
1) identify and define goal
2) generate and evaluate alternative goals
3) make implantation plans
4) implement the plan
5) evaluate your success
What is a SMART goal?
Specific, Measurable, Action-oriented, Realistic, Time-bound
What are the four parts of a habit?
cue, routine, reward, belief
What is mental contrasting?
Comparing where you are now to what you want to achieve or be (visualization, visual board)
What are the four lobes of the brain?
Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
Frontal lobe is responsible for what functions
Conscience thinking, language, reasoning, planning, decision making, self-monitoring
Parietal lobe is responsible for what functions
Paying attention, processing word sounds
Occipital lobe is responsible for what functions
Interpreting and remembering visual information
Temporal lobe is responsible for what functions
Interpreting and remembering auditory information. Long Term Memory lies here
2 hemispheres and their functions
Left - language, reading, mathematical calculations (details)
Right - visual and spatial processing (bigger concepts)
What is Neuroplasticity
Learning new skills = areas of the brain that are responsible for these skills become denser w/ neural tissue (growth)
What are Dwecks 4 steps to fixed and growth mindset
1) hear your mindset voice
2) recognize you have a choice
3) respond to fixed w/ growth voice
4) take growth mindset actions
What is the information processing system
Explains how information can be acquired or lost. Identifies how our brain stores, encodes and retrieves information
What is the process of the IPS
Input - STSS - Pay attention - WM - Rehearsal - Elaborate and connect to prior knowledge - Store info in LTM
What is STSS
Short term sensory store - part of IPS that briefly stores info from senses
What is WM
Working memory - part of IPS that active processing of info takes place in
What 3 things can happen to information in the WM
1) lost or forgotten
2) info can be retained in WM for a short period of time by repetition
3) info can be transferred to LTM by specific learning strategies
In what two ways is WM limited
1) capacity
2) duration
What is the 7+_2?
WM of an Adult can only hold 5-9 chunks of information at once
What is chunking
Pieces of information bound together through meaning. Greater amount of info can be retained in working memory using this method
What is Maintained rehearsal
Repetition strategies to keep info active in WM
What is LTM
Long term memory - part of the IPS that holds information for a long time (unlimited capacity)
What are the 7 flaws in human memory?
Transience, absent-mindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility, bias, persistence
What is transience
Failure to remember a fact or idea (mindfart)
What is absent-mindedness
Breakdown between attention and memory (setting keys down and leaving w/o them)
What is blocking
Unsuccessful search for information (can’t remember someone’s name)
What is misattribution
Wrong memory to wrong source (when sally told you info but you mistaken by saying that Jenna said it)
Suggestibility
Memories that are implanted due to leading questions, comments, suggestions (police)
What is Bias
Changes of pervious info based on our current feelings (remembering a relationship and on the bad parts so you say it was terrible)
What is persistence
Remembering what we prefer to omit from our memory (racing thoughts at night, fight or flight, released chemicals, anxiety) (can’t stop thinking of an event at night)
What is rote learning
Learning through repetition without gaining deep understanding of material
What is meaningful learning
Making sense of info to be stored in LTM
4 learning strategies
Mnemonic(memory and aid to help encoding), rehearsal(note cards note taking copying material), elaboration(summarizing notemaking answering questions) , organizational (selecting main ideas outlining mapping)
What is distributed practice
Perfected over massed practice frequent and short periods of studying (pomodoro)
What is massed practice
Cramming, short period of time
What is rehearsal strategies
Copying material verbatim note taking reciting info underlining material
What is elaboration strategies
Connecting LTM to new details, examples, summaries
What is acronyms
First letter of each word to form a memorable word or saying
What is organizational strategies
Mapping, organizing into categories
Are brains malleable
Yes they are able to change
What is a good technique to store INFO into LTM
spaced repetition- repeat what you are trying to retain by spacing repetition out over a number of days (this gives time for synaptic connections to form and strengthen)
3 steps to chunking
1) focus attention on info
2) understand the basic idea
3) gain context so you see not just how but also when to use the chunk
What is bottom up chunking process
Where practice and repetition can help to both build and strengthen each chunk- to gain easy access of info later
What is top-down process
“Big picture” allows you to see where and what you are learning fits in
What is more effective than rereading
Recall (retrieval practice) more focused and effective
What is illusion of competence
Looking like you’re taking in information but you’re not (inactively reading)
What law of serendipity
Lady Luck favors the one who tries
2 ways to solve problems
Sequential thinking & Holistic Intuition
What is sequential thinking
Step by step reasoning
Holistic intuition
Require a creative diffused mode linking of several seemingly different focused mode thoughts
What is interleaving
Practicing different problems that require different strategies
7 Steps to building powerful chunks m
1) work a key problem all the way through
2) do another repetition of the problem, paying attention to the key processes
3) take a break
4) sleep
5) do another repetition (deliberate practice)
6) add a new problem
7) do “active” repetition
What is deliberate practice
Continued focus on the hard stuff and not on stuff you know well
What is Generation effect
Generating (recalling) material helps to learn info more effectively than rereading
Knowledge collapses
Seems to occur when the mind is restructuring it’s understanding and building a more solid foundation
What is choking
Panicking to the point where you freeze, can happen when your working memory is filled to capacity, no more room for additional critical pieces needed to solve a problem
What is the testing effect
Testing = powerful learning experience, changes and adds to what you know, making dramatic improvements in the ability to retain material. Improvement in knowledge
What is memory palace technique
Calling to mind a familiar place
Use mnemonic then connect to visual places
In order to move info from WM to LTM what must the info be
Memorable and repeated
What is memorable sentence
First letter of each word to create a sentence
Rules of good studying
Recall Test yourself Chunk your problems Space your repetition Alternate different problem solving techniques during your practice
Take breaks Use explanatory questioning and simple analogies Focus Eat your frogs first Make a mental contrast
Rules of bad studying
Passive reading
Letting highlights overwhelm you
Merely glancing at a problems solution thinking you know how to do it
Waiting till last minute to study
Repeatedly solving problems of the same type that you already know how to solve
Letting study sessions with friends turn into chat sessions
Neglecting to read textbook before you start working problems
Not talking with instructors or students to clear points of confusions
Think you can learn deeply when distracted
Not getting enough sleep
What is neurogenesis
Growth of brain cells
